Ethiopian Health Extension Workers' Training Status and Perceived Competency

BACKGROUND: Training and work experience are critical inputs for delivering quality health services. However, no nationwide assessment has been conducted on the status of training and the competency of Health Extension Workers (HEWs). Therefore, this study aimed to assess HEWs' pre service training status and perceived competency in Ethiopia. METHODS: The study was conducted in all regions and all HEWs training institutions in Ethiopia. We used cross sectional study design with a mixed method approach that included 585 HEWs, 1,245 HEW trainees, 192 instructors, and 43 key informants. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyse quantitative and quantitative data respectively. RESULT: Twenty-six percent of the HEWs said that they were competent to deliver all the HEP activities, and 73% of the HEWs said that they could confidently deliver 75% of the HEP activities. Receiving in-service training and having level III/IV qualifications are positively associated with the competency of HEWs. Similarly, HEP trainees perceived themselves as highly competent in executing their professional work, except in using computer and mobile health technology. Both instructors and trainees rated the quality of the curriculum and course materials positively. However, basic services and facilities in most training institutions were perceived to be inadequate. Additionally, individual learning, problem-solving, case-analysis, and assessment methods such as project work and portfolios were rarely practiced. CONCLUSIONS: Although the perceived competence of HEW trainees is high, the HEWs' training is not provided as per the curriculum because of limited resources. All the necessary resources should be made available to produce competent HEWs

Exploration and practice of competence oriented pre-service training for residents / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Standardized training of residents is a necessary way for clinical medical personnel train-ing. Residents graduating from medical colleges and universities should accept the standardized, scientific, strict pre-service training, in order to realize role conversion from medical students to hospital physicians. This paper summarizes and analyzes the pre-service training, focusing on the training object, course design, organization implementation, evaluation, questionnaire survey, and puts forward some thoughts and sugges-tions on strengthening and improving pre-service training form, expanding the content of training, and quan-tifying the evaluation of training effect.

Learning Human Anatomy Using Three-Dimensional Models Made from Real-Scale Bone Pieces: Experience with the Knee Joint among Pre-Service Biology Teachers / Aprendizaje de la Anatomía Humana Utilizando Modelos Tridimensionales a Escala: Experiencia con la Articulación de Rodilla en Profesores de Biología en Formación

This study aims to assess the efficiency of using real-scale knee models to learn about the locomotor system. Participants included a total of thirty-nine second year students in a Human Anatomy class of a Biology Teaching course. One week before the intervention, a pre-test was administered to assess the students' prior knowledge. The pre-service biology teachers were provided with a real-scale plaster model of a knee bone and were subsequently required to identify and create their own model of bone, joint and muscle elements. At the end of the intervention, a post-test was performed and opinion survey, in addition to a comparison with other locomotor system structures (four images: knee joint, muscular component of lower limb, shoulder joint and pelvic bone). Students' scores increased significantly in relation to the pre-test, both among the total sample (P=0.000) and between sub-groups divided according to participant gender (male P=0.0021; female P=0.0005) as well as compared to other structures (P<0.05). Furthermore, the pre-service biology teachers showed significant increases in their scores on a Likert-type opinion survey, indicating that these types of interventions promote their motivation for the course (89.2%) as well as their learning (97.8%) and would be advisable for future students (95.5%). The results show that the use of real-scale models and associated work fosters student motivation and enhances the learning of human anatomy.

El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia de utilizar modelos de rodilla a escala real para el aprendizaje del sistema locomotor. Los participantes incluyen un total de treinta y nueve estudiantes de segundo año de un curso de anatomía humana para estudiantes de Pedagogía en Biología y Ciencias Naturales. Una semana antes de la intervención, se administró un pre-test para evaluar los conocimientos previos de los alumnos. Luego a los profesores de biología en formación se les proporcionó un modelo de yeso a escala real de los huesos de la rodilla donde se les solicitó identificar y crear su propio modelo de elementos de huesos, articulaciones y músculos. Al final de la intervención, se realizó un post-test y una encuesta de opinión, además de una comparación con otras estructuras del aparato locomotor (cuatro imágenes: articulación de la rodilla, componente muscular del miembro inferior, articulación del hombro y el hueso de la pelvis). Los puntajes de los estudiantes aumentaron significativamente en relación con el pre-test, tanto en la muestra total (P= 0,000) y entre subgrupos divididos de acuerdo al sexo (P= 0,0021 masculino; p= 0,0005 femenino), así como también en comparación con otras estructuras del aparato locomotor (P<0,05). Por otra parte, los profesores de biología en formación mostraron altas puntuaciones en una encuesta de opinión tipo Likert, indicando que este tipo de intervenciones promueven su motivación para el curso (89,2%), así como su aprendizaje (97,8%) y que serían recomendable para los futuros estudiantes (95,5%). Los resultados muestran que el uso de modelos a escala real fomenta la motivación del estudiante y mejora el aprendizaje de la anatomía humana.

