Síndrome de Down por mosaico, reporte de caso Ecuador / Mosaic Down syndrome, case report Ecuador

El síndrome de Down, es una de las principales causas de discapacitada intelectual relacionada a alteraciones en los cromosomas humanos, el síndrome de Down por mosaísmo es uno de los tres tipos de alteración cromosómica que se presentan en estos pacientes, encontrándose en 1% al 4% de los casos reportados de este síndrome, en los cuales las características físicas son casi imperceptibles a una simple valoración. Presentamos el caso clínico de paciente masculino de 9 meses de edad que acudió a valoración médica por retraso leve madurativo e infecciones respiratorias a repetición.

Down syndrome is one of the main causes of intellectual disability related to alterations in human chromosomes. Mosaic Down syndrome is one of the three types of chromosomal alteration that occurs in these patients, being 1% at 4% of the reported cases of this syndrome, in any of the physical characteristics are almost imperceptible to a simple assessment. We present the clinical case of a 9-month-old male patient who attended a medical evaluation for mild maturational delay and repeated respiratory infections.

Chromosomal Deletion in 7q31.2-31.32 Involving Ca2⁺-Dependent Activator Protein for Secretion Gene in a Patient with Cerebellar Ataxia: a Case Report

We present a 33-year-old male patient with cerebellar ataxia. He was first considered to have a psychiatric conversion disorder but finally found to have chromosomal deletion in 7q31.2-31.32 involving Ca2⁺-dependent activator protein for secretion (CADPS) gene. When a targeted gene sequencing using next-generation sequencing panel and chromosomal microarray analysis were performed, an 8.6 Mb deletion within chromosome 7q31.2-31.32 was discovered. Deletion of CADPS gene in the 7q31.2-31.32 was suggested as the causative factor of cerebellar ataxia. Functional levels evaluated by Berg balance scale and modified Barthel index were improved via comprehensive rehabilitation including balance training and a dopamine agonist medication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of chromosomal deletion in 7q31.2-31.32 including CADPS gene detected in patients with cerebellar ataxia.

Prenatal ultrasound and noninvasive DNA testing in diagnosis of fetal sex chromosome abnormalities / 中国医学影像技术

Objective: To investigate the value of ultrasound and noninvasive prenatal DNA testing (NIPT) in diagnosis of fetal sex chromosome abnormalities. Methods: Chromosomal data of prenatal diagnosis of 8 792 high-risk pregnant women were retrospectively analyzed. The detection rate of fetal chromosomal abnormalities of ultrasound and NIPT was analyzed, and the pregnancy outcomes of fetuses with sexual chromosome abnormalities were observed. Results: There were 144 fetuses (144/8 792, 1.64%) with abnormal sex chromosomes, 5 (5/8 792, 0.06%) with abnormal chromosome structures and 139 with abnormal number of sex chromosomes (139/8 792, 1.58%), including 32 with 45, X (Turner syndrome), 22 with 45, X chimera, 44 with 47, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), 3 with 47, XXY chimera, 23 with 47, XXX, 11 with 47, XYY, 3 with other abnormal of numbers and 1 with 45, X [15] /46, XX [40] male sexual reversal. Among 144 fetal chromosomal abnormalities, 73 (73/144, 50.69%) were detected with ultrasound. Totally 77 fetuses were screened by NIPT, and 75 (75/77, 97.40%) sexual chromosome abnormalities were detected. Among 32 fetuses with 45, X, 31 were found with structural abnormalities by ultrasound including 28 cystic hygromas, and 32 were then induced, while in 112 fetuses with other type of sex chromosome abnormalities, pregnancy was chosen to be continued in 42 (42/112, 37.50%) cases. Conclusion: NIPT is of great value in detection of sex chromosome abnormalities. 45, X should be highly suspected when cystic hygroma is found in prenatal ultrasound screening.

Actualización en el manejo del síndrome de Turner en niñas y adolescentes: revisión de la literatura e Incorporación de recomendaciones de las nuevas guías clínicas / Update on the management of Turner syndrome in girls and adolescents: review of the literature and incorporation of recommendations of the new clinical guidelines

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common disorder (1/2.000 women) that affects multiple organs at different stages of life and needs a multidisciplinary approach. It can be present in women of all ethnicities and is caused by a monosomy of the X chromosome that causes a haploinsufficiency of certain genes. Its main features consist of specific but variables physical characteristics, congenital heart defects, renal anomalies, middle and inner ear diseases, skeletal alterations, and from the endocrinological point of view, short stature and ovarian insufficiency. Given the comorbidities associated with TS, it has been estimated that they have an increased risk of mortality (up to 3 times more) and a reduction in life expectancy of approximately 13 years. Depending on the genotype, the abnormalities can become very subtle, in these cases the diagnosis is late, when the adolescent consults, for example, for primary amenorrhea or an adult woman for infertility. Once the diagnosis is confirmed by a karyotype, these patients must remain in pediatric control in a continuous way to investigate associated pathologies in a timely manner, with periodic evaluations by specialists, such as otolaryngologists, cardiologists, neurologists and endocrinologists, among others. Numerous advances in the care of these patients gave rise to new guidelines published in 2017. In this article we will comment on the main conditions associated with TS and its specific etiology, we will mention what is relevant regarding the genotype-phenotype relationship in this syndrome and we will discuss the fundamental aspects of the control of the TS patient, with emphasis on the treatment of short stature and ovarian insufficiency, as well as the cardiovascular aspects and those related to fertility.

