Nivel de conocimiento sobre la extracción de hemocultivos en enfermeras de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Level of Knowledge about Blood Culture Extractions in Intensive Care Unit Nurses

Introducción: El hemocultivo es una prueba sencilla, pero existe el riesgo de contaminación por un inadecuado procedimiento, en muchas ocasiones puede estar relacionado con la mala praxis del personal de enfermería. Objetivo: Valorar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la técnica de extracción de hemocultivo en enfermeras de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo, transversal, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, La Habana, en enero 2021. La población estuvo conformada por 12 licenciadas en enfermería, se aplicó un cuestionario de conocimiento con la escala de puntuación: 0-30 puntos (no conocimiento); 31-60 puntos (poco conocimiento); 61-90 puntos (adecuado conocimiento), 91-100 puntos (excelente conocimiento). Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas, porcentaje, prueba T para una muestra y chi cuadrado. Se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS versión 20 para Windows. Resultados: De la muestra estudiada, 41,70 por ciento consideró que el hemocultivo se realiza a pacientes febriles y el uso de guantes estériles como único medio de protección; 33,30 por ciento hizo referencia al alcohol como antiséptico cutáneo de elección; 58,30 % planteó que se inoculan con diez ml de sangre y 66,70 por ciento afirmó que se debe comenzar por el aeróbico. El promedio de puntuación general fue de 64,25. Conclusiones: Los profesionales de enfermería mostraron un adecuado conocimiento, los guantes estériles fueron el medio de protección más utilizado, destaca el uso de alcohol 76 por ciento para la desinfección de la piel, diez mililitros es el volumen de sangre considerado a inocular en los frascos, existe adherencia a los protocolos de transporte y conservación de la muestra(AU)

Introduction: Blood culture is a simple test, but there is a risk of contamination due to an inadequate procedure, which many times can be related to malpractice of the nursing personnel. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge about the blood culture extraction technique in nurses of an intensive care unit. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the intensive care unit of the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery, Havana, in January 2021. The population consisted of twelve registered nurses. A knowledge questionnaire was applied, which included the following scoring scale: 0-30 points (no knowledge), 31-60 points (little knowledge), 61-90 points (adequate knowledge), 91-100 points (excellent knowledge). Absolute frequencies, percentage, T-test for one sample and chi-square were calculated. The program IBM SPSS (version 20) for Windows was used. Results: Of the sample studied, 41.70 percent considered that blood culture is performed on febrile patients and the use of sterile gloves as the only means of protection. 33.30 percent referred alcohol as the skin antiseptic of choice. 58.30 percent stated that test tube or flask inoculation is completed with 10 mL of blood. 66.70 percent stated that the technique should start with the aerobic. The average overall score was 64.25. Conclusions: Nursing professionals showed adequate knowledge. Sterile gloves were the most used means of protection. The use of 76 percent-alcohol for skin disinfection is relevant. The volume of blood to empty into the flask or sample tube is 10 mL. The protocols for sample preservation and transport are followed(AU)

¿Es necesario el ayuno para la determinación del perfil lipídico? / Is fasting necessary for the determination of the lipid profile?

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar los cambios post prandiales en el perfil lipídico en respuesta a una comida típica argentina. Se extrajo sangre a 33 mujeres voluntarias después de 12 h de ayuno (T0), 1 h después de un desayuno estandarizado (T1) y 1 h después de un almuerzo estandarizado (T2). Se midieron los niveles de: colesterol total, colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL), colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL) y triglicéridos. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la prueba t de Student pareada. Para cada analito se calculó la diferencia porcentual media (DM%) en T1 y T2 respecto de T0 y se comparó con el valor de referencia del cambio (VRC). Las DM% mayores al VRC se consideraron clínicamente significativas. En T1 y T2, los valores de C-HDL fueron más bajos que en T0, mientras que los valores de C-LDL en T1 fueron más bajos que en T0. Los niveles de triglicéridos fueron significativamente más altos en T1 que en T0. En todos los casos, la variabilidad fue estadísticamente significativa, aunque no clínicamente. En este estudio puede observarse que el perfil de lípidos en T1 y T2 no mostró diferencias clínicamente significativas con respecto a los valores basales.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze postprandial lipid profile changes in response to a typical Argentine meal. Blood was collected from 33 female volunteers after a 12 h fasting period (T0), 1 h after a standardized breakfast (T1) and 1 h after a standardized lunch (T2). The levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides were measured. Data were analyzed using paired Student's t-test. Mean difference % (MD %) was calculated for each analyte at T1 and T2 and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). MDs % higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. At T1 and T2, HDL-C values were lower than at T0, whereas LDL-C values at T1 were lower than at T0. Triglycerides levels were significantly higher at T1 than baseline values. In all cases, variability was statistically, though not clinically, significant. This study demonstrates that at T1 and T2 lipid profile showed no clinically significant differences with respect to basal values.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as alterações do perfil lipídico pós-prandial em resposta a uma refeição típica argentina. O sangue foi coletado de 33 mulheres voluntárias após um período de jejum de 12 horas (T0),1 h após um café da manhã padronizado (T1) e 1 h após um almoço padronizado (T2). Foram medidos os níveis de: colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (C-HDL), colesterol LDL (C-LDL) e triglicérides. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste t de Student pareado. A diferença média% (DM%) foi calculada para cada analito em T1 e T2 e foi comparada com o valor de mudança de referência (VRC). Os MDs% maiores que o VRC foram considerados clinicamente significativos. Em T1 e T2, os valores de C-HDL foram menores que em T0, enquanto os valores de C-LDL em T1 foram menores que em T0. Os níveis de triglicérides foram significativamente maiores em T1 do que os valores basais. Em todos os casos, a variabilidade foi estatisticamente, embora não clinicamente, significativa. Este estudo demonstra que no perfil lipídico em T1 e T2 não houve diferenças clinicamente significativas em relação aos valores basais.

