Caffeine intake improves muscular endurance and induces depletion of anaerobic work capacity in the bench press

Abstract Aim: To investigate the effects of caffeine (CAF) ingestion on anaerobic work capacity (AWC) and muscular endurance in the bench press exercise at predictive intensities equivalent to 20, 25, and 30% of 1RM. Methods: Thirteen males (age: 23 ± 3 years; body mass 83.5 ± 4.9 kg; height 172.8 ± 5.0 cm and 1RM 82 ± 24 kg) had their 1RM test evaluated in the bench press exercise and the time until failure was performed at intensities equivalent to 20%, 25%, and 30% of 1RM to CAF (350mg) or placebo (PLA, cellulose). AWC was measured from the linear equation: "Force = Critical Force + (AWC x 1/timeout)". Results: CAF enhanced the time until failure at 20% of 1RM (PLA = 202.6 ± 29.1s; CAF = 243.2 ± 20.6s), but there was no ergogenic effect at 25% (PLA = 188.8 ± 23.5 s; CAF = 195.6 ± 27.1 s), and 30% (PLA = 147.4 ± 15.8 s; CAF = 145.4 ± 14.8 s). AWC in CAF was lower than PLA (PLA = 6378.0 ± 1214.9 J; CAF = 3246.4 ± 1389.7 J; p = 0.03; Effect size = 0.88). Critical Force (N) was not different between treatments PLA 29.97 ± 11.54% of 1RM and CAF 3.74 ± 3.69% of 1 RM (p=0.47; Effect size= 0.28). Conclusion: Acute CAF intake (350mg) reduces the AWC and increases the time until failure at 20% of 1 RM, but not Critical Force and muscular endurance at 25% and 30% of 1 RM in the bench press.

Differences between genders in anaerobic capacity during a supramaximal effort

Aim: The present study aimed to verify if there is a difference between genders in anaerobic capacity estimated by energetic equivalents of glycolytic and phosphagen pathways (AC[La-]+EPOCfast). Methods: In this way, 8 men and 8 women (physical education students) were subjected to the following sequence of tests: session 1) graded exercise test to measure the maximal oxygen consumption (VÖ½ O2max) and intensity associated with VÖ½ O2max (iVÖ½ O2max); sessions 2 to 3) familiarization with supramaximal effort at 115% of iVÖ½ O2max; session 4) supramaximal effort at 115% of iVÖ½ O2max to measure AC[La-]+EPOCfast. Results: The AC[La-]+EPOCfast was lower in women compared to men when expressed in absolute and relative values (-38.11%; p=0.01 and -25.71%; p=0.03, respectively). A non-significant difference was observed in performance in the supramaximal effort (-12.08%; p=0.15), besides which, a likely negative inference was observed when comparing women to men. In addition, energetic equivalents of the glycolytic pathway (e[La- ]) were also lower in women when expressed in relative and absolute values (-47.01%; p=0.001 and -36.71%; p=0.001, respectively), however no statistical difference was found for energetic equivalents of the phosphagen pathway (ePCr) (p>0.05). Conclusion: The AC[La-]+EPOCfast is lower in women compared to men, mainly due to differences in the glycolytic pathway.(AU)

Reliability and validity of the 3-min all-out running test

Abstract Background/Aim Determine critical speed (CS) and running distance above CS (D'), as estimated from the 3-min all-out running test (3MT) is reliable and predictive of CS and D' determined from time trials. Methods Seven males (26 ± 5 years, VO2max: 56.6 ± 4.1 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed an incremental treadmill test, three separate time trials (Tlim) of 800, 1600, and 2400m to determine CS and D', and two 3MTs to estimate CS and D'. Results Estimates of trial 1 (CS =3.90±0.41 m·s-1, D'=176±42 m) and trial 2 (CS=3.89 ± 0.48 m·s-1, D' = 183±35 m) of the 3MT did not differ. Estimates of CS (ICC=0.95, CV=2.97%) and D' (ICC=0.93, CV=5.12%) from the 3MT were reliable. The 3MT trials provided valid estimates of CS as determined using regression of the three time trials (ICCs ranged 0.88-0.93, TE ranged 0.13-0.15 m·s-1, CV ranged 3.32-4.76%). The 3 MT underestimated D' by∼16%, a difference exceeding the test-retest variability. Conclusions Estimates of CS were valid and reliable; however, assessment of D' from the 3MT may not estimate anaerobic capacity accurately.

