Change in the composition of fauna associated with Pocillopora spp. (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) following transplantation

Introduction: Associated fauna comprises most of the diversity of a coral reef and performs ecological functions essential to the reef's survival. Since Pocillopora corals harbor an important associated fauna, reef restoration efforts are underway in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica, to preserve them. Objective: To describe changes in cryptofauna and fish communities associated with Pocillopora colonies to better understand the succession of associated fauna following transplantation. Methods: An experimental patch of 30 nursery-grown Pocillopora colonies and a control patch containing no colonies were monitored for 8 months following transplantation in Golfo Dulce. Cryptofauna within each colony and fish within each patch were observed using SCUBA to quantify temporal changes in the abundance, diversity, and community structure of the colonies. Results: The abundance and diversity of cryptofauna increased throughout the experiment. Obligate symbiont decapods were the most abundant. The composition of the community of cryptofauna differed between periods with fish in the genus Scarus as the main contributor to any differences. The increase in abundance and diversity of cryptofauna and fish may reflect coral growth and the corresponding availability of space and environmental complexity in the experimental patch. The composition of the cryptofauna communities was generally consistent with other studies. However, a high density of decapod symbionts could suggest that without other Pocillopora colonies to move to, they may crowd together despite their aggressive tendencies. Conclusions: Pocillopora colonies will experience an increase in symbionts that could positively contribute to the health and survival of the coral following transplantation.

Introducción: La fauna asociada comprende la mayor parte de la diversidad de un arrecife de coral y realiza funciones ecológicas esenciales para la supervivencia del arrecife. Dado que los corales Pocillopora albergan una importante fauna asociada, se están realizando esfuerzos de restauración de arrecifes en Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica, para preservarlos. Objetivo: Describir los cambios en la comunidad de criptofauna y peces asociados a las colonias de Pocillopora para comprender mejor la sucesión de la fauna asociada después del trasplante. Métodos: Un parche experimental de 30 colonias de Pocillopora cultivadas en vivero y un parche de control que no contenía colonias fueron monitoreados durante 8 meses después del trasplante en Golfo Dulce. La criptofauna dentro de cada colonia y los peces dentro de cada parche se observaron usando SCUBA para cuantificar los cambios temporales en la abundancia, diversidad y estructura de la comunidad de las colonias. Resultados: La abundancia y diversidad de criptofauna aumentó a lo largo del experimento. Los decápodos simbiontes obligados fueron los más abundantes. La composición de la comunidad de criptofauna difirió entre períodos con peces del género Scarus como el principal contribuyente a cualquier diferencia. El aumento en la abundancia y diversidad de criptofauna y peces puede reflejar el crecimiento de coral y la correspondiente disponibilidad de espacio y complejidad ambiental en el parche experimental. La composición de las comunidades de criptofauna fue generalmente consistente con otros estudios. Sin embargo, una alta densidad de simbiontes decápodos podría sugerir que, sin otras colonias de Pocillopora a las que trasladarse, pueden amontonarse a pesar de sus tendencias agresivas. Conclusiones: Las colonias de Pocillopora experimentarán un aumento de simbiontes que podrían contribuir positivamente a la salud y supervivencia del coral después del trasplante.

Mecanismos inmunológicos en Cnidaria: un sistema inmune basal de gran complejidad e interés bioprospectivo / Immunological mechanisms in Cnidaria: A highly complex basal immune system with bioprospective interest

Introducción: La protección ante agentes biológicos propios y externos de los cnidarios dependen de la inmunidad innata, la cual consta de tres procesos inmunológicos principales: 1) reconocimiento inmunológico, 2) señalización intracelular, y 3) respuesta efectora. Objetivo: Revisar críticamente el conocimiento actual del repertorio molecular involucrado en la respuesta inmune en cnidarios, así como, su papel en el establecimiento de la simbiosis, y las posibles aplicaciones biotecnológicas de las moléculas involucradas en el proceso de inmunidad. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos científicos encontrados a través de las bases de datos del NCBI, Google Scholar y Scielo, con palabras claves como inmunidad y/o reconocimiento inmunológico en cnidarios, en una ventana de tiempo de la última década, sin descartar literatura clásica más antigua. Resultados: El reconocimiento inmunológico consiste en receptores inmunológicos que reconocen patrones moleculares e inducen respuestas efectoras como la movilización de moléculas al sitio de la infección, la ingestión microbiana y la formación de moléculas que activan cascadas de señalización. La fase de señalización involucra mediadores de la traducción de señales que activan genes de trascripción, y cascadas de señalización intracelular que inician respuestas de defensa adecuadas. Las respuestas efectoras incluyen la capa superficial del mucus, péptidos antimicrobianos, especies reactivas de oxígeno y la respuesta celular mediada por fagocitosis. Por último, se presenta un esquema y una tabla integral de las vías de respuesta inmune en los cnidario. Conclusiones: La inmunidad en Cnidaria está mediada por mecanismos de defensa complejos integrados por receptores de reconocimiento de patógenos, vías de señalización intracelular, células y moléculas efectoras encargadas de la eliminación del patógeno, y reconocimiento-aceptación de simbiontes. El estudio de compuestos activos del sistema inmune en Cnidaria ha sido poco explorado, sin embargo, el trabajo realizado con otros compuestos presentes en las toxinas de este filo, los sitúa como una fuente importante de moléculas antimicrobianas dignas de un análisis de bioprospección.