Application of creatinine correction in detection of individual urinary iodine / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To verify the application value of urinary iodine creatinine ratio in urinary iodine examination under different ways of collecting urine samples.Methods Totally 20 healthy adults were recruited and the urine samples were collected as each time random urine within 1 day,the 24 hour urine and morning urine within 5 successive days,respectively.Urinary iodine concentration and creatinine concentration in all urine specimens were determined.The coefficient of variation of urine iodine creatinine concentration ratio in each group was calculated.Paired t test was used to compare the urine iodine creatinine concentration ratio of 24 hour urine with the urine iodine creatinine concentration ratio of random urine and that of morning urine,respectively.Results The coefficient of variation of urinary iodine concentration values of random urine,morning urine and 24 hour urine samples within 1 d were 12.5％-57.4％,5.4％-26.0％,3.4％-16.6％,respectively,and the corresponding coefficient of variation of urinary iodine concentration The main distribution is around 30％,12％,and 8％.The coefficients of variation for random urine iodine creatinine concentration ratio within one day were 11.6％-36.1％,while most of the coefficients of variation were around 23％.In contrast,the coefficients of variation of morning urine and 24 hour urine within 5 days were 3.9％-16.8％ and 4.3％-12.7％ and most of them were at about 10％ and 7％.The difference of urinary iodine/creatinine concentration ratio between random urine,morning urine and 24 h urine sample was statistically significant (F =4.002,P ＜ 0.05).And the urine iodine creatinine concentration ratio of random urine were significantly different compared with that of 24 hour urine (P ＜ 0.05).On the other hand,there was also significant difference for the urine iodine creatinine concentration ratio of morning urine compared with that of 24 hour urine (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions After adjusted with urinary iodine creatinine concentration ratio,the effect of urine concentration and dilution on urinary iodine concentration has reduced.The significance of two kinds of urine retention methods for random urine and morning urine in urine iodine detection is enhanced.But it's still not good enough to replace 24 hour urine.

The most appropriate way of sample collection for individualized detection of urinary iodine / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective By studying the variation of individual urinary iodine concentration due to different ways of urine sample collection to optimize it for standard clinical evaluation.Methods Totally 20 healthy adults were recruited and their urine samples were collected as a random urine sample within 1 day,the 24 hour urine and morning urine samples within 5 successive days,respectively.The coefficient of variation in each group was calculated.Paired t test was used to compare the results of 24 hour urine with the results of random urine and that of morning urine samples,respectively.Results The range of individual coefficient of variation for random urine sample within one day was 12.5％-57.4％,while most of the coefficients of variation were around 30.39％.In contrast,the individual coefficients of variation of morning urine sample and 24 hour urine results within 5 days were 5.4％-26.0％ and 3.4％-16.6％ and most of them were at about 11.74％ and 7.91％.The paired t test showed that the results of random urine sample were significantly different compared with that of 24 hour urine (t =-4.231,P ＜ 0.05).On the other hand,there was also significant difference for the results of morning urine compared with that of 24 hour urine (t =3.884,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion This study suggests that 24 hour urine is the most appropriate way of sample collection for individualized detection of urinary iodine.