Resumo Antecedentes/Objetivo Determinar se a velocidade crítica (CS) e a distância acima da CS (D'), estimadaso pelo teste de três minutos máximo (3MT) é confiável e preditiva de CS e D' determinada a partir dos modelos lineares. Métodos Sete homens (26 ± 5 anos, VO2max:56,6 ± 4,1 ml·kg-1·min-1) completaram um teste incremental em esteira, três tomadas de tempo separadamente para 800, 1.600 e 2.400 m, para determinar CS e D' e 2 3MTs para estimar CS e D'. Resultados O primeiro 3 MT (CS = 3,90 ± 0,41 m·s-1, D' = 176 ± 42m) e o segundo 3 MT (CS = 3,89 ± 0,48 m·s-1, D' = 183 ± 35m) não foram diferentes. Estimativas do CS (ICC = 0,95, CV = 2,97%) e D' (ICC = 0,93, CV = 5,12%) a partir de 3 MT eram confiáveis. Os 3 MTs forneceram estimativas válidas de CS (ICC variou de 0,88-0,93, variaram de 0,13 a 0,15 ms TE, CV variou de 3,32 a 4,76%); 3 MT subestimou D' em ∼16%, uma diferença maior de variabilidade teste-reteste. Conclusões Estimativas CS são válidas e confiáveis. No entanto, a avaliação de D' a partir do 3MT não pode estimar com precisão a capacidade anaeróbica.

Antecedentes/Objetivos Determinar si la velocidad crítica (VC) y la distancia por encima de la VC (D'), según la estimación de la prueba de 3 minutos máximos (3MT) es fiable y predictiva de la VC y la D' determinada a partir de los mejores tiempos de carrera personales. Métodos Siete varones (26 ± 5 años, VO2máx: 56,6 ± 4,1 ml·kg-1·min-1) completaron una prueba progresiva en la cinta de correr, con tres períodos de tiempo separados de 800, 1.600 y 2.400 m para determinar la VC y la D' y dos 3MT para estimar la VC y la D'. Resultados Las estimaciones del ensayo 1 (VC = 3,90 ± 0,41 m·s-1, D' = 176 ± 42 m) y del ensayo 2 (VC = 3,89 ± 0,48 m·s-1, D' = 183 ± 35 m) de la prueba 3MT no fueron diferentes. Las estimaciones de la VC (ICC = 0,95; CV = 2,97%) y D' (ICC = 0,93; CV = 5,12%) a partir de la prueba 3MT fueron fiables. Las pruebas 3MT proporcionaron estimaciones válidas de la VC, como se determinó mediante regresión de las tres pruebas de tiempo (ICC se clasificaron desde 0,88 hasta 0,93 y la TE osciló entre 0,13 y 0,15 m.s-1, la CV varió del 3,32 al 4,76%). La D' 3MT subestimó el ∼16%, una diferencia superior a la variabilidad test-retest. Conclusiones Las estimaciones de VC fueron válidas y fiables; Sin embargo, la evaluación de D' desde la prueba de 3MT no puede estimar con precisión la capacidad anaeróbica.

Effects of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise / Efeito da ingestão de carboidrato sobre o tempo de exaustão e contribuição anaeróbia durante exercício supramáximo