Introduction: Cnidarians depend on innate immunity for protection against both their own and external biological agents. It consists of three main immunological processes: 1) immune recognition, 2) intracellular signaling, and 3) effector response. Objective: To critically review current knowledge of the molecular repertoire involved in the immune response in cnidarians, its role in symbiosis, and possible biotechnological applications. Methods: We used keywords such as immunity, and immunological recognition in cnidarians, in the NCBI, Scielo and Google Scholar databases, for the last decade. Results: Cnidarian immune recognition consists of molecular pattern receptors and responses such as the mobilization of molecules to the site of infection, microbial ingestion, and the formation of molecules that activate signaling cascades. The signaling phase involves translation mediators that activate transcriptional genes and intracellular signaling cascades that initiate defenses. Effector responses include surface layer mucus, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species, and the cellular response mediated by phagocytosis. Conclusions: Immunity in Cnidaria is mediated by complex defense mechanisms composed of pathogen recognition receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, effector cells and molecules responsible for pathogen elimination, and recognition of symbionts. There is a potential for toxin compounds useful as antimicrobial molecules.

Phylogenetic diversity and predictive functional profile of bacteria associated with marine microalgae, Isochrysis galbana using next generation sequencing- Supplementary Data

In aquaculture, microalgal-bacterial interaction has ecological significance, and thus demands better understanding for improvement of sustainability and productivity of large scale microalgal cultivation. Here, we assessed the bacterial diversity, including the uncultivable bacterial assemblage associated with the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana using next generation sequencing approach. Isochrysis has been considered as one of the most favoured types of live feed in aquaculture and hence, chose Isochrysis galbana MBTDCMFRI S002. Total genomic DNA was extracted from I. galbana culture and 16S rDNA V3 region was sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 30 different known bacterial genera were detected from 1190 identified operational taxonomic units. These bacterial phylotypes were affiliated to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidimicrobiia, Bacteroidia, Flavobacteriia and Bacilli classes. These 30 bacterial genera comprise only 4.62% of the total OTUs obtained and remaining 95.38% of the sequences do not exhibit any similarity against known bacterial genera in the taxonomic database. The functional profile of bacterial communities was predicted using PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) analysis. The results indicated that these associated bacterial communities are mainly involved in environmental as well as genetic information processing, membrane transport and nutrient metabolism. These functions may mediate their interaction with the phytoplankton host, and thus improve bacterial survival in microalgal habitat. Overall, the present study enhances the understanding of microalgal-bacterial interaction in terms of diversity and functional role of associated microbial community.

Phylogenetic diversity and predictive functional profile of bacteria associated with marine microalgae, Isochrysis galbana using next generation sequencing

In aquaculture, microalgal-bacterial interaction has ecological significance, and thus demands better understanding for improvement of sustainability and productivity of large scale microalgal cultivation. Here, we assessed the bacterial diversity, including the uncultivable bacterial assemblage associated with the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana using next generation sequencing approach. Isochrysis has been considered as one of the most favoured types of live feed in aquaculture and hence, chose Isochrysis galbana MBTDCMFRI S002. Total genomic DNA was extracted from I. galbana culture and 16S rDNA V3 region was sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 30 different known bacterial genera were detected from 1190 identified operational taxonomic units. These bacterial phylotypes were affiliated to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidimicrobiia, Bacteroidia, Flavobacteriia and Bacilli classes. These 30 bacterial genera comprise only 4.62% of the total OTUs obtained and remaining 95.38% of the sequences do not exhibit any similarity against known bacterial genera in the taxonomic database. The functional profile of bacterial communities was predicted using PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) analysis. The results indicated that these associated bacterial communities are mainly involved in environmental as well as genetic information processing, membrane transport and nutrient metabolism. These functions may mediate their interaction with the phytoplankton host, and thus improve bacterial survival in microalgal habitat. Overall, the present study enhances the understanding of microalgal-bacterial interaction in terms of diversity and functional role of associated microbial community.

Resource characteristics and propagation techniques of Anoectochilus roxburghii in China / 药学学报

italic>Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. is a medicinal species belonging to the Orchidaceae, whose whole plant can be used as a medicinal herb, known as "JinXianLian". It has antidiabetic, liver-protecting, anti-inflammatory, etc. A. roxburghii has long been used as food and medicine in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. With the wide recognition of the concept of "medicine and food homology" and the surge of market demand, wild A. roxburghii has been far from meeting the supply. It is important to establish an artificial propagation system. Resource characteristics are the key basis for optimizing germplasm and propagation systems. Therefore, this paper summarizes the germplasm resource characteristics and propagation technologies of A. roxburghii in China to provide a reference for sustainable development and subsequent mechanistic research.

Extended biofilm formation time by Streptococcus sanguinis modifies its non-cariogenic behavior, in vitro

Abstract Although the commensal Streptococcus sanguinis [ S. sanguinis] is isolated from caries-free people, it can ferment carbohydrates producing acids. We aimed to characterize S. sanguinis cariogenic potential as a function of different enamel biofilm formation periods, in vitro. Saliva-coated enamel slabs were inoculated with S. sanguinis to form initial biofilms for 8, 12 or 16 h in presence of sucrose and followed by a period in medium with glucose for 16, 12 or 8 h, respectively, until completion of 24 h. To simulate cariogenic challenges, S. sanguinis biofilms were exposed to 10% sucrose for 5 minutes, 3x/day for 5 days. Biofilm biomass, viable cells, total proteins, intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides production, acidogenicity and enamel demineralization were determined. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans [ S. mutans ] served as caries-positive control. Biofilms of S. sanguinis forming on enamel for 12 and 16 h showed higher demineralization than those formed during 8 h, but lower than S. mutans biofilms, regardless of the initial biofilm formation time. No differences were detected in the biofilm properties among the different biofilm formation times tested for S. sanguinis . Increased enamel initial biofilm formation time by S. sanguinis appears to induce a cariogenic potential, but lower than S. mutans .