Practice and thinking of foreign staff in pre-service training in ETC / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The medical contingent of Chinese PLA to libera operated the China Ebola treatment center(ETC) with 100 beds,and employed 80 Liberian health workers according to the task requirements and the normal operation demand.Under consideration of current health education situation and epidemic prevention requirements,combined with experiences in the fight against SARS,the training content includes the Ebola prevention and control knowledge,isolation of patients and safe burial,malaria prevention and control knowledge,hospital disinfection technology,psychological intervention.Training methods diversified,with theoretical teaching,site visit,on-site demonstration and training and video guide.With the pass of the simulation training evaluation model in all staff,the expected goals of pre-service training have been achieved.

Qual o papel do professor-colaborador no contexto do estágio curricular supervisionado na Educação Física? / What is the mentors’ role in the context of supervised curricular trainning in physical education?

O estudo se reporta ao Estágio Curricular Supervisionado e ao papel dos professores-colaboradores (PC), professor da escola de educação básica que recebe estagiários em condição oficial de estágio curricular supervisionado, tendo como objetivos: (a) apresentar o papel do PC na legislação brasileira, (b) analisar o perfil que o mesmo deve ter e (c) suscitar como o PC se vê no processo de estágio. A pesquisa qualitativa teve como participantes cinco professores-colaboradores e utilizou como técnicas a observação, fonte documental e entrevista semiestruturada. Encontrou-se na legislação uma lacuna sobre a concepção e o papel do PC. O perfil referendado pelos participantes é de alguém que pauta sua supervisão na experiência adquirida no exercício docente. Os dados desta pesquisa se direcionam para uma esfera que podemos chamá-la de sócio afetiva, pois os professores, de maneira geral, são “cúmplices” dos estagiários. O PC se vê como alguém importante no processo de estágio que transmite aos futuros professores elementos da sua experiência, possibilita que os mesmos descubram os macetes da profissão e oferece condições e espaço para os licenciandos colocarem em prática seus conhecimentos didático-pedagógicos. São abertos ao diálogo e vão passando gradualmente a autonomia das aulas para os estagiários. O PC se vê como alguém importante no processo de estágio que transmite aos futuros professores elementos da sua experiência, possibilita que os mesmos descubram os macetes da profissão e oferece condições e espaço para os licenciandos colocarem em prática seus conhecimentos didático-pedagógicos. São abertos ao diálogo e vão passando gradualmente a autonomia das aulas para os estagiários.

The study refers to the Supervised Curricular Trainning and the role of mentors (PC), teacher of primary education system that receives trainees in supervised trainning official status ofsupervised, aiming to (a) present the role of the PC in brazilian law, (b) analyze the profile it should have and (c) evoke as the mentors finds himself in the process stage. Qualitative research as participants had five mentors used techniques such as observation, source documents and semi-structured interview. It was found that a gap in the legislation on the design and the role of the PC. The profile is endorsed by the participants of someone on staff supervision experience in teaching exercise. Data from this study are directed to a sphere that we call it social-emotional, because teachers in general, are "accomplices" of the trainees. The PC sees himself as someone important in the process of training gives future teachers the elements of their experience enables them to discover the tricks of the profession and offers facilities and space for student teachers put into practice their knowledge and pedagogical teaching. They are open to dialogue and will gradually passing the autonomy of classes for the trainees. It was concluded that this teacher has a special place during the time of the stage, but in most cases has the profile of someone who has been trained to teach students and has no features to be a teacher trainer. There is a need to consider the training, practices and knowledge of mentors. Exit the logic of teaching and venture into the logic of form.

Educação a Distância (EaD) em Física Médica / Distance education within medical physics / Educación a Distancia (EaD) en Física Médica

A formação inicial e continuada de profissionais de física médica possui características peculiares por ser uma área interdisciplinar, de evolução tecnológica constante. Em países como o Brasil, existem barreiras como: pequeno número de profissionais, geograficamente mal distribuídos, baixos recursos financeiros, e poucas opções em termos de acesso à informação, dificultando a incorporação e disseminação de novas técnicas que impactam na qualidade do atendimento em saúde. Esta revisão da literatura se propôs a avaliar o papel da EaD na educação de físicos médicos, retratando sua aplicabilidade mediante a identificação de experiências relevantes. Os trabalhos mostram que a EaD tem características interessantes para a área, tais como alta efetividade pedagógica e eficiência econômica, possibilitando o uso massivo de recursos multimídia, com grande abrangência geográfica e de forma gerenciável. Portanto tem potencial para superar as barreiras e suprir carências da área.