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the effect of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Methods: The sample comprised ten participants with a mean age of 23.9±2.5 years, mean body mass of 75.1±12.3 kg, mean height of 170.0±1.0 cm, and mean body fat of 11.3±5.2%. The participants underwent an incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and maximum power output, and two supramaximal tests with a constant load of 110% of the maximum power output to exhaustion. Thirty minutes before the supramaximal tests the participants consumed carbohydrates (2 g.kg-1) or placebo. Results: The times to exhaustion of carbohydrate and placebo did not differ (carbohydrate: 170.7±44.6s; placebo: 156.1±26.7s, p=0.17; effect size=0.39). Similarly, the anaerobic contributions of the two treatments did not differ (carbohydrate: 3.0±0.9 L; placebo: 2.7±1.1 L, p=0.23; effect size=0.29). Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake was not capable of increasing time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution in physically active men cycling at 110% of maximum power output.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo foi conduzido com o intuito de verificar o efeito da ingestão de carboidrato sobre o tempo de exaustão e a contribuição anaeróbia durante o exercício supramáximo em uma bicicleta ergométrica. Métodos: Dez participantes fizeram parte da amostra (idade: 23,9±2,5 anos; massa corporal: 75,1±12,3 kg; estatura: 170,0±1,0 cm; gordura corporal: 11,3±5,2%). Todos realizaram um teste incremental para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio e a potência máxima e dois testes supramáximos com carga constante de 110% da potência máxima até a exaustão. Os participantes ingeriram carboidrato (2 g.kg-1) ou placebo 30 minutos antes dos testes supramáximos. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa no tempo de exaustão entre carboidrato e placebo (carboidrato: 170,7±44,6s; placebo: 156,1±26,7s, p=0,17; effect size=0,39). De forma similar, não houve diferença significativa na contribuição anaeróbia entre as condições (carboidrato: 3,0±0,9 L; placebo: 2,7±1,1 L, p=0,23; effect size=0,29). Conclusão: A ingestão de carboidrato não foi capaz de aumentar o tempo até a exaustão e a contribuição anaeróbia em exercícios à 110% da potência máxima em homens fisicamente ativos.

Comparação da potência anaeróbia mensurada pelo teste de RAST em diferentes condições de calçado e superfícies / Comparison of the anaerobic power measured by the RAST test at different footwear and surfaces conditions

INTRODUÇÃO: O Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) tem sido considerado um teste válido para avaliação anaeróbia. Entretanto, como a superfície e o calçado podem afetar alguns parâmetros mensurados durante o exercício, isso pode modificar os parâmetros do RAST. OBJETIVO: Comparar as variáveis do RAST mensuradas utilizando chuteiras na grama (RAST CG) e tênis na pista (RAST TP). MÉTODOS: Oito jogadores de futebol (da categoria sub-17) participaram do estudo. Os participantes realizaram dois RAST (intervalo > 24 h). O RAST consistiu em seis corridas máximas de 35m com 10s de intervalo passivo entre cada corrida. O tempo de cada esforço foi registrado para determinação da potência pico (PP), potência média (PM) e índice de fadiga (IF). Após o sexto esforço, amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas para determinação da lactacidemia ([Lac]). RESULTADOS: Durante o RAST TP, a PP (763,1 ± 87,2 W) e PM (621,6 ± 68,1 W) foram significativamente superiores às PP e PM mensuradas em RAST CG (PP = 667,3 ± 67,0 W e PM = 555,9 ± 74,7 W), enquanto que as [Lac] observadas em RAST TP (7,3 ± 1,8 mmol.L-1) foram significativamente inferiores às mensuradas em RAST CG (9,9 ± 3,2 mmol.L-1). No entanto, o IF não foi significativamente diferente (RAST TP = 32,5 ± 8,3%; RAST CG = 34,1 ± 6,6%). Significativas correlações foram observadas entre as PM (r = 0,90) e as [Lac] (r = 0,72). CONCLUSÃO: Podemos concluir que as variáveis do RAST são influenciadas pela superfície e calçado utilizados, com valores superiores observados em RAST TP.

INTRODUCTION: Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) has been considered a valid test for anaerobic evaluation. However, since the floor surfaces and footwear can affect some outcomes measured during exercise, this also can modify the RAST outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Was to compare the RAST outcomes measured using soccer cleats on grass (RAST SCG) and using shoes on the track (RAST ST). METHODS: Eight young male soccer players (under-17 category; 16±1 years) participated in the study. The subjects performed two RAST on different days (recovery > 24h). The RAST test consisted of six 35-meter maximal running performance with a 10-second recovery between each run. Running time during each effort was recorded to determine peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI); and blood samples were collected after each test to determine lactatemia ([Lac]). RESULTS: PP (763.1 ± 87.2 W) and MP (621.6 ± 68.1 W) were higher in RAST ST than RAST SCG (PP = 667.3 ± 67.0 W e PM = 555.9 ± 74.7 W), while [Lac] measured during RAST ST (7.3 ± 1.8 mmol.L-1) was lower than the one measured in RAST SCG (9.9 ± 3.2 mmol.L-1). However, the FI did not statistically differ (RAST ST = 32.5 ± 8.3%; RAST SCG = 34.1 ± 6.6%). Significant correlations were observed between MP values (r = 0.90) and [Lac] values (r = 0.72). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the RAST variables are affected by floor surface and footwear, with higher values being observed during RAST ST condition.