The Potential Effects of Fungicides on Association of Rhizophagus irregularis with Maize and Wheat

Abstract The effect of different fungicides on mycorrhizal fungi should be investigated in different plants and environmental conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to appraise the effect of simultaneous fungicides application (including benomyl, rovral TS, mancozeb, and tilt) on the efficiency of Rhizophagus irregularis in cultivations of maize and wheat. This study was conducted in two separate experiments in the laboratory and greenhouse. The results of the laboratory stage showed that the use of all four fungicides significantly reduced the spore number compared to the conditions of non-use of the fungicide, although only rovral TS and mancozeb led to a significant reduction in root colonization percentage of R. irregularis. In the greenhouse, the benomyl significantly increased root dry weight in maize although tilt significantly reduced root colonization of maize with R. irregularis. The tilt and rovral TS had a positive effect and benomyl had a negative effect on wheat growth traits, but the root colonization of wheat with R. irregularis was not affected by fungicides. Generally, benomyl (2 g L-1) in maize and tilt (2 mL L-1) in wheat and rovral TS in both plants could be recommended with the combined application of R. irregularis inoculants. Therefore, depending on the type of fungicide and the host plant, the effect of the fungicide on colonization and association of mycorrhiza varies.

Revisión: Distribución y efecto de los hongos micorrízicos en el agroecosistema de café / Distribution and effect of mycorrhizal fungi in the coffee agroecosystem: A review

Resumen Introducción: El café es una planta altamente micotrófica, por lo que la interacción con los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) se ha estudiado en distintos países tropicales. La mayoría de los trabajos publicados indican que el café se beneficia de la asociación micorrízica, donde los HMA confieren protección ante patógenos y enfermedades, incrementa la absorción de agua, así como la adaptación de la planta durante el trasplante de vivero al campo. Objetivo: Se realizó una revisión donde se resumieron y analizaron trabajos reportados por la asociación de HMA y café de los últimos 10 años, enfocada en la distribución global de especies de HMA, beneficio nutricional de la asociación y su interacción con patógenos. Métodos: Se revisaron diferentes bases de datos que reportaron trabajos realizados en los principales países productores de café. La revisión se centró principalmente en los trabajos publicados entre el 2000 y el 2019, sin embargo, en algunos casos se incluyeron artículos clásicos en el tema, que no corresponden al periodo señalado, principalmente los realizados en Brasil desde 1986. Se organizó el número de especies reportadas por país, se buscaron sinonimias y agruparon por familia, género y especie. Los trabajos donde solo se reportan géneros o las especies presentaron ambigüedad, se usaron como referencia, pero no se incluyeron en el análisis final. Se resumieron los reportes de los beneficios de la interacción de HMA con café, así como la tolerancia a patógenos. Resultados: Los datos recabados muestran que hay más de 100 especies de HMA asociadas con el café, lo cual representa más de la tercera parte del total de las especies reportadas en el mundo. En Colombia se reportó la mayor riqueza de especies de HMA, lo cual puede deberse a que es el país con más reportes en el tema. Conclusiones: Esta información muestra los beneficios de la incorporación de HMA en los programas de replantación de fincas de café, pues estos hongos son un elemento clave en la nutrición de los cafetos, sin embargo, se debe considerar la variedad de café cultivada y la introducción de HMA, pues no en todas hay una asociación exitosa.

Abstract Introduction: Coffee is a highly mycotrophic plant, its interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been studied among different tropical countries. The majority of the published works indicates that coffee is benefited from the mycorrhizal association, where the AMF confers protection against pathogens and diseases, increases water absorption, as well as it increases the adaptation of the plant at transplant from nurseries to the main plantation. Objective: A review was made where we summarized and analyze the research reports of AMF with coffee from at least the past 10 years, focused on AMF global species distribution, nutritional benefits of the association and interaction with pathogens. Methods: We retrieved available bibliographic data from coffee producer countries in public databases. We considered published works from 2000 to 2019, nevertheless, we included classic papers on the topic, outside that period, mainly the ones performed in Brazil since 1986. We organized the number of reported species per country, we look for synonyms, grouped them by family, genera and species. The reports that only reported genera or where ambiguous were used as reference but not considered for the final analysis. We summarized the reports of the benefits of the AMF interaction in coffee, as well as pathogen tolerance. Results: The collected data shows that there are more than 100 AMF species associated with coffee, which represents more than a third part of the total of reported species worldwide. We found that Colombia has the highest richness, but it also has the highest number of published reports. Conclusions: This information shows the benefits of the incorporation of AMF to coffee plantation programs, because these fungi are a key element in coffee plant nutrition, nevertheless, the coffee variety should be considered when introducing AMF, as not all associations has been efficient.

Identification of miRNAs linked to peanut nodule functional processes

microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level.Thousands of miRNAs have been identified in legumes, but studies about miRNAs linked to peanut nodulefunctionality are scarce. In this work we analyzed transcriptional changes in peanut nodules to identifymiRNAs involved in functional processes of these organs. We found 32 miRNAs precursors differentiallyexpressed in nodules compared with roots, and predicted the potential targets of their corresponding maturemiRNAs. Among them, 20 belong to 14 conserved miRNAs families and 12 are Arachis hypogaea-specificmiRNAs. Expression levels of 3 miRNAs (ahy-miR399, ahy-miR159 and ahy-miR3508) were confirmedexperimentally by qPCR. We also demonstrated that the expression of these miRNAs was not affected byinoculation of a biocontrol bacterium or a fungal pathogen. The catalogue of differentially expressed miRNAprecursors and the expression of the corresponding mature miRNA potential targets in the nodules of A.hypogaea obtained in this work is a database of strong candidates, including A. hypogaea-specific miRNAs, forthe regulation of the nodule functionality. The analysis of their role in this process will certainly lead to thecharacterization of essential regulators in these particular aeschynomenoid nodules.