Urine sample collection methods for measuring urinary concentrations of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and their comparison in pregnant women / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective · To compare urine sample collection methods for measuring urinary concentrations of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals including bisphenol A (BPA),triclosan (TCS),and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) in pregnant women.Methods· Urine samples were collected from women at late pregnancy by two methods:urine catheter and collection bag (n=176),urine collecting containers made of polypropylene (PP) (n=642).Urinary concentrations of BPA,TCS and 4-n-NP were measured with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)method.Confirmation experiment used PP containers,urine catheter and collection bags,as well as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) tubes and glass containers as both negative controls to collect urine samples from each of the 5 women.Results · Geometric mean (GM) of urinary BPA concentration collected by urine catheter and collection bags was 82.5 ng/mL (95％ CI 71.4-95.4 ng/mL),which was 63 times higher than that from PP containers (GM 1.3 ng/mL;95％ CI 1.3-1.5 ng/mL).Concentrations of urinary 4-n-NP and creatinine were similar between two collection methods.Confirmation experiment showed that urinary BPA concentration collected by urine catheter and collection bags was much higher than those collected by other three methods.Conclusion· In collection of urine samples for measuring phenolic chemicals,PP urine collection container as well as LDPE containers are adequate for use in epidemiologic studies,but urine catheter and collection bag is not.

Application and Efficacy of 6S Quality Management Methods in Drug Clinical Trials of Oncology Department / 医药导报

Objective To evaluate the application and efficacy of 6S quality management methods in drug clinical trials of oncology department.Methods By using 6S (Seiri,Seiton,Seiso,Seiketsu,Shitsuke,Safety) quality management methods,quality about mastering level of good clinical practice (GCP) knowledge,sample collection and drug management etc.were controlled,and efficacy after the quality control was evaluated.Results After implemention of 6S quality management,rate of achieving GCP certificate was increased to 77.80％,accuracy rate of sample collection and accuracy rate of medicine preparation were increased to 100.00％,and the rate of relearning study protocol was increased to 100.00％,and subjects' satisfaction was improved significantly.Conclusion The implementation of 6S quality management methods could effectively enhance the quality of drug clinical trials in oncology department.

Newborn Screening for Phenylketonuria: Latin American Consensus Guidelines

Abstract Newborn screening (NBS) for phenylketonuria in Latin America gave its first step in an organized way 3 decades ago when the first national NBS program was implemented in Cuba. From then onward, it experienced a slow but continuous growing, being currently possible to find from countries where no NBS activity is known to several countries with consolidated NBS programs. This complex scenario gave rise to a great diversity in the criteria used for sample collection, selection of analytical methods, and definition of cutoff values. Considering this context, a consensus meeting was held in order to unify such criteria, focusing the discussion in the following aspects—recommended blood specimens and sample collection time; influence of early discharge, fasting, parenteral nutrition, blood transfusions, extracorporeal life support, and antibiotics; main causes of transient hyperphenylalaninemias; required characteristics for methods used in phenylalanine measurement; and finally, criteria to define the more appropriate cutoff values.

Influence of sample collection and storage on detection of iPTH in patients with hemodialysis / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the influence of sample collection and storage on the detection results of intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH).Methods 10 blood samples from the hemodialysis patients were simultaneously injected into four types of blood collection tube:pro-coagulation tube,blank tube,EDTA tube and sodium citrate tube.The iPTH levels in the fresh samples within 4 h after blood collection and serum/plasma preserving for 12,24,48 h under 4OC were detected by the Roche cobase411 immunoas-say instrument.Results Serum iPTH in the pro-coagulation tube within 4 h after blood collection was rapidly degraded,while the iPTH level in the blank tube was highest,which was significantly higher than that the serum/plasma preserved for 12,24,48 h.The iPTH level in the EDTA tube and the sodium citrate tube began to degrade only at 48 h.Conclusion It is the first time to reveal that the coagulant has the degrading or inhibiting effect on serum iPTH,which verifies that the EDTA tube is the optimal blood col-lection tube.

Prueba de aliento optimizada con urea marcada con carbono 13 para la detección de Helicobacter pylori (PAU-Hp13C) / Optimized 13C-urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori detection (PAU-Hp-13C®)

Helicobacter pylori es una bacteria íntimamente relacionada con enfermedades benignas del estómago como la dispepsia no ulcerosa, la gastritis crónica, la úlcera péptica duodenal y gástrica, y con enfermedades malignas como el cáncer gástrico y los linfomas MALT del estómago...

Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria closely related to gastric benign diseases, such as nonulcerdyspepsia, chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer; it is also related with malignant neoplasms such as gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphomas...