EFFECT OF THE DIFFERENCE OF AEROBIC CAPACITY ON ENERGY CONTRIBUTION RATE IN WINGATE TEST / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physiological factors which effect oxygen kinetics and energy system contribution on the power of Wingate test (WT), with focusing on the difference of aerobic capacity. Twenty three male track and field athletes (sprinters, long distance runners and decathletes) performed the WT on electromagnetic-braked cycle ergometer. The applied resistance was 7.5% of body weight, and the duration was 60 seconds. Moreover, aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake [VO₂max]) was determined by an incremental test, and anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit [MAOD]) was determined by a supramaximal constant load test. The oxygen uptake during each test was recorded by a breath-by-breath method. The participants were divided into two group which was high VO₂max group (High group; n = 11) and low VO₂max group (Low group; n = 12). In the results, although the VO₂max was significantly higher in the High group, the MAOD was not significantly different between two groups. The oxygen uptake during WT was significantly higher in the High group, and the accumulated oxygen deficit during WT was significantly higher in the Low group. The aerobic contribution was significantly higher in the High group than in the Low group. In contrast, the anaerobic contribution was significantly higher in the Low group than in the High group. These results suggest that by the difference of aerobic capacity, aerobic and anaerobic energy supply contribution was different in WT.

Determinação do máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio: efeito da duração dos testes submáximos para predição da demanda de oxigênio / Determination of the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit: effects of the submaximal tests duration for prediction of oxygen demand

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência de diferentes tempos de análise dos testes submáximos para determinação do máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio (MAOD), adotando diferentes janelas de tempo 4-6min, 6-8min e 8-10min. Participaram do estudo 10 ciclistas com idade média de 27,5 ± 4,1 anos, massa corporal 74,4 ± 12,7kg e tempo médio de prática de 9,8 ± 4,7 anos. Os atletas realizaram um teste de esforço progressivo para determinação do consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico) e quatro testes retangulares submáximos (60, 70, 80 e 90 por cento VO2pico) com 10min de duração para estimar os valores da demanda de O2 (DEO2). Os valores médios de VO2 obtidos nas cargas para o tempo 4-6min, 6-8min e 8 a 10min foram aplicados em uma regressão linear entre a intensidade e o consumo de O2 para cada janela de tempo. Os sujeitos realizaram ainda um teste retangular supramáximo (110 por cento VO2pico) para a quantificação do MAOD. Não foi constatada nenhuma diferença significativa no VO2 entre os diferentes períodos de tempo dos testes submáximos (P > 0,05). Da mesma forma, nenhuma diferença significativa foi constatada no DEAO2 e MAOD nos diferentes períodos de análise (P > 0,05). Verificou-se ainda que os valores de MAOD obtidos nos três intervalos de tempo apresentaram boa concordância e forte correlação. Dessa forma, os dados sugerem que os testes submáximos utilizados para gerar os valores do MAOD podem ser reduzidos ao menos nesse tipo de amostra e com a utilização de ciclossimulador.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different assessment time periods of submaximal tests on the determination of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), through the adoption of different time slots of 4 to 6, 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 min. Ten cyclists with mean age of 27.5 ± 4.1 years, body mass 74.4 ± 12.7 kg and time experience of 9.8 ± 4.7 years participated in this study. The athletes underwent an incremental exercise test to determine the peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), and four submaximal constant work-load test sessions (60, 70, 80 and 90 percent VO2peak) of 10 min in order to estimate the O2 demand (DEO2). The mean VO2 values obtained on each constant work-load for the 4 to 6, 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 min time-periods intervals were used to perform a linear regression between the intensity and O2 consumption for each time-period. In addition, the subjects performed one supramaximal rectangular test (110 percent VO2peak) for the quantification of MAOD. There was no significant difference in VO2 between the different time-periods for all submaximal tests (P> 0.05). Similarly, no significant difference was found in DEAO2 and MAOD (P> 0.05). Furthermore, the values of MAOD for the three time-periods intervals showed good agreement and strong correlation. Thus, the data suggest that the submaximal tests used to estimate the values of MAOD can be reduced, at least in this type of sample, and with the use of a cycle simulator.