El Síndrome de Turner (ST) es una patología frecuente (1/2.000 mujeres) que afecta múltiples órganos en distintas etapas de la vida y necesita un enfoque multidisciplinario. Se produce por una monosomía del cromosoma X que provoca una haploinsuficiencia de determinados genes. Sus características principales consisten en un fenotipo característico pero variable, con presencia de cardiopatías congénitas, anomalías renales, enfermedades del oído medio e interno, alteraciones esqueléticas, y del punto de vista endocrinológico, talla baja e insuficiencia ovárica. Dadas las comorbilidades asociadas al ST, principalmente cardiovasculares (CV), presentan mayor mortalidad con respecto a la población general (hasta 3 veces más). Dependiendo del genotipo, las anomalías pueden llegar a ser muy sutiles, realizándose en estos casos el diagnóstico en forma tardía, cuando la adolescente consulte, por ejemplo, por amenorrea primaria o una mujer adulta por infertilidad. Una vez confirmado el diagnóstico mediante un cariotipo, estas pacientes deben permanecer en control endocrinológico pediátrico en forma continua hasta la transición hacia adultos, con el fin de pesquisar patologías asociadas en forma oportuna. Por ello requieren evaluaciones periódicas por especialistas, tales como otorrinolaringólogos, cardiólogos, neuropsiquiatras, entre otros. Numerosos avances en el cuidado de estas pacientes, dieron origen a nuevas guías publicadas el 2017. En este artículo comentaremos sobre las principales condiciones asociadas al ST y su etiología específica, mencionaremos lo relevante respecto a la relación genotipo-fenotipo en este síndrome y discutiremos los aspectos fundamentales del control de la paciente con ST, haciendo énfasis en el tratamiento de la talla baja y la insuficiencia ovárica, así como los aspectos CV y los relacionados a fertilidad.

Genetic Testing and Pregnancy Outcome Analysis of 362 Fetuses with Congenital Heart Disease Identified by Prenatal Ultrasound / Análise de Teste Genético e de Desfecho da Gestação de 362 Fetos com Cardiopatia Congênita Identificados por Ultrassom Pré-Natal

Abstract Background: Congenital heart defects (CHD), as the most common congenital anomaly, have been reported to be associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Currently, patients with CHD are routinely offered karyotyping and chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing, but the genotype-phenotype relationship has not yet been fully established. Objective: To determine the type and frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with CHD and to analyze pregnancy outcomes of fetuses with heart abnormalities caused by different genetic factors. Methods: A total of 362 cases of CHD were enrolled from 2009 to 2016. Detailed ultrasound and laboratory examinations, including karyotyping and CMA, were performed. Outcome was obtained from discharge summaries. Results: Of the 362 fetuses, 220 were found with an isolated CHD, and 142 had CHD with extracardiac anomaly. Among these 362 fetuses, 140 were identified with a genetic cause, including 111 cases with aneuploidy, 10 cases with abnormality of chromosomal structure by karyotyping and 19 cases with pathogenic or likely pathogenic copy-number variations (CNVs) by CMA. The detection rate is close to 38.7%. Only one (identified as trisomy 18 syndrome) in 140 positive cases resulted in perinatal death, with the others being induced. The remaining 222 cases had negative results for both genetic testing and of these cases, 56 resulted in induced labor, and 77 had natural childbirth or caesarean births. The pregnancy outcome of the remaining 89 cases was uncertain. Conclusions: Karyotyping and CMA are effective and accurate prenatal genetic techniques for identifying fetal chromosomal abnormalities associated with cardiac defects, and this can assist clinical doctors to perform appropriate genetic counselling with regard to the etiology and outcome of CHD.