Posición Ghlischro-cárica: conocerla puede ampliar sus recursos médicos y psicoanalíticos / Viscocaric Position: knowing it can expand your medical and psychoanalytic resources / Posição Viscocárica: conhecê-la pode ampliar seus recursos médicos e psicanalíticos

Melanie Klein enunció las posiciones Depresiva (1935) y Esquizoparanoide (1946). Esther Bick y Donald Meltzer desarrollaron, a partir de los estudios de Klein, el concepto de identificación adesiva. José Bleger, presenta (post mortem), en 1977, utilizando este conocimiento y conjeturando sobre la simbiosis, la posición Ghlischro-cárica, que él consideraba, con maestría, una posición anterior a la posición Esquizoparanoide. La posición Ghlischro-cárica incluye un conglomerado yoico con el objeto de que no está diferenciado, que fue nombrado por Bleger como un núcleo aglutinado. Tiene en su constitución, ansiedad por defusión que puede manifestarse como ansiedad de tipo pánico, somatizaciones y enfermedades psicosomáticas, como esclerosis múltiple, artritis reumatoide, vitiligo, entre otras. Es interesante decir que 72% de los pacientes que buscan atención médica neuropsiquiátrica y psicológica utilizan la posición Ghlischro-cárica dentro de su universo relacional, con sus idiosincrasias que afectan sus vidas y el entorno terapéutico. El conocimiento de sus particularidades puede ampliar el volumen de recursos del profesional de la salud mental, en el uso de técnicas psicoterapéuticas e incluso en la elección de los medicamentos psicotrópicos más adecuados para los clientes en este puesto, lo que hace que el desarrollo de este tema sea esencial. Utilizamos un modelo de estudio clínico-cualitativo y transdisciplinario basado en una revisión conceptual sobre el tema(AU)

Melanie Klein enunciated the positions Depressive (1935) and Esquizoparanóide (1946). Esther Bick and Donald Meltzer developed, from Klein's studies, the concept of adhesive identification. José Bleger, presented (post mortem), in 1977, using this knowledge and conjecture on symbiosis, the position Ghlischrocárica, now Viscocaric in Brazil, which masterfully considered this to be a position previous to the Schizoparanoid position. The Ghlischro-cárica position includes an egoic conglomerate with the undifferentiated object which Bleger termed by the agglutinated nucleus. It is constituted the defusional anxiety that can manifest itself as panic-type anxiety, somatizations and psychosomatic diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, vitiligo, among others. It is interesting to say that 72% of the patients seeking neuropsychiatric and psychological medical care use the Ghlischro-cárica position within their relational universe, with their phenomenological idiosyncrasies that affect their lives and the therapeutic setting. know their particularities can expand the resources of the mental health professional, the use of psychotherapeutic techniques and even the choice of the most appropriate psychiatric drugs for clients of this position, which makes the development of this topic fundamental. We use a clinical-qualitative and transdisciplinary model of study based on a conceptual review of the subject(AU)

Melanie Klein enunciou as posições Depressiva (1935) e Esquizoparanóide (1946). Esther Bick e Donald Meltzer desenvolveram, a partir dos estudos de Klein, o conceito de identificação adesiva. José Bleger, apresenta (post mortem), em 1977, utilizando-se destes conhecimentos e conjecturando sobre simbiose, a posição Ghlischro-cárica, o que considerou, com maestria, ser esta uma posição anterior à posição Esquizoparanóide. A posição Ghlischro-cárica incluí um conglomerado egóico com o objeto que se mostra indiferenciado que foi denominado por Bleger de núcleo aglutinado. Tem em sua constituição a ansiedade defusional que pode manifestar-se como ansiedade do tipo pânico, somatizações e doenças psicossomáticas, como esclerose múltipla, artrite reumatóide, vitiligo entre outras. Interessante dizer que 72% dos pacientes que procuram atendimento médico neuropsiquiátrico e psicológico utilizam-se da posição Ghlischro-cárica dentro do seu universo relacional, com suas idiossincrasias que afetam suas vidas e o setting terapêutico. O conhecimento de suas particularidades pode expandir o volume de recursos do profissional de saúde mental, no uso de técnicas psicoterapêuticas e mesmo na escolha dos psicofármacos mais indicados para clientes desta posição, o que torna fundamental o desenvolvimento deste tema. Utilizamo-nos de um modelo clínico-qualitativo e transdisciplinar de estudo a partir de uma revisão conceitual sobre o assunto(AU)

Respuesta del simbiosistema frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 ante el efecto alelopático de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth / Responses of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 symbiosystem to induced allelopathy by Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth

La alelopatía es un fenómeno que involucra la producción de metabolitos secundarios que influyen en el crecimiento de las plantas, pero este potencial alelopático ha sido poco estudiado en la simbiosis rizobio-leguminosa. Esta investigación tuvo los siguientes objetivos: 1) evaluar el potencial alelopático de lixiviados acuosos de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth en la germinación de semillas y en el crecimiento radical de plántulas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); 2) determinar el efecto de estos lixiviados en el crecimiento in vitro de Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, y 3) evaluar el potencial alelopático de I. purpurea en el crecimiento, la fisiología y la nodulación de frijol en simbiosis con R. tropici. Tanto el lixiviado acuoso de raíz como el de la parte aérea de I. purpurea estimularon la germinación de semillas de frijol y la elongación radical. El crecimiento in vitro de R. tropici fue inhibido al aplicar los 2 tipos de lixiviado. La presencia de I. purpurea tuvo un efecto negativo en el crecimiento y en las respuestas fisiológicas de las plantas de frijol, que fue atenuado cuando las plantas fueron inoculadas con Rhizobium tropici; no obstante, la nodulación asociada a esta bacteria fue afectada en presencia de la planta alelopática. Los resultados indican que la simbiosis de rizobios en las raíces de frijol es un elemento importante en la atenuación de los danos producidos por la planta alelopática I. purpurea.