Pre-service and in-service education relating to medical physics have peculiar characteristics since this is an interdisciplinary field with constant technological evolution. In countries like Brazil, several barriers exist, such as small numbers of professionals who are geographically poorly distributed, low financial resources and few options for information access, thereby hindering and delaying the incorporation and dissemination of new techniques that could have an impact on healthcare quality. This literature review evaluated the role of distance education within medical physics, and portrayed its applicability through identifying relevant experiences. Studies have shown that distance education within this field presents interesting characteristics, such as high pedagogical effectiveness and economic efficiency, which enables massive use of multimedia resources with wide geographical coverage, in a manageable way. Therefore, distance education has potential to overcome the barriers and meet the needs.

La formación y la educación continua de profesionales en física médica tiene características únicas, es un campo interdisciplinario, donde la tecnología está en evolución constante. Países como Brasil, tienen barreras como: número reducido de profesionales, geográficamente distribuidos de forma desigual, escasos recursos financieros y pocas opciones en términos de acceso a información, dificultando la incorporación y difusión de nuevas técnicas que afectan la calidad de atención en salud. Esta revisión de literatura evalúa el papel de EaD en la educación de físicos médicos, retratando su aplicabilidad mediante identificación de experiencias relevantes. Artículos muestran que EaD tiene características interesantes para la física médica, como alta eficacia pedagógica y eficiencia económica, permitiendo uso masivo de recursos mediáticos, con amplia cobertura geográfica y de forma manejable. Por lo tanto, la herramienta tiene potencial para superar los obstáculos y satisfacer las necesidades del área.

Projeto de educação pelo esporte: estudo de caso sobre a contribuição do brinca mané na formação discente / Proyecto de educación por el deporte: estudio de caso sobre la contribución del juega mané en la formación de los graduandos / Education project for sport: a case study about the contribution of brinca mané in the pre-service teacher education

Este estudo de caso buscou analisar a contribuição do Projeto Brinca Mané na formação dos graduandos em Educação Física que atuaram como educadores no período de 2006 a 2009. Os dados foram coletados por meio de relatos de 16 educadores e a análise de conteúdo foi referência para o estudo. Os elementos contidos nos relatos contemplaram, além do perfil dos educadores, a organização do trabalho pedagógico, o nível de satisfação, dificuldades encontradas e as contribuições para a formação acadêmica. Concluiu-se que o projeto é um espaço que contribui para a construção da identidade do educador, resignificando a vivência curricular, a avaliação e a reflexão crítica sobre a relação teoria e prática, e a compreensão do esporte enquanto ferramenta educativa.

Practice Characteristics and Relative Value of Laboratory Physician's Work / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: The Korean Medical Association intends to determine the relative value of physician's work separately from the total relative value scale for each medical or surgical procedure. This study was designed by the Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine to determine the relative value of laboratory physician's work (LPW) in each diagnostic test. The LPW was clearly defined first and then its relative value was measured quantitatively on the basis of time and intensity of work. METHODS: LPW in the laboratory test was categorized into three parts, pre-service, intra-service, and post-service. The relative value of physician's work was measured using Rasch paired comparisons. RESULTS: Practice characteristics of LPW were clearly defined according to the pre-service, intraservice, and post-service. However, any laboratory physician's effort to improve the quality of laboratory work, which could not be measured in each test, had to be comprised in a pre-service designated separately as `comprehensive pre-service'. Rasch analysis based on the rating survey for LPW taken by a diverse group of laboratory medicine and other medical specialists revealed higher values than those assigned previously in many routine diagnostic tests (e.g., Gram stain, hemoglobin, anti-HBs, ABO cell type). The results obtained by applying Rasch regression analysis showed that the diagnostic tests that had been given a low relative value of LPW tended to be measured with more improved relative valuation. CONCLUSIONS: LPW for quality control and quality improvement was acknowledged with an improved relative valuation, even in the routine diagnostic test, as the results of Rasch analysis based on the rating survey. LPW might be further equated across the specialties, considering the practice characteristics of LPW.