Resumo Fundamento: As cardiopatias congênitas (CCs) são as anomalias congênitas mais comuns, e têm sido associadas a anormalidades cromossômicas. Atualmente, a cariotipagem e a análise cromossômica por microarray (CMA) são oferecidas rotineiramente aos pacientes, mas a relação genótipo-fenótipo ainda não foi totalmente estabelecida. Objetivo: Determinar o tipo e a frequência das anomalias cromossômicas em fetos com CC e analisar os desfechos da gestação de fetos com anormalidades cardíacas causadas por diferentes fatores genéticos. Métodos: No total, foram admitidos 362 casos de CC entre 2009 e 2016. Ultrassonografia e exames laboratoriais detalhados foram realizados, incluindo cariotipagem e CMA. O resultado foi obtido a partir das folhas de epicrise. Resultados: Dos 362 fetos, 220 apresentaram doença coronariana isolada e 142 apresentaram doença coronariana com anomalia extracardíaca. Entre esses 362 fetos, foram identificados 140 com causa genética, incluindo 111 casos com aneuploidia, 10 casos com anormalidade da estrutura cromossômica por cariotipagem e 19 casos com variações no número de cópias (CNVs) patogênicas ou provavelmente patogênicas por CMA. A taxa de detecção é de aproximadamente 38,7%. Apenas um (identificado como síndrome da trissomia do cromossomo 18) em 140 casos positivos resultou em morte perinatal, com as demais sendo induzidas. Os 222 casos restantes tiveram resultados negativos para ambos os testes genéticos e, destes, 56 resultaram em trabalho de parto induzido e 77 tiveram partos naturais ou cesarianas. O desfecho da gravidez dos 89 casos restantes foi incerto. Conclusões: A cariotipagem e a CMA são técnicas genéticas pré-natais eficazes e precisas para a identificação de anomalias cromossômicas fetais associadas a defeitos cardíacos, e isso pode ajudar os médicos a realizar aconselhamento genético adequado com relação à etiologia e ao desfecho das cardiopatias congênitas.

Valor predictivo positivo del diagnóstico prenatal invasivo para alteraciones cromosómicas / Positive predictive value of invasive prenatal diagnosis for chromosomal abnormalities

Resumen Introducción. El diagnóstico prenatal (DP) invasivo para alteraciones cromosómicas (AC) se realiza según las indicaciones de las pruebas no invasivas y se basa en la probabilidad de encontrar un cariotipo alterado. Objetivos. Identificar las indicaciones para la realización de un procedimiento invasivo con el fin de hacer un DP de AC, calcular el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de cada indicación y estimar la oportunidad relativa (OR) de encontrar una AC. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal que caracterizó las indicaciones de procedimientos invasivos para realizar cariotipos en registros de un centro de diagnóstico genético en Cali, Colombia, en el período 2013-2015. Resultados. De 738 registros de cariotipos analizados, 103 (14.0%) tuvieron AC. Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron alteración anatómica única en ecografía del segundo trimestre (21.4%) y edad materna (18.8%). Las indicaciones con mayor VPP fueron sonolucencia nucal alterada más otro marcador ecográfico (80.0%) y antecedente de 2 o más abortos (30.8%). Las más altas OR de un cariotipo alterado también fueron la sonolucencia nucal más otro marcador ecográfico (OR=1381.6) y el antecedente de 2 o más abortos (OR=153.5). Conclusiones. La ecografía fue la principal herramienta para indicar procedimientos invasivos de DP. Los marcadores bioquímicos integrados fueron una indicación poco frecuente.

Abstract Introduction: Invasive prenatal diagnosis (PD) for chromosomal abnormalities (CA) is performed following non-invasive tests indications and is based on the probability of finding an altered karyotype. Objectives: To identify the indications for invasive procedures in order to perform a DP for CA, estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of each indication and estimate the odds ratio (OR) of finding an AC. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study to establish the indications of invasive procedures to perform karyotypes in the records of a genetic diagnostic center in Cali, Colombia, in the period 2013-2015. Results: Out of 738 records of karyotypes analyzed, 103 (14.0%) had presented CA. The most frequent indications were unique anatomical alteration observed in second-trimester ultrasound (21.4%) and maternal age (18.8%). The indications with the highest PPV were altered nuchal sonolysis plus another ultrasound marker (80.0%) and history of 2 or more abortions (30.8%). The highest ORs of an altered karyotype were also nuchal sonolysis plus another ultrasound marker (OR = 1381.6) and history of 2 or more abortions (OR=153.5). Conclusions: Ultrasound was the main tool to indicate invasive PD procedures. Integrated biochemical markers were a rare indication.