Allelopathy is a phenomenon that involves the production of secondary metabolites that influence the growth of plants and microorganisms; however, this alellopathic effect has been scarcely studied on the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. The aims of this research were 1) to assess the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth on seed germination and root length of common bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 2) to determine its effects on the in vitro growth of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, and 3) to evaluate the allelopathic potential of I. purpurea on the growth, nodulation and physiology of common bean plants inoculated with R. tropici. After 48 h, 15% of the aqueous root extract of I. purpurea stimulated seed germination, whereas 4% of the aqueous shoot extracts stimulated such germination. Both the root or shoot extracts stimulated seed germination and e root length. In vitro growth of R. tropici was inhibited as a result of the application of both aqueous extracts. The presence of I. purpurea negatively affected both the growth and physiological responses of common bean plants, and this effect was attenuated after the inoculation of R. tropici; nevertheless, this allelopathic plant affected root nodulation. Our results suggest that the symbiosis of rhizobia and roots of common bean plants is an important element for attenuating the negative effects caused by the allelopathic plant.

La epibiosis en los grandes vertebrados marinos de México: una revisión y su relevancia ecosistémica / Epibiosis in the large marine vertebrates from Mexico: a review and their ecosystemic relevance

En este trabajo se revisan los casos de epibiosis reportados en los grandes vertebrados de México. La revisión de literatura incluye las publicaciones realizadas al mes de junio de 2018 considerando los 17 estados del litoral costero de la república mexicana. Se encontraron 21 trabajos de investigación, los cuales reportan un total de 73 especies epibiontes de flora y fauna asociados superficialmente a ocho especies de grandes vertebrados marinos: Lepidochelys olivácea, Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas, Trichechus manatus manatus, Fe resa attenuata, Crocodylus acutus, C. moreletii, Caiman crocodilus chiapasius . El grupo epibionte dominante fueron los crustáceos, especialmente los cirrípedos. La interacción predominante fue el comensalismo, sin embargo se reconocieron grupos parasitarios como los copépodos del genero Balaenophilus que afectan principalmente a tortugas marinas. Se analizó la relevancia del estudio del biofilm, así como sus implicaciones ecológicas, taxonómicas por la presencia de nuevas especies para la ciencia y de conservación de las especies basibiontes para establecer criterios que ayuden a comprender su importancia en los ecosistemas marinos y por lo tanto fomentar su estudio en la región.

The aims of this work is review epibiosis reported on the large marine vertebrates from Mexico. The literature review include reporting cases on any of 17 states of the littoral coast of the Mexican Republic, and those published until June 2018. Twenty one papers were found, which report a total of 73 species of flora and fauna superficially associated with eight species of large marine vertebrates: Lepidochelys olivacea, Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas, Trichechus manatus manatus, Feresa attenuata, Crocodylus acutus, C. moreletii, Caiman crocodilus chiapasius . The dominant epibiont group was the crustaceans, especially barnacles. The predominant interaction was commensalism, however, parasitic groups were recognized such as the copepods genus Balaenophilus that affects mainly to sea turtles. The relevance of the study of the biofilm, as well as the ecological implications, the presence of new marine species and the conservation of the basibionts species were analyzed to establish criteria that help to understand the importance in marine ecosystems and therefore encourage their study in the region.

Genomic comparisons of Rhizobium species using in silico AFLP-PCR, endonuclease restriction, and AMPylating enzymes

Background: The whole-genome sequences of nine Rhizobium species were evaluated using different in silico molecular techniques such as AFLP-PCR, restriction digest, and AMPylating enzymes. The entire genome sequences were aligned with progressiveMauve and visualized by reconstructing phylogenetic tree using NTSYS pc 2.11X. The "insilico.ehu.es" was used to carry out in silico AFLP-PCR and in silico restriction digest of the selected genomes. Post-translational modification (PTM) and AMPylating enzyme diversity between the proteome of Rhizobium species were determined by novPTMenzy. Results: Slight variations were observed in the phylogeny based on AFLP-PCR and PFGE and the tree based on whole genome. Results clearly demonstrated the presence of PTMs, i.e., AMPylation with the GS-ATasE (GlnE), Hydroxylation, Sulfation with their domain, and Deamidation with their specific domains (AMPylating enzymes) GS-ATasE (GlnE), Fic, and Doc (Phosphorylation); Asparagine_hydroxylase and Collagen_prolyl_lysyl_hydroxylase; Sulfotransferase; and CNF (Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors), respectively. The results pertaining to PTMs are discussed with regard to functional diversities reported in these species. Conclusions: The phylogenetic tree based on AFLP-PCR was slightly different from restriction endonuclease- and PFGE-based trees. Different PTMs were observed in the Rhizobium species, and the most prevailing type of PTM was AMPylation with the domain GS-ATasE (GlnE). Another type of PTM was also observed, i.e., Hydroxylation and Sulfation, with the domains Asparagine_hydroxylase and Collagen_prolyl_lysyl_hydroxylase and Sulfotransferase, respectively. The deamidation type of PTM was present only in Rhizobium sp. NGR234. How to cite: Qureshi MA, Pervez MT, Babar ME, et al. Genomic comparisons of Rhizobium species using in silico AFLP-PCR, endonuclease restrictions and ampylating enzymes.