Cytodiagnosis trends at the animal pathology laboratory of the University of Antioquia (Colombia) / Tendencias citodiagnósticas en el Laboratorio de Patología Animal de la Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia) / Tendências Cytodiagnosticas no laboratório de patologia animal da Universidade de Antioquia (Colômbia)

This retrospective study describes the cytology diagnoses conducted at the animal pathology laboratory of the University of Antioquia from years 1996 to 2009. Results were expressed as proportions. The studied traits were: animal species, cytological method used, affected system, and diagnosis. A total of 97.1% samples (1454/1497) corresponded to canine species. Cytology swab was the most common diagnostic method (64.6%, 939/1454). The female reproductive tract was the most affected system (45.6%, 663/1454). The most frequent diagnosis was inflammation (30.9%, 449/1454). A high proportion of samples failed to establish a specific diagnosis (21.3%, 309/1454). It is concluded that cytology was very useful for the diagnosis of inflammatory processes. The high proportion of non-specific diagnosis was mainly due to inadequate extraction and delivery of samples. This suggests there is a lack of knowledge on sample selection criteria, as well as sampling and delivery procedures necessary to confirm the clinical diagnosis. This article discusses the main difficulties found for proper cytology diagnosis in our region and proposes alternatives to optimize its results.

Con el objetivo de sistematizar y caracterizar los diagnósticos citológicos realizados en el Laboratorio de Patología Animal de la Universidad de Antioquia; se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo utilizando como fuente de información los registros de diagnóstico citológico y el material de archivo disponible en el laboratorio. Los resultados se expresaron como proporciones de acuerdo con las variables: especie, método citológico utilizado, sistema orgánico afectado y diagnóstico realizado. Las muestras evaluadas correspondieron en una mayor proporción a las especies canina 97.1% (1454/1497), el método citológico más empleado fue el hisopado 64.6% (939/1454), el sistema orgánico con mayor participación en el estudio fue el sistema reproductivo femenino 45.6% (663/1454), el diagnóstico más frecuente fue inflamación 30.9% (449/1454). En una alta proporción de las muestras no se logró establecer un diagnóstico específico 21.3% (309/1454). De estos resultados se concluye que la citología fue de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico de procesos inflamatorios. La alta proporción de diagnósticos inespecíficos se debe principalmente a una inadecuada obtención y remisión de las muestra, esto sugiere que existe desconocimiento en el medio sobre los criterios de selección, toma y envió de muestras adecuadas para realizar o confirmar el diagnóstico clínico. Este artículo discute las principales dificultades que se presentan para la realización de la citología en nuestro medio y propone alternativas para optimizar su valor diagnóstico.

Com o objectivo de sistematizar e descrever os diagnósticos citológicos realizados no Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade de Antioquia, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo utilizando a informação como fonte dos arquivos de diagnóstico citológico e material de arquivo no laboratório. Os resultados foram expressos como proporções, de acordo com as variáveis: espécie, método citológico utilizado, o sistema de órgãos afectados e diagnóstico feito. As amostras testadas em proporções mais elevadas corresponderam a espécie canina de 97,1% (1454/1497), o método mais comummente utilizado foi o esfregaço com o 64,6% (939/1454), o sistema orgânico com maior participação no estudo foi o sistema reprodutor feminino 45,6% (663/1454), o diagnóstico mais frequente foi a inflamação de 30,9% (449/1454). Em uma grande proporção das amostras não conseguiu-se estabelecer um diagnóstico específico em 21,3% (309/1454). A partir desses resultados conclui-se que a citologia foi muito útil para o diagnóstico de processos inflamatórios. A elevada proporção de diagnóstico não específica é devido principalmente à extracção inadequada e a entrega da amostra, isto sugere que há uma falta no meio dos critérios de selecção, recolha e envio de amostras necessárias para fazer ou confirmar o diagnóstico. Este artigo discute as principais dificuldades que surgem para a realização da citologia em meio ambiente e propõe alternativas para optimizar seu valor diagnóstico.

Applications of digital blood collection quality training modular in outpatient blood collection room / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To discuss training of the nurses in outpatient blood collection room with the digital training modular of blood sample collection to improve the quality of blood sample collection. Methods Nurses were trained with the digital training modular by multimedia,group discussion to impmve the quality of blood sample collection continuously. Results The unqualified blood sample rate in the same season after training were statistically different compared with that before training. Conclu-sions Training the nurses in outpatient blood collection room with the digital traimg modular of blood sample collection have actual direction value to improve the quality of blood sample collection.

Design of sample collection system for clinical inspection / 医疗卫生装备

This paper expounds the design of sample collection system for clinical inspection,which works as the interface of CLIS and CIS.The solution to such problems as bar-code technology,grouping application and quality insurance are discussed,and a new plan for mobile collection is suggested.