Pathologic features on gonadal changes of sexual developmental disorders in children / 中华病理学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the pathologic features of gonadal tissues of disorders of sexual development (DSD) in children.@*Methods@#Fifty-three cases of gonadal developmental disorders were collected from July 2015 to August 2017 at Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center. Clinical manifestations, karyotypes, sex hormone levels, ultrasound imaging, histology and immunophenotype of gonadal tissues were analyzed.@*Results@#The age of patients ranged from 7 months to 17 years with an average of (50.7 ± 47.1) months. Social genders of the patients included 32 males and 21 females. Forty-eight patients had abnormal sex hormone levels. Clinical presentations included: toward female genitalia in 25 cases, male genitalia tendency in 17 cases and ambiguous external genitalia in 11 cases. Hypospadias was seen in 31 cases and short stature was seen in 8 cases. Chromosomal karyotyping of peripheral blood revealed 23 cases of sex chromosome disorders, 22 cases of 46 XY disorders, of which 3 cases were 5α-reductase deficiency and 8 cases of 46 XX disorders. Ultrasound examination showed cryptorchidism in 30 cases, including 16 cases of unilateral, 14 cases of bilateral and 1 case presenting a huge pelvic tumor. A total of 97 gonadal tissues from 53 cases of DSD were examined, including 9 cases of unilateral and 44 cases of bilateral gonads. Microscopically, 55 gonads (56.7%) showed dysplastic testes including 17 unilateral and 19 bilateral gonads. Fourteen were streak gonads (14.4%) including 8 unilateral and 3 bilateral gonadal tissues. Nine streak gonad with epithelial cord-like structures (9.3%) were found, of which 5 were unilateral and 2 were bilateral lesions. Seven gonads were ovotestis (7.2%), unilateral in 5 cases (the other side of the gonads of ovary in 4 cases, 1 case of dysplastic testes) and bilateral in 1 case. Seven gonads showed follicular-rich ovarian tissue (7.2%). One case showed bilateral dysplastic testes with gonadoblastoma and ectopic adrenal cortex. One case of streak gonad showed epithelial cord-like structures and undifferentiated glandular tissue embedded in malignant mixed germ cell tumors (mixed gonadoblastoma, dysgerminoma, mature teratoma and yolk sac tumor). One case had testicular microlithiasis. Uterus and fallopian tube structures were found in 11 cases. Immunohistochemical stains were performed in 15 cases. D2-40, PLAP and CKIT were expressed in germ cells and Calretinin, WT1 and inhibin were positive in Setoli cells. SALL4 and OCT3/4 were positive in 3 cases. Inhibin highlighted interstitial Leydig cells in 2 cases. GPC3 was positive in yolk sac tumor component.@*Conclusions@#Gonadal dysgenesis presents a broad spectrum of gonadal phenotypes with variable degrees of differentiation. The development of bilateral gonadal tissues has certain variability. Chromosomal karyotypes have no correlation with gonadal phenotypes. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis plays an important role in the treatment and prognosis of the patient.

Clinical value of serological screening combined with noninvasive prenatal testing for fetal aneuploidy / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the value of serological screening combined with fetal aneuploidy prenatal noninvasive DNA test ( NIPT) in prenatal diagnosis ,and provide guidance for reducing the birth of children with genetic defects in the future .Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 15282 pregnant women with prenatal counseling who performed serological screening and NIPT test .The high risk and critical TANG recommended NIPT test and severe abnormal karyotype children recommend termination of pregnancy .Results Down syndrome screening results showed that 804 cases of 15,282 cases of serological screening samples were detected in high risk , the high risk rate was 5.26％.A total of 804 patients with high risk of Don screen were further tested with noninvasive DNA,which was positive in 10 cases.Among them,8 cases were confirmed by amniocentesis ,including 5 cases of trisomy 21,1 case of trisomy 18 and 2 cases of sex chromosome abnormality (45,XO in one case and 47,XYY in one case),the consistency was 100.00％.Conclusion Noninvasive gene detection of fetal aneuploidy has the advantages of noninvasive ,safe and accurate .It has a wide range of clinical value in the diagnosis of fetal chromosomal abnormalities .

A family affected by multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency due to compound heterozygous mutations on ETFDH and literature review / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective To improve the understanding of clinical phenotype and genotype of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) in neonates.Method The clinical data of a neonates with the diagnosis of MADD and treated in the Neonatal Department of Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics in December 2016 were analyzed.The literature collected from Wanfang database,CNKI and PubMed database from 1976 January to 2017 June was retrieved.Using "glutaric acidemia type Ⅱ ","multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency","infant" and "neonate" as the key words.The phenotype and genotype characteristics were summarized.Result This boy was a full-term low birth weight infant with abnormal family history.He was admitted to hospital with recurrent episodes of poor response,respiratory distress and hyperlactacidemia.B-mode ultrasound abdominal examination suggested polycystic kidney disease.Laboratory tests revealed non-kenotic hypoglycemia,refractory metabolic acidosis,elevated lactate and muscle enzymes,hyperammonemia,abnormal coagulation function test.Mass spectrometry analysis showed that multiple acyl-carnitine increased.Urine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed significantly increased levels of lactic,glutaric,2-hydroxypentanedioic,dicarboxylic,and 4-hydroxybenzene lactic acids.The infant was given high doses of vitamin B2,L-carnitine,and other symptomatic treatments,but the condition did not improve.He died 5 days later.The gene test showed ETFDH gene compound heterozygous mutations,one missense mutations from the father with normal phenotype c.770A ＞ G (p.Y257C),a frameshift mutation from the mother with normal phenotype c.1281-1282 deletion mutation of AA (p.I428Rfs6).The protein structures of the mutations were predicted to be deleterious.Frameshift mutation c.1281-1282 deletion mutation of AA (p.I428Rfs6) were not included in the gene bank.A total of 21 cases with MADD were found from the literature.The clinical characteristics including:male (76.2％),dyspnea (52.4％),poor response (52.4％),hypoglycemia (47.6％),hepatomegaly (47.6％),elevated muscle enzymes (42.9％),immediate onset within 24 hour of birth (42.9％),abnormal family history (38.1％),malformation (38.1％),hyperammonemia (33.3％),metabolic acidosis (28.6％).81.0％of the patients were given vitamin B2 treatment,71.4％ of carnitine,28.6％ of coenzyme Q10,28.6％ of low fat,low protein and high carbohydrate feeding.However,the prognosis of these patients was poor,76.2％ died,and 42.9％ died within 1 week after birth,and 23.8％ survived.But all showed different degrees of mental retardation during follow-up periods.Conclusion Neonatal onset MADD can be characterized by dyspnea,poor response,hypoglycemia,hepatomegaly and elevated muscle enzymes.The disease is more common in early male neonates.It can be treated with vitamin B2 and L-carnitine,but with poor prognosis and high mortality.In this case,there were 2 sites in the ETFDH gene that formed complex heterozygous mutation:c.770A ＞ G (p.Y257C) and c.1281-1282 deletion mutation of AA (p.I428Rfs6),while the latter is a new mutation.

