Impacto del monitoreo terapéutico de vancomicina y amikacina en la optimización de dosis de antimicrobianos en pacientes pediátricos / Impact of the vancomycin and amikacin therapeutic monitoring in the optimization of antimicrobial dose in pediatric patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: La monitorización de antimicrobianos mediante sus concentraciones plasmáticas permite determinar la posología óptima de éstos, conducta esencial en pediatría. OBJETIVOS: Describir la monitorización de concentraciones plasmáticas de antimicrobianos y el ajuste de dosis en población pediátrica para determinar si las dosis utilizadas alcanzan rangos terapéuticos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, utilizando una base de datos con medición de concentraciones plasmáticas de amikacina y vancomicina en pacientes pediátricos del Hospital San Borja Arriarán, entre 2015-2018. Se determinó el número de pacientes que alcanzó rango terapéutico con dosis inicial, cuántos requirieron ajuste y sus características. RESULTADOS: Se monitorizó 104 concentraciones totales. Para vancomicina 65 concentraciones plasmáticas eran basales encontrándose fuera de rango terapéutico 56,5%; de los que requirieron ajuste, 25% fueron neonatos con mayor probabilidad de estar fuera de rango versus otros (p = 0,022). Para amikacina la Cpeak estuvo en rango en 60% de mediciones; 15,4% requirió ajuste