Detection, ultrastructure and phylogeny of Sclerorhabditis neotropicalis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) nematodes associated with the Azteca ant-Cecropia tree symbiosis / Detección, ultraestructura y filogenia de los nemátodos Sclerorhabditis neotropicalis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) asociados con la simbiosis de la hormiga Azteca y el árbol

Abstract The nematodes involved in ant-plant symbioses have been poorly studied, creating an area of research that is now receiving increasing attention. One example is Sclerorhabditis neotropicalis that inhabit the nests of Azteca ants in Cecropia trees. The goal of the present study is to increase our knowledge about these organisms and their possible symbiotic relationship with the ants and their host plant. The samples were collected during 2011-2013 in different locations in Costa Rica: Parque Nacional Carara (Puntarenas province), San Pedro de Montes de Oca and Highway 27 (San Jose) and La Selva Biological Station (Sarapiquí, Heredia). We examined 576 internodes from 23 plants, comprising four species of Cecropia (including one non-myrmecophyte) and five Azteca species. S. neotropicalis was found in all but one of the Azteca/Cecropia combinations examined. Queen and worker ants were placed in water in order to dislodge nematodes and the results were largely positive, suggesting that alate queens carry S. neotropicalis between trees and that workers carry them between internodes. In addition to transport, preliminary observations suggest that the ants provide masses of scraped parenchyma (possibly fertilized with feces) as a substrate for bacteria upon which the nematodes presumably feed. We also found S. neotropicalis associated with Azteca in another myrmecophyte, Cordia alliodora, suggesting that this ant/nematode association is not restricted to Cecropia. SEM photographs of S. neotropicalis were provided to supplement the original description of this species, and molecular phylogenetic analyses employing three different markers suggest that Sclerorhabditis forms a well-supported clade of bacteria-feeding nematodes associated with Azteca. Indirect evidence suggests that this is a mutualistic association, but the benefits to the ants remain unknown. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 368-380. Epub 2018 March 01.

Resumen Cecropia. Los nemátodos asociados a la simbiosis entre plantas y hormigas han sido poco estudiados, creando un área de investigación que está recibiendo cada vez más atención. Un ejemplo de esto es Sclerorhabditis neotropicalis, que habita en los nidos de las hormigas Azteca asociadas a árboles de Cecropia. El objetivo de este trabajo es incrementar el conocimiento sobre esta especie de nemátodo y su relación con Azteca-Cecropia. Las muestras fueron recolectadas durante 2011-2013 en diferentes localidades de Costa Rica: Parque Nacional Carara (Puntarenas), San Pedro de Montes de Oca y Ruta 27 (San José) y la Estación Biológica La Selva (Sarapiquí, Heredia). Se examinaron 576 entrenudos de 23 plantas, comprendiendo cuatro especies de Cecropia (incluyendo una especie no mirmecófita) y cinco especies de Azteca. Se encontraron individuos de S. neotropicalis en todas las combinaciones de Azteca/Cecropia examinadas. Las hormigas reinas y trabajadoras fueron colocadas en agua para observar los nematodos y los resultados fueron en gran medida positivos, lo cual sugiere que las reinas aladas transportan S. neotropicalis hacia nuevos árboles y que las trabajadoras los transportan entre los entrenudos. Además del transporte, las observaciones preliminares insinúan que las hormigas proporcionan una masa de parénquima raspado (posiblemente fertilizado con heces) como sustrato para bacterias que luego servirán de alimento a los nematodos. Adicionalmente, encontramos S. neotropicalis asociado con Azteca en otro tipo de árbol, Cordia alliodora, sugiriendo que esta asociación de hormigas/nematodos no se limita a Cecropia. Las fotografías de microscopía electrónica de S. neotropicalis obtenidas en este trabajo complementan la descripción original de esta especie. Por otra parte, los análisis filogenéticos moleculares sugieren que Sclerorhabditis forma un clado bien definido de nematodos bacteriófagos asociados con Azteca. La evidencia indirecta apunta a que se trata de una asociación mutualista, pero los beneficios para las hormigas siguen siendo desconocidos.

Research status of neuronal-glial cell symbiosis system on neurotrophic factor activity / 眼科新进展

Retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by the progressive loss of the structure and function of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium.Neurotrophic factors are more and more concerned.Brain-derived neurotrophic factors,ciliary neurotrophic factors and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors can affect photoreceptor activity through direct and indirect protection pathways.Neuronal-glial cell symbiosis system mediated by the indirect protection of photoreceptors is more important.Studies on glial cell-mediated neurotrophic factors for the treatment of related eye disease have made some progress,which will provide a new and effective methodsto delay the development of RP.

Holobionts and their hologenomes: Evolution with mixed modes of inheritance

Abstract Symbioses are ubiquitous and have played an influential role in the evolution of life on Earth. Genomic studies are now revealing a huge diversity of associations among hosts and their microbiotas, allowing us to characterize their complex ecological and evolutionary dynamics. The different transmission modes and the asynchronous cell proliferation of the numerous symbionts associated with one host generate a genomic conflict ought to be solved. Two disputing views have been used to model and predict the outcome of such conflicts. The traditional view is based on community ecology, and considers that selection at the level of individuals is sufficient to explain longstanding associations among species. A new perspective considers that the host and its associated microbiota constitute a biological entity called holobiont, and that regarding it as a higher-level unit of selection is unavoidable to understand phenotypic evolution. Novel extended phenotypes are often built through symbiotic interactions, allowing the holobiont to explore and survive in distinct environmental conditions, and may evolve in a Lamarckian fashion.

