Silicon as resistance inducer to control black apphid Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 in cowpea beans [Vigna unguiculata (L)] Walp

The black aphid Aphis craccivora (Koch, 1854) stands out between the bugs considered cowpea pests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of silicon application on the resistance induction of cowpea plants to the black aphid A. craccivora. The experiment was conducted in the Entomology Laboratory of the Phytosanitary sector of the Centro de Ciências Agrárias at the Universidade Federal do Piauí. The effects of the application of silicon on biological aspects were evaluated using a completely randomized design, with four treatments and 40 repetitions, being: silicon in soil (T1), silicon in soil + leaf (T2), silicone leaf (T3), and control (T4). The following biological variables were evaluated: generation period, reproductive period, fecundity, and daily average of nymphs per female. The silicon and lignin contents were also evaluated in the plants. The silicic acid was applied in a 1% solution around the stem of the plants (soil), 15 days after emergence, by diluting 2 g of the product in 200 mL of water. However, the leaf application was carried out with sprayer five days after application in soil. The non-preference of A. craccivora on bean was also evaluated. The evaluations were performed after 24, 48 and 72 hours of infestation by counting nymphs at 24, 48 and 72 hours and adults at each leaf session. The application of silicon promotes the reduction of the production of nymphs, interfering in the biological aspects of A. craccivora, and has potential to be used in a cowpea pest management program in cowpea.

Expression of Pinellia ternata leaf agglutinin under rolC promoter confers resistance against a phytophagous sap sucking aphid, Myzus persicae

BACKGROUND: Piercing/sucking insect pests in the order Hemiptera causes substantial crop losses by removing photoassimilates and transmitting viruses to their host plants. Cloning and heterologous expression of plantderived insect resistance genes is a promising approach to control aphids and other sap-sucking insect pests. While expression from the constitutive 35S promoter provides broad protection, the phloem-specific rolC promoter provides better defense against sap sucking insects. The selection of plant-derived insect resistance genes for expression in crop species will minimize bio-safety concerns. RESULTS: Pinellia ternata leaf agglutinin gene (pta), encodes an insecticidal lectin, was isolated and cloned under the 35S and rolC promoters in the pGA482 plant transformation vector for Agrobacterium-mediated tobacco transformation. Integration and expression of the transgene was validated by Southern blotting and qRT-PCR, respectively. Insect bioassays data of transgenic tobacco plants showed that expression of pta under rolC promoter caused 100% aphid mortality and reduced aphid fecundity up to 70% in transgenic tobacco line LRP9. These results highlight the better effectivity of pta under rolC promoter to control phloem feeders, aphids. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested the potential of PTA against aphids and other sap sucking insect pests. Evaluation of gene in tobacco under two different promoters; 35S constitutive promoter and rolC phloemspecific promoter could be successfully use for other crop plants particularly in cotton. Development of transgenic cotton plants using plant-derived insecticidal, PTA, would be key step towards commercialization of environmentally safe insect-resistant crops.

Population dynamics of the mood-sucking insects and detection of pathogens in the rodents from xisha islands of china / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the popukton dynamics of blood-sucking insects and detect the pathogen of rodents in Xisha Islands of China, so as to provide information for prevention and control of infectious diseases in the area. Methods From January to July in 2014. we collected blood-sucking msccis in Yongxing and Shi Islands twice a month using light traps. The specimens were identified by morphologic characters and molecular markers. Meanwhile, the population size was calculated. The pathogenic infections of rodints were detected by immuno-collcadal gold chromatographic test stnps and PCR assay. And the ectoparasates in the rodents were initially identified by morphologic characters. Krsilts The dominant species of blood-sucking insects in Xisha Islands were species of Genus Cutex, Armine res and Cuticoides, and in Apnl the population density of biting midge was the highest (55. 55%. 6 984/12 573). Phlebotomine sandfly specimen was also collected and identified as Sergentomyia baily (n= 11) by mtDNA-CO I sequences. The positive rates of Staphylococcus aureus aiterotoxin type A and Botulinum toxin type A were 3. 45% (1/29) and 14.00% (7/50) in the rodent serum samples, while all the samples were negative for Tsutsugamushi disease and Plague antibodies. Srta58 gene of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was amplified by nested FCR m 70 rodent’s spkren tissues, with the positive rate bang 11. 43% (8/70). A total of 248 ectoparasites were collected, and 93.55% (232/248) of them was gamasid mites. Conclusion The population dynamics of blood-sucking insects has no obvious change. Phtebotamme sandflies has been first recorded in Xisha Islands. The infection rates by Rickettsia tsutsugaimslx i and two bacterial toxins are high.

Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados em cultura cafeeira para larvas de Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant / Selectivity of insecticides used in the coffee crop to larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant

Assim como a maioria dos cultivos, em cafeeiro, a associação de inimigos naturais com produtos fitossanitários seletivos é uma importante estratégia no manejo integrado de pragas (MIP). Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar a seletividade de agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura cafeeira sobre larvas de Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, 1853 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), em laboratório. Os bioensaios foram realizados em condições controladas (25±2°C, UR de 70±10 por cento e fotofase de 12 horas). Cada bioensaio consistiu em seis tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por duas larvas. Para as comparações das médias dos tratamentos, empregou-se um esquema fatorial inteiramente ao acaso de produtos x número de instares para os diferentes instares subsequentes à aplicação. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas dosagens de aplicação, em g de i.a. L-1 foram: tiametoxam (0,5), imidacloprido (0,7), óleo mineral (13,3), endossulfam (2,63) e dimetoato (0,48). A testemunha foi composta apenas por água destilada. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada por meio de torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a sobrevivência dos espécimes após serem contaminados com os produtos e os efeitos dos compostos sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos do predador. Tiametoxam (0,5), imidacloprido (0,7) e endossulfam (2,63) foram os mais prejudiciais, tendo sido observados, para os dois primeiros, 100 por cento de mortalidade de larvas de primeiro e de segundo instares um dia após a aplicação e significativa redução na sobrevivência das larvas de terceiro e quarto instares. Dimetoato (0,48) foi nocivo para larvas de primeiro instar e levemente nocivo para larvas de quarto instar. Em função da seletividade apresentada pelo óleo mineral (13,3), este pode ser recomendado em compatibilização com o predador C. montrouzieri em programas de MIP na cultura cafeeira, sem prejuízo ao desempenho do inimigo natural.

As well as most of the crops, in coffee crop, the association of selective compounds and natural enemies, composes an important tool for the integrated pest management (IPM). The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of some pesticides used in coffee crops on larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, 1853 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under controlled laboratory conditions (climatic chamber) at 25±2°C, RH of 70±10 percent with a 12 h-photophase. The randomized experimental design was used, with six treatments and ten repetitions, being each composed for two larvae. For the comparisons of the averages of treatments, a factorial scheme was used with the products x number of instars for the different instars subsequent the application. The pesticides and doses in g of a.i. L-1 were: thiamethoxan (0.5), imidacloprid (0.7), mineral oil (13.3), endosulfan (2.63) and dimethoate (0.48). Distilled water was used as control. The sprayings of the pesticides were accomplished using a Potter's tower. The parameters evaluated were: specimens survival after the application of the compounds, and the compounds effects over the reproductive parameters of the predator. Thiamethoxan (0.5), imidacloprid (0.7) and endosulfan (2.63) were the most harmful to the treated individuals and for the first two compounds it was observed 100 percent of larvae mortality of the first and second instars soon at 1 day after the application and reduction in the survival of the larvae of third and fourth instars. Dimethoate (0.48) was harmful for the larvae of the first instar and slightly harmful for larvae of fourth instar. As a function of the selectivity presented by mineral oil (13.3), it can be recommended aiming its compatibilization with the C. montrouzieri natural enemy in programs of IPM in coffee crop.

Seletividade fisiológica de inseticidas utilizados em cultura cafeeira sobre ovos e adultos de Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant / Physiologic selectivity of pesticides used on coffee plantations on eggs and adults of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant

Em cafeeiros, a associação de inimigos naturais com produtos fitossanitários seletivos é uma importante estratégia no manejo de pragas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos letais e subletais de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura cafeeira sobre ovos e adultos de Cryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant em laboratório. Os bioensaios foram realizados sob 25 ± 2º C, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas dosagens de aplicação, em g ou mL de i.a. L-1 foram: tiametoxam (0,5), imidacloprido (0,7), óleo mineral (13,3), endossulfam (2,63) e dimetoato (0,48). A testemunha foi composta apenas por água destilada. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada por meio de torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a viabilidade de ovos, a sobrevivência dos espécimes e os efeitos dos compostos sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos do predador. Tiametoxam provocou prolongamento na duração do período embrionário (7,1 dias) em ovos tratados e junto com imidacloprido foram classificados como nocivos, seguidos do endossulfam e dimetoato que apresentaram toxicidade intermediária e do óleo mineral que foi seletivo. Em função da seletividade do óleo mineral, pode-se recomendá-lo visando à compatibilização com o predador C. montrouzieri em programas de manejo integrado de pragas na cultura cafeeira.

On coffee plantations, the association between selective compounds and natural enemies composes an important tool for the pest management. The objective of this study was to evaluate some pesticides used on coffee plantations in regard to their lethal and sublethal effects on eggs and adults of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant under laboratory conditions. The bioassays were carried out in the Laboratory of Selectivity Studies, Department of Entomology of the Universidade Federal de Lavras ­ UFLA, Brazil, under controlled conditions (climatic chamber) at 25 ± 2º C, RH of 70 ± 10% with a 12 h photophase. The pesticides and doses in g or mL of i.a. L-1 were: thiamethoxam (0.5), imidacloprid (0.7), mineral oil (13.3), endosulfan (2.63) and dimethoate (0.48). Distilled water was used as a control. The sprayings of the pesticides were accomplished using a Potter's tower. The parameters evaluated were: specimen survival after the application of the compounds, oviposition and eggs viability. Thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and endosulfan were the most harmful to the treated individuals. When sprayed on eggs, thiamethoxam increased the embryonic period length (7.1 days). Mineral oil was the only compound that did not affect the reproduction of C. montrouzieri. In function of the selectivity presented by mineral oil, it can be recommended to be used in integrated pest management on coffee plantations in association with this predator.

Development of Multi-function Blooding Device for Blood Sucking Insects / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To develop a blooding device for blood sucking insects. It's designed for researches, such as artificial breeding of indoor medium insects, evaluation of vermicides'effect, and artificial infection of pathogenic microorganisms. Methods This device was developed with AT89C51 MCU. Results The desired instrument could provide blood which could be adjusted from 30℃to 38℃. The error of temperature could be controlled within 0.5℃. Conclusion The instrument is easily-operated and stable. It can replace the artificial blood-breeding.