Fetal Emanuel syndrome: a case report / 中华围产医学杂志

We hereby reported the prenatal diagnosis of a case of fetal Emanuel syndrome. At 12+3 gestational weeks, ultrasound examination suggested that the fetal nuchal translucency thickness was 3.3 mm. At 24+2gestational weeks, the fetus was found with growth restriction, lateral ventriculomegaly (14 mm), broadened posterior cranial fossa (13 mm), right multicystic dysplastic kidney and doubled left renal pelvis by ultrasound. Karyotyping of both the fetus and the parents was performed using G banding, and showed that the fetus was 47, XX, +mar, the father was normal, while the mother was 46, XX, t(11;22)(q23;q11.2). Single-nucleotide polymorphism-array of the fetal cells in amniotic fluid suggested that the fetus had a partial duplication of chromosomes 22 and 11 at 22q11.1-q11.21 and 11q23.3-q25 and carried a marker chromosome +der(22)t(11;22) (q23.3;q11.21), based on which the fetus was eventually diagnosed as Emanuel syndrome. The pregnancy was terminated after genetic consultation.

Síndrome de Cohen diagnosticado con hibridación genómica comparativa por microarreglos / Cohen syndrome diagnosed using microarray comparative genomic hybridization / Síndrome de Cohen diagnosticado com hibridação genômica comparativa por microarranjos

RESUMEN El síndrome de Cohen (SC) es una enfermedad genética rara, con herencia autosómica recesiva. Se origina por daños en el gen VPS13B, locus 8q22-q23. El fenotipo característico consiste en discapacidad intelectual, microcefalia, facies dismórfica, anormalidades oftalmológicas, obesidad central e hipotonía. Solo se han publicado aproximadamente 150 casos, la mayoría de origen finlandés. Reportamos el caso de un preescolar con talla baja, craneosinostosis, facies dismórfica, hipotonía y retraso del desarrollo psicomotor a quien se le diagnosticó SC por medio de Hibridación Genómica Comparativa por microarreglos (HGCm), que mostró una deleción en homocigosis de 0.153 Mb en 8q22.2 incluyendo el gen VPS13B, OMIM #216550. Con esta publicación contribuimos al conocimiento epidemiológico de un síndrome genético infrecuente, y mostramos el aporte de la HGCm al diagnóstico etiológico de pacientes con discapacidad intelectual inexplicada, retardo del desarrollo psicomotor, problemas del lenguaje, autismo y anomalías congénitas múltiples.

SUMMARY Cohen syndrome (CS) is an uncommon autosomal recessive genetic disorder attributed to damage on VPS13B gene, locus 8q22-q23. Characteristic phenotype consists of intelectual disability, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, ophthalmic abnormalities, truncal obesity and hipotony. Worldwide, around 150 cases have been published, mostly in Finish patients. We report the case of a 3 year-old male, with short height, craniosynostosis, facial dysmorphism, hipotony, and developmental delay. He was diagnosed with Cohen syndrome using Microarray Comparative Genomic Hibridization (aCGH) that showed homozygous deletion of 0.153 Mb on 8q22.2 including VPS13B gene, OMIM #216550. With this report we contribute to enlarge epidemiological databases on an uncommon genetic disorder. Besides, we illustrate on the contribution of aCGH to the etiological diagnosis of patients with unexplained intellectual disability, delayed psychomotor development, language difficulties, autism and multiple congenital anomalies.