Maximal power output during incremental exercise by resistance and endurance trained athletes.

This study was aimed at comparing the maximal power output by resistance trained and endurance trained athletes during incremental exercise. Thirty male athletes who received resistance training (Group I) and thirty male athletes of similar age group who received endurance training (Group II) for a period of more than 1 year were chosen for the study. Physical parameters were measured and exercise stress testing was done on a cycle ergometer with a portable gas analyzing system. The maximal progressive incremental cycle ergometer power output at peak exercise and carbon dioxide production at VO2max were measured. Highly significant (P<0.001) differences existed in values of maximal power output and carbon dioxide production at VO2max for group I and group II. The higher power displayed by group I when compared to group II could be due to variations in adaptations that happen in them due to different types of training. Similar studies could serve as a biofeedback and perk up the athlete’s performance.

Avaliação da potência anaeróbia e sua aplicabilidade no treinamento de atletas de basquetebol / Assessment of power anaerobia and its application in the athletes training of basketball

O basquetebol se caracteriza pela alternância de períodos de atividades de curta duração e alta intensidade intercalada com momentos de recuperação. Quanto ao metabolismo parece que em desportos coletivos o anaeróbio é considerado predominante, porém seu grau de solicitação depende da distribuição das ações realizadas ao longo da partida. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a efetividade de um teste de potência anaeróbia em atletas de basquetebol. Para isso, foram avaliadas 10 atletas do sexo feminino (23±2,7 anos; 1,76±0,08 m; 72,3±11,8 kg), pelo protocolo de Forward-Backward. As seis repetições do teste apresentadas em tempo e potência, foram comparadas pelo AnovaOne Way seguido do post hoc de Tukey (p<0,05). As atletas apresentaram uma tendência de diminuição do desempenho ao longo das seis repetições, sendo a quinta e sexta repetições menores estatisticamente comparadas com a primeira e segunda, tanto em forma de tempo (segundos) quanto de potência (watts). Desta forma, conclui-se que o protocolo de avaliação utilizado expressa a atividade anaeróbia intermitente e atende as especificidades do jogo de basquetebol.

Basketball is characterized by alternating periods of activities of short duration and high intensity interspersed with moments of recovery. Regarding metabolism seems that the anaerobic incollective sports is considered predominant, but their degree of application depends on the distribution ofactions taken during the game. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a test of anaerobic power in basketball players. Thus, we evaluated 10 female athletes (23 ± 2.7 years, 1.76 ± 0.08 m, 72.3 ± 11.8 kg), the protocol of Forward-Backward. The six repetitions of the test delivered on time and power, were compared by One Way Anova followed by post hoc Tukey (p <0.05). The athletes showed a trend of decreasing performance over the six replicates, and the fifth and sixth repetitionsstatistically lower compared with the first and second both in the form of time (seconds) and power (watts). Thus, we conclude that the evaluation protocol used to express intermittent anaerobic activity and meets the specifics of the game of basketball.

Padronização de um protocolo experimental de treinamento periodizado em natação utilizando ratos Wistar / Standardization of an experimental periodized training protocol in swimming rats

Verificar os efeitos de 12 semanas de treinamento periodizado de natação em ratos sobre os valores de glicogênio muscular (GM) e hepático (GH), capacidade aeróbia (LAn) e anaeróbia (Tlim) e creatina quinase (CK). Foram utilizados 70 ratos da linhagem Wistar com 60 dias, adaptados individualmente ao meio líquido por duas semanas. Os animais foram divididos em grupos: controle (GC, n = 40) e periodizado (GP, n = 30); a intensidade do treinamento foi equivalente ao peso corporal do animal ( por cento do PC). O treinamento (T) para o GP foi dividido em períodos preparatório básico (PPB, seis semanas), específico (PPE, 4,5 semanas) e polimento (PP, 1,5 semana), tendo como estímulos intensidades leve (4 por cento do PC), moderada (5 por cento do PC), pesada (6 por cento do PC) e intensa (13 por cento do PC). Vinte e quatro horas após a adaptação, 10 ratos do GC foram sacrificados e avaliados pelo teste de lactato mínimo para mensuração dos valores de linha de base de GM, GH, CK, LAn e Tlim. Os dez animais restantes do GC e GP foram sacrificados ao final de cada período de T. O treinamento periodizado aumentou a concentração de glicogênio muscular ao final do período de polimento. O glicogênio hepático não se alterou no GC, porém no GP houve redução significativa no início do período específico com elevação no período de polimento. A concentração de CK não se modificou ao final dos PPB, PPE e PP. O LAn reduziu ao longo do período experimental no GC, mas ao final do PP para o GP, o LAn atingiu os mesmos valores do início do treinamento. O Tlim aumentou no PP. Desse modo, pode-se concluir que o treinamento periodizado provocou supercompensação energética ao final da periodização. A capacidade anaeróbia aumentou no PP bem como o LAn, que obteve maiores valores em relação ao GC nesse período.