Inoculação de diferentes doses de Bradyrhizobium por cobertura e seu efeito na cultura da soja / Inoculation by different doses of Bradyrhizobium by side dressing and its effect on Soybean / Inoculación de diferentes dosis de Bradyrhizobium por cubierta y su efecto en la Cultura de la soja

A soja é a cultura que mais cresceu no Brasil, com grande destaque para o agronegócio. Sendo o nutriente mais requerido, o nitrogênio, torna se necessário muitas vezes a utilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados e como uma alternativa sustentável, recomenda-se a inoculação com Bradyrhizobium realizando desse modo a fixação biológica de nitrogênio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os benefícios da inoculação de Bradyrhizobium na cultura da soja, pela pulverização em cobertura, na nodulação, no desenvolvimento das plantas e na produtividade. Foram conduzidos quatro tratamentos com design inteiramente casualizado e com quatro repetições, sendo tratamento 1 (controle) isento de pulverização, o segundo com pulverização de 500 mL ha­1, o terceiro de 1000 mL ha­1 e o quarto de 1500 mL ha­1 do inoculante com Bradyrhizobium. O número de sacas ha­1 com a inoculação de Bradyrhizobium por pulverização de 1500 mL ha­1 foi de 59 sacas. Reificouse ainda, aumentos significativos (p ≤ 0,05), sendo de 180,65 para número de nódulos, 4,44 g planta­1 para massa seca dos nódulos, 17,30 g planta­1 para massa seca das raízes e de 64,33 g planta­1 para massa seca da parte aérea em comparação com o tratamento controle, evidenciando o maior rendimento de soja para este tratamento. Conclui-se, portanto que a inoculação da soja com 1500 mL ha­1 de Bradyrhizobium em pulverização por cobertura, é a mais eficiente diante dos parâmetros testados no desenvolvimento e produção da soja.(AU)

The cultivation of soybean has presented the greatest increase in Brazil, with strong emphasis on agribusiness. Since nitrogen is the most required nutrient, nitrogen fertilizers are sometimes necessary. As a sustainable alternative, the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium is recommended, which can perform the biological fixation of nitrogen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of Bradyrhizobium inoculation in soybean crop, by spraying on its side dressing, nodulation, plant development and on productivity. Four treatments were carried out with a completely randomized design with four replications. The first treatment was left spray-free, the second was sprayed with 500 mL ha­1, the third with 1000 mL ha­1, and the fourth with 1500 mL ha­1 of the Bradyrhizobium inoculant. A total of 59 bags ha­1 were harvested with the application of the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium by spraying 1500 mL ha­1, and significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) were observed, namely 180.65 nodules, 4.44 g plant­1 for nodule dry matter, 17.30 g plant­1 for root dry matter, and 64.33 g plant­1 for shoot dry matter when compared to the control treatment, evidencing the higher soybean yield for this treatment. It can be concluded that the inoculation of soybean with 1500 mL ha­1 Bradyrhizobium in spray by side dressing is the most efficient in the tested parameters for the development and production of soybean.(AU)

La soja es la cultura que más creció en Brasil, con gran destaque para el agronegocio. Con el nutriente más requerido el nitrógeno, se hace necesario a menudo la utilización de fertilizantes nitrogenados y como una alternativa sostenible, se recomienda la inoculación con Bradyrhizobium realizando de ese modo la fijación biológica de nitrógeno. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los beneficios de la inoculación de Bradyrhizobium en el cultivo de la soja, la pulverización en cobertura, la nodulación, el desarrollo de las plantas y la productividad. Se realizaron cuatro tratamientos con diseño completamente casualizado y con cuatro repeticiones, siendo tratamiento 1 (control) exento de pulverización, el segundo con pulverización de 500 mL ha-1, el tercero de 1000 mL ha-1 y el cuarto de 1500 mL ha-1 del inoculante con Bradyrhizobium. El número de sacas ha-1 con la inoculación de Bradyrhizobium por pulverización de 1500 mL ha-1 fue de 59 sacas Se observaron también aumentos significativos (p ≤ 0,05), siendo de 180,65 para número de nódulos, 4,44 g planta-1 para masa seca de los nódulos, 17,30 g planta-1 para masa seca de las raíces y de 64,33 g planta-1 para masa seca de la parte aérea en comparación con el tratamiento control, evidenciando mayor rendimiento de soja para este tratamiento. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que la inoculación de la soja con 1500 mL ha-1 de Bradyrhizobium en pulverización por cubierta es la más eficiente, frente a los parámetros probados en el desarrollo y producción de la soja.(AU)

Preliminary study on metabolic symbiosis of HBV-related liver cancer / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To explore the glycolysis and metabolic symbiosis of HBV-related liver cancer, and to lay the foundation for studying the metabolism of liver cancer cells.@*Methods@#10 cases of HBV-related liver cancer patients were collected, IHC detection of metastatic symbiotic markers MCT1, MCT4 for liver cancer and adjacent tissues; choosing HLE liver cancer cell lines, time gradient group use serum-free DMEM medium, divided into 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h hypoxia cultivating, by western blotting to detect HIF-1α; oxygen concentration gradient group use serum-free DMEM medium, separate culture in three gas incubator with 0.2 % O2, 8% O2 and 19% O2, by western blotting to detect HIF-1α, GLUT1, PKM2, MCT1 and MCT4.@*Results@#The expression of MCT1 in HBV-related liver cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues; HLE cell have the highest expression of HIF-1α in the hypoxia cultivating of 12 h. HLE cell have the highest expression of HIF-1α and GLUT1 in hypoxia cultivating of 0.2% O2 and the highest expression of PKM2 in hypoxia cultivating of 8% O2. The oxygen concentration was at 19% MCT1/4 expressed highest.@*Conclusions@#Abnormal energy metabolism in HBV-related liver cancer tissues; the HLE cell is not preferentially choose the metabolism of aerobic glycolysis in an oxygen-free environment or in the near-constant oxygen environment. In hypoxia environment, aerobic glycolysis may also be associated with metabolic symbiosis.