RESUMO A síndrome de Cohen (SC) é uma doenças genética rara, com herança autossômica recessiva. Se origina por danos no gene VPS13B, locus 8q22-q23. O fenótipo característico consiste em deficiência intelectual, microcefalia, faces dismórfica, anormalidades oftalmológicas, obesidade central e hipotonia. Só se há publicado aproximadamente 150 casos, a maioria de origem finlandês. Reportamos o caso de um pré-escolar com estatura baixa, craniossinostose, faces dismórfica, hipotonia e retraso do desenvolvimento psicomotor a quem se lhe diagnosticou SC por meio de Hibridação Genômica Comparativa por microarranjos (HGCm), que mostrou uma deleção em homozigoto de 0.153 Mb em 8q22.2 incluindo o gene VPS13B, OMIM #216550. Com esta publicação contribuímos ao conhecimento epidemiológico de uma síndrome genética infrequente, e mostramos o aporte da HGCm ao diagnóstico etiológico de pacientes com deficiência intelectual inexplicada, atraso do desenvolvimento psicomotor, problemas da linguagem, autismo e anomalias congénitas múltiplas.

Óbito polimalformado ocasionado por padre portador de aberración cromosómica equilibrada / Death caused by a balanced-chromosomic-aberration-carrier parent

Introducción: Se define como óbito fetal a la pérdida fetal en el embarazo luego de las 20 semanas de gestación o con un peso al nacimiento mayor de 500 g. Las anomalías congénitas constituyen el 16,5% de los casos, de estas: 9,8% por múltiples malformaciones y el 6,7% por malformaciones de un órgano o sistema. Caso: Óbito fetal polimalformado de 26 semanas. Pareja de padres no consanguíneos sin antecedentes de importancia, producto del primer embarazo. Se encuentran alteraciones: Pie bott bilateral y disrupción facial parcial, hipertelorismo ocular, micrognatia ligera, orejas de implantación baja, escoliosis. El estudio citogenético reveló cariotipo femenino numéricamente normal pero con una aberración cromosómica estructural desequilibrada consistente en la deleción de un fragmento del brazo corto del cromosoma 5 (46, XX del 5pter→p15). Una vez detectada esta anormalidad, se realizó análisis citogenético a ambos padres. El padre era portador de una aberración cromosómica estructural equilibrada: [46, XY, ins (5; 12) (p15.1; pter]. Discusión: Los resultados concuerdan que el cromosoma 5p- es de herencia paterna en el 80% de los casos. Se recalca la importancia de realizar un estudio citogenético en óbitos malformados. En caso de anomalías cromosómicas se vuelve imperativo el estudio citogenético de los padres. En el presente caso, el riesgo de recurrencia es aproximadamente del 5 %.

Introduction: Stillbirth is either a fetus loss after 20 weeks of gestation or with a birth weight greater than 500 g. Congenital malformations accounts for 16.5% of all cases, of which 9.8% have multiple malformations and 6.7% have only a single organ or system affected. Case report: A 26 weeks-old stillbirth affected by multiple malformations. Parents were young, without consanguinity between them. Nothing was remarkable in their past history. Malformations found were: rocker-bottom feet; facial dysruption; hypertelorism; micrognathia; scoliosis; down slanting ears. Femenin karyotype showing a structural chromosomal imbalance: a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5 (46, XX del 5pter→p15). Since this chromosomal abnormality was found, both parents underwent cytogenetic analysis. The father was found to have an insertion: 46, XY, ins (5; 12) (p15.1 →pter). Discussion: The results agreed that chromosome 5pis of paternal inheritance in 80% of cases. This report highlights the importance of the cytogenetic analysis in fetal dymorphic deaths. It also showed the value of the parental chromosomic studies when a structural aberration is found. In this case, according to the reported chromosomal findings, the risk of recurrence might be 5%.

Genética clínica comunitaria: exploración de patología genética en Boyacá, Colombia / Clinical community genetics: exploring genetic disorders in Boyacá, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar la presencia de patología genética sindrómica en el Departamento de Boyacá, mediante un acercamiento de medicina genética comunitaria. Materiales y Métodos Un grupo conformado por genetistas, neurólogo pediátrico y genetista bioquímico, llevó a cabo jornadas clínicas en las cuales se evaluaron pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad genética. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, epidemiológicos y clínicos y se realizó el cálculo de frecuencias de los mismos. En los centros de referencia visitados se realizaron actividades de capacitación al personal médico. Resultados Se encontraron dos agrupamientos genéticos: MPSIII y Síndrome de Ellis Van Creveld, con incidencias mayores a lo reportado en la literatura, además una alta frecuencia de patologías de herencia autosómica recesiva, así como sospecha de síndromes de microdeleción-microduplicación. Conclusiones Se deben establecer mecanismos no convencionales de atención médica para facilitar el acceso a las comunidades a un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuados en genética. Se espera que el apoyo brindado a los pacientes, familias y personal asistencial de los hospitales a través de las jornadas clínicas y la capacitación, permitan alcanzar este objetivo y a la vez sea un punto de inicio de procesos de prevención primaria y secundaria.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To explore the incidence of syndromic genetic pathologies in Boyacá, Colombia, through a community genetics approach. Materials and Methods A group made up by different medical specialists (geneticists, a pediatric neurologist, and a biochemical geneticist) developed clinical campaigns, in which patients with clinical suspicion of genetic diseases were involved. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical data were collected, and frequency calculations were made based on the collected data. Several training workshops for health personnel were done in each center visited. Results Two genetic clusters were found: mucopolysaccharidosis type III, and Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome, both of them with higher incidences than those found in the literature. Also, a high frequency of autosomal recessive diseases was found, as well as microdeletion/microduplication syndromes. Conclusions Conventional mechanisms of medical attention must be established, in order to facilitate the access to an appropriate diagnosis and treatment. This work intended to provide support to patients, families and health care services personnel through the workshops and clinical campaigns, and to become a starting point to develop primary and secondary prevention processes.(AU)

Patient With Delayed Development Resulting From De Novo Duplication of 7q36.1-q36.3 and Deletion of 9p24.3

Patients with a duplication from 7q36 to the terminus or a deletion of 9p24 have been reported, whereas those harboring both mutations have not. Here, we report a patient with simultaneous de novo 7q36.1-q36.3 duplication and 9p24.3 deletion. A 6-year-old boy presented with speech developmental delay, microcephaly, and dysmorphic features, including a long face and small nose. Chromosome and array comparative genomic hybridization analyses revealed 46,XY,dup(7)(q36.1-q36.3) and del(9)(p24.3). The sizes of the duplication and deletion were 9.9 Mb and 1.9 Mb, respectively. The duplication of chromosome 7 contained 68 known genes, of which 3 are related with entries in the Developmental Disorders Genotype-to-Phenotype (DDG2P) database. The deletion of chromosome 9 contained 6 known genes, of which 2 are in the DDG2P database. We investigated the genotype and phenotype in this patient, and reviewed the relevant literatures for possible clinical presentation in these variations.

The application of array comparative genomic hybridization for the detection of chromosomal defects in newborns / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective To study the application of the array comparative genomic hybridization (Array-CGH) for the detection of chromosomal disorders in newborns.Method The Array-CGH technique was used to analyze the whole genome of the patients who were suspected of chromosomal disease in neonatal ward of our hospital from January to December in 2014,and further verification in genomic unbalanced ectopia was carried out by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH).Result Among 514 patients,104 were found carrying chromosomal abnormalities with a detection rate of 20.2％.The most common chromosomal disease is the Down syndrome syndrome (24 cases),followed by the chubby Willy and Angel syndrome(17 cases),while the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome in 5 cases,Williams syndrome in 5 cases and the Criduchat syndrone in 5 cases.The results of FISH were consistent with Array-CGH.Conclusion The technique of Array-CGH can be used to scan the whole genome of children with unknown disease.As a high-throughput and rapid research method,this technique has important clinical significance in the screening of chromosomal diseases.

Mutation analysis of the PNPLA1 gene in a family with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To identify a causative gene of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) in a Chinese family,and to analyze the genotype-phenotype correlation.Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from the proband,his elder brother and parents,and genomic DNA was extracted from these blood samples.Genome-wide exome sequencing was conducted to determine the mutation site in the proband,and then allele-specific oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the mutation site.PCR was performed to detect the mutation site to further identify the causative gene of ARCI in the family.Results A new homozygous missense mutation was identified in exon 4 in 1 allele of the PNPLA1 gene in the proband,which led to a codon change from cytosine (C) to thymine (T) at position 700 (c.700C ＞ T) and resulted in the substitution of proline by serine (p.pro234ser).The same mutation was also detected in the proband's brother,and his parents were the mutation carriers.No mutations were found in unrelated healthy Chinese individuals.Conclusion The missense mutation in the PNPLA1 gene (p.pro234ser) is associated with clinical symptoms of the patient with ARCI.

Research progress of thyroid abnormalities in patients with Turner Syndrome / 中国医师进修杂志

Turner Syndrome (TS) is a common X sex chromosome abnormality syndrome. Its main clinical features are growth retardation and germinal aplasia. The study found that the incidence of thyroid abnormalities in patients with TS was higher than that in the general population. This article reviews the clinical features and mechanisms of thyroid abnormalities in patients with TS.