The objective of this study was to verify the swimming training periodization responses on aerobic and anaerobic performance, glycogen concentration in muscle (M) and liver (L), and creatine kinase (CK) in rats. Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly separated in two groups: Control Group (CG n = 30) and Training Periodization Group (TPG n = 30). All experiments were preceded by 2 weeks of individual adaptation to the water. The TPG was carried out during a period of 12 weeks (w) with frequency of 6 days/w. The training period was subdivided in three specialized series blocks: Preparation (6 w), Specific (4.5 w) and Taper (1.5 w). The Lactate Minimun Test (LACm) was adapted to determine the aerobic capacity. Anaerobic performance was evaluated by maximal exhaustion time (Tlim) verified during hyperlactatemia induction phase in the LACm protocol. Training stimulus was based on intensities corresponding to the LACm: Endurance (END) 1 = 80 percent; END2= 100 percent; END3= 120 percent and Anaerobic (ANA) 240 percent of the LACm. Two-way Anova and Newman-Keuls post-hoc test (P<0.05)were also used. Aerobic performance was not different from initial training (Preparation: 4.57 ± 0.24 percent of body weigh (bw); Specific: 4.59 ± 0.44 percentbw), but at the end of taper, the LACm was higher (Taper: 5.01 ± 0.71 percent bw). The anaerobic parameter (Tlim) was significantly higher at the end of taper (73 ± 14s) when compared to the Preparation (50 ± 13s) and Specific blocks (65 ± 18s). The CG reduced the LACm and anaerobic performance along the experimental period. The glycogen M increased after taper but CK did not alter during training. Training periodization in rats acted as an important tool to evaluate specific effects of training. This is supported by sensitive responses of the rats along the blocks, based on improvement of aerobic and anaerobic performance as well as glycogen concentration obtained after the taper block.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLAT-WATER KAYAK PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY SUPPLY CAPACITY / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 2-min kayak ergometer performance (KEP) and energy supply capacity. Seventeen (male : 9, female : 8) kayak paddlers completed a maximal incremental test to determine aerobic capacity{maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) and lactate threshold (LT)}, and a 2-min all-out test to measure performance and anaerobic capacity{maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD)}. In addition, total energy supply capacity was estimated by these variables [{(T-score of VO_2max+T-score of LT)/2+T-score of MAOD}/2]. Oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentrations were continuously measured during the incremental test and at the completion of both tests. These tests were conducted on an air-braked kayak ergometer. Unlike the previous research, no significant relationships were found between KEP and VO_2max and LT in either male or female. MAOD correlated with KEP in female (r=0.75, p<0.05), but not in male. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between KEP and total energy supply capacity (r=0.89, p<0.05, both male and female). In conclusion, total energy supply capacity accounted for a large part of KEP. These results indicate that flat-water kayak paddlers need to develop both aerobic and anaerobic capacities.

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PEAK RUNNING VELOCITY, AND AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CAPACITY DURING INCREMENTAL RUNNING TEST / 体力科学

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between the peak running velocity, and aerobic and anaerobic capacity in incremental running in pre- and post-competitive season using eight long distance runners. Measurements were peak running velocity, VO<SUB>2max</SUB>, running velocity and VO<SUB>2</SUB> at respiratory exchange ratio (RER) 1.0, and blood lactate after exhaustion in the incremental running test. Correlation analysis revealed that pre-season velocity at RER 1.0 and post-season blood lactate were both related to peak running velocity. Furthermore, change in peak running velocity was related to change in blood lactate between pre-and post-season. These results suggest that factors that probably influenced running performance change from aerobic capacity in the pre-season to anaerobic capacity in the post-season, and that running performance during the competitive season may be highly dependent upon anaerobic capacity.