Transcriptome analysis on symbiotic molecular mechanism of Armillaria mellea and Gastrodia elata / 中草药

Objective In this study, Armillaria mellea and Zhaotong Gastrodia elata vegetative stems were used as the experimental material to reveal the symbiosis molecular mechanism of A. mellea infecting G. elata through comparative transcriptome sequencing analysis. Methods Trizor reason (invitrogen) was used to extract RNA from vegetative propagation stem samples, and the sequencing library was established and sequenced. Results The results showed that 38 838 sequences were annotated when G. elata symbiosis with A. mellea. Under false discovery rate (FDR) 1 screening conditions, there were significant differences in expression levels among the 23 333 genes, in which 1 595 genes up-regulated and 21 738 down-regulated expression. Based on the transcriptome analysis, unigenes associated with the extracellular enzyme gene cellulase, xylanase, laccase, and polygalacturonase genes were 21, 6, 39, and 6 genes, respectively, in which the number of corresponding differentially expressed genes were 9, 3, 23, and 4, respectively. The expression of all these unigenes were down-regulated except for one cellulase genes. The number of unigenes related to anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were 13, 7, and 17, respectively. The differentially expressed genes respectively were 6, 7, and 7, all of which were down-regulated. In addition, these genes were selectively confirmed by real-time PCR. Conclusion The life activites of A. mellea which infect and symbiosis with G. elata declined, meanwhile G. elata did not produce biological stress for A. mellea. This study provides a lot of valuable genetic resources for further studying the symbiosis molecular mechanism of A. mellea and G. elata.

New species of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont on vulnerable species of aeglids (Crustacea, Anomura) from the Neotropical Region / Nova espécie de Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosimbionte sobre espécies vulneráveis de eglídeos (Crustacea, Anomura) da Região Neotropical

Abstract: A new species of the genus Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849 from southern Brazil was found on two species of anomuran crustaceans, Aegla spinipalma Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994 and Aegla grisella Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994, the latter classified as a vulnerable species by the "Lista de Referência da Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção no Rio Grande do Sul. Decreto no 41.672, de 11 junho de 2002". The crustaceans were collected from a tributary creek of the Forqueta river, Perau de Janeiro, Arvorezinha and a tributary creek of the Fão river, Pouso Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; both localities belong to the Sub-Basin of Forqueta River. The new species differs from seven other temnocephalans epibionts on Aegla Leach, 1820, by having the following characters: 1. a long and slightly curved cirrus, 2. two vaginal sphincters, one proximal, big and asymmetric, and one distal, smaller and symmetric, and; 3. longer than wide, elongated epidermal 'excretory' syncytial plates (EPs), with a almost horizontally central excretory pore, displaced to the anterior portion of the plate. The new species' EP is the largest in total length among epibionts temnocephalans in crustaceans already registered. Regarding the similarities with the male reproductive system of Temnocephala axenosMonticelli, 1898, the new species has important differences in the female reproductive system. It has a larger proximal vaginal sphincter, located in the middle of the vagina, while the smaller distal one is at the extreme end of the organ. Besides that, the vaginal portion between the proximal and distal sphincters is conspicuous, with a strong muscular wall. This is the first record of a species of Temnocephala in the Taquari Valley, as well in the 'Perau de Janeiro', which is an area with a rich endemic fauna.

Resumo: Uma nova espécie do gênero Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849 da região sul do Brasil foi encontrada sobre duas espécies de crustáceos anomuros, Aegla spinipalma Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994 e Aegla grisella Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994, a última classificada como uma espécie vulnerável pela Lista de Referência da Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção no Rio Grande do Sul. Decreto no 41.672, de 11 junho de 2002. Os crustáceos foram coletados em um arroio tributário do Rio Forqueta, Perau de Janeiro, Arvorezinha e em um arroio tributário do Rio Fão, Pouso Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; ambas localidades pertencem a Sub-Bacia do Rio Forqueta. A nova espécie se diferencia dos outros sete temnocefalídeos epibiontes sobre Aegla Leach, 1820 pelos caracteres a seguir: 1. cirro longo e levemente curvo, 2. dois esfíncteres vaginais, um proximal, grande e assimétrico e um distal, menor e simétrico, e, 3. placas sinciciais epidérmicas 'excretoras' (PEs) alongadas, mais longas do que largas, com poro excretor quase central horizontalmente e deslocado para a porção anterior da placa. A PE da nova espécie é a maior em comprimento total entre os temnocefalídeos epibiontes sobre crustáceos registrados até o momento. Embora haja similaridades com o sistema reprodutor masculino de Temnocephala axenosMonticelli, 1898, a nova espécie apresenta diferenças importantes no sistema reprodutor feminino. O esfíncter vaginal proximal é maior, localizado no meio da vagina, enquanto o distal é menor e se localiza no final do órgão. Além disso, a porção da vagina entre os esfíncters proximal e distal é conspícua, com uma forte parede muscular. Esta é a primeira espécie de Temnocephala registrada para o Vale do Taquari, assim como para o Perau de Janeiro, área com uma fauna endêmica rica.