Mutation detection in a case of Costello syndrome complicated by cutis laxa / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To report a case of Costello syndrome complicated by curis laxa,and to make a molecular genetic diagnosis.Methods Clinical data were collected from a case of Costello syndrome complicated by cutis laxa.Skin tissues were resected from the patient,and peripheral blood samples were obtained from the patient's parents and 150 unrelated healthy controls.Genomic DNA was extracted from these samples,and all the exons and their flanking sequences of the HRAS gene were analyzed by DNA sequencing.Results The 13-month-old female patient presented with growth retardation,severe malnutrition,coarse facial appearance,severely loose skin over the limbs,and decrease or disappearance of subcutaneous fat.A heterozygous mutation c.34G ＞ T (p.Gly12Cys) was detected in exon 2 of the HRAS gene in the patient,but not in her parents or 150 unrelated healthy controls.Conclusion The c.34G ＞ T (p.Gly12Cys) mutation in exon 2 of the HRAS gene may be responsible for Costello syndrome in the patient.

Un caso de deleción parcial 1p36. 1 y trisomía parcial 6p diagnosticadas por cariotipo / A case of partial 1p36. 1 deletion and partial trisomy 6p diagnosed by karyotype

La deleción de la región cromosómica 1p36 es una de las anomalías subteloméricas más frecuentes y causa rasgos dismórficos distintivos. Por otro lado, la trisomía distal del brazo corto del cromosoma 6 es una anormalidad cromosómica poco frecuente de fenotipo variable. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente con ambas alteraciones cromosómicas, y resaltar la vigencia e importancia del cariotipo como herramienta diagnóstica en dismorfología. Caso clínico: Lactante de 2 meses de edad con múltiples anomalías craneofaciales, hemangioma en la nuca, fosita sacra, acortamiento rizomélico, pies y manos pequeños, criptorquidia unilateral izquierda e hipotonía. Además, antecedente de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Producto del octavo embarazo de una mujer G8A7C1 de 28 años. Con estos hallazgos inespecíficos en el fenotipo se solicitó cariotipo que mostró una deleción parcial de 1p36.1 y una trisomía parcial de cromosoma 6p. Conclusión: El cariotipo convencional sigue siendo una herramienta importante para el etiológico en pacientes con anomalías congénitas (múltiples), mostrando en este caso una deleción parcial de 1p36.1 y una trisomía parcial de cromosoma 6p, alteraciones cromosómicas estructurales.

The deletion of chromosomal region 1p36 is one of the most common sub-telomeric microdeletion syndromes and has distinctive dysmorphic features. On the other hand, partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 6 is a rare chromosomal abnormality with a variable phenotype. Objective: To report a case with both chromosome abnormalities, and to highlight the importance of the karyotype as a diagnostic tool in dysmorphology. Clinical case: The case of is presented of a two month-old infant with several craniofacial anomalies, neck haemangioma, sacral pit, rhizomelic shortening, small hands and feet, left unilateral cryptorchidism, and hypotonia. The infant also suffered intrauterine growth restriction and is the product of the eighth pregnancy of a 28 years old woman. Due to the unspecific findings in phenotype, a karyotype was requested, which showed a partial deletion of 1p36.1 and a partial trisomy of chromosome 6. Conclusion: The development of new techniques in molecular biology has improved diagnostic possibilities in medical genetics. However, the traditional karyotype remains as an important diagnostic tool in patients with multiple congenital anomalies.

Manifestaciones fenotípicas de un caso con sospecha clínica de trisomía parcial del cromosoma 9p / Phenotypical manifestations of a case with clinical suspicious of partial trisomy of chromosome 9p

Fundamento: Las anomalías cromosómicas pueden ser numéricas o estructurales, esta última puede producirse por duplicación parcial o total de un cromosoma, como se describe en la trisomía parcial 9p. Los afectados por esta cromosopatía, se caracterizan por hipotonía, discapacidad intelectual, retraso sicomotor, malformaciones craneofaciales distintivas, anomalías de manos y pies Objetivo: Ilustrar debido a su rareza un caso de cromosopatía. Presentación de caso: Se describen las manifestaciones fenotípicas de un niño de dos años, con diagnóstico clínico, de una trisomía parcial 9p, con un cariotipo no balanceado definido por la siguiente fórmula: 47,XY+(mar). Conclusiones: Se concluyen con los estudios realizados que este paciente presenta una trisomía de novo en línea pura; aún sin diagnóstico confirmado por estudio molecular por hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH), fue necesario el diagnóstico clínico precoz para intervención temprana y brindar asesoramiento genético a la familia.

Background: Chromosome anomalies can be either numeric or structural; this last one can be reproduced by partial or total duplication of a chromosome, as described in the trisomy of chromosome 9p. The ones affected by this chromosopathy are characterized by hypotonia, intellectual incapacity, psychomotor retardation, distinctive craniofacial malformations and foot and hands anomalies. Objective: To illustrate, due to it’s a case of chromosopathy. Case presentation: There are described the phenotypical manifestations of a two-year-old child with clinical diagnosis of partial trisomy 9p with a non balanced karyotype defined by the formula: 47,XY+(mar). Conclusion: This patient is suffering from a novo trisomy in pure line; having non confirmed diagnosis by molecular study by fluorescent hybridation in situ (FISH), it was necessary the early clinical diagnosis for early intervention and for giving genetic upgrading to the family.