Efeito do treinamento físico específico nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias e metabólicas em repouso e no exercício máximo em jogadores de futebol profissional / Effect of specific exercise training in metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses at rest and maximum exercise in professional soccer players

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as alterações provocadas pelo treinamento físico específico (TFE) nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias e metabólicas de 16 jogadores de futebol profissional, com média de idade de 24,2 ± 3,6 anos. Todos os atletas foram avaliados antes e depois de quinze semanas de um programa de TFE, durante período competitivo. Os futebolistas foram submetidos a teste máximo em esteira rolante, utilizando-se o protocolo de Ellestad20. A resposta de freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada por meio de um eletrocardiógrafo de 3 derivações simultâneas e a pressão arterial (PA), por meio de método auscultatório. A ventilação pulmonar (V E), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e a razão de troca respiratória (RER) foram calculados a partir de valores medidos por um sistema espirométrico computadorizado (Beckman) e a capacidade anaeróbia máxima, por meio da concentração sanguínea de ácido lático, utilizando-se analisador automático. O TFE não modificou significativamente a FC máxima (192 ± 8 vs. 186 ± 6bpm) e a PA sistólica máxima (196 ± 10 vs. 198 ± 8mmHg). A resposta ventilatória máxima foi significativamente aumentada (129 ± 19 vs. 140 ± 16L.min_1 [p< 0.05]), enquanto a capacidade aeróbia máxima não foi significativamente modificada (50,0 ± 6,0 vs. 53,0 ± 5,0ml.kg._1min_1) por esse treinamento. Ao contrário, a capacidade anaeróbia máxima aumentou significativamente (8,3 ± 0,2 vs. 9,8 ± 2,4mmol.L_1 [p< 0,05]). Concluiu-se: 1) o TFE não modificou as respostas de FC e PA no repouso e no exercício máximo; 2) a maior V E no exercício máximo associada a elevada concentração sanguínea de ácido lático demonstraram que o TFE utilizado nesse estudo foi caracterizado por exercícios predominantemente intensos; e 3) o TFE não representou estímulo adequado para aumentar a capacidade aeróbia máxima dos futebolistas.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of specific training on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in sixteen male professional soccer players, aged 24.2 ± 3.6 years old. They were evaluated before and after fifteen weeks of specific training. All subjects were submitted to an exercise test on treadmill, using Ellestad's protocol. The heart rate was recorded by means of ECG, and the arterial blood pressure by auscultatory measurement. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and pulmonary ventilation were measured by a Measurement Metabolic Cart (Beckman). Maximum anaerobic capacity was evaluated by blood lactate concentration, using an automated analyzer. Specific training did not modify the maximum heart rate (192 ± 8 vs. 186 ± 6 beats.min_1) and the maximum systolic blood pressure (196 ± 10 vs. 198 ± 8 mmHg). Maximum respiratory ventilation was significantly increased by specific training (129 ± 19 vs. 140 ± 16 L.min_1), whereas maximum aerobic capacity was not significantly increased (50 ± 6 vs. 53 ± 5 ml.kg._1 min_1 ofO2). On the other hand, maximum aerobic capacity improved significantly (8.3 ± 0.2 vs. 9.8 ± 2.4 mmol.L_1). Conclusion: 1) the specific training used in the present study did not modify heart rate and arterial blood pressure responses at rest and during maximum exercises; 2) improvement of maximum pulmonary ventilation and higher lactic acid concentrations during maximum exercise showed that the exercise training used in this study was predominantly characterized by intense exercise, and 3) specific training was not an adequate stimulus to improve maximum aerobic capacity of the soccer players.

AGE AND SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF ANAEROBIC CAPACITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS / 中国运动医学杂志

Investigations were made on 131 girls and 134 boys, aged 11-18, and divided into four age groups,using the Wingate Anaerobic Test to find out the age and sex characteristics of anaerobic capacity.Results showed that for the males both the absolute and relative values of mean power and peakpower increased with age (P0.05). The increase from the 11-12 to the 13-14 age group was the most remarkable for both sexes. Sex difference was slightfor the 11-12 age group-significant in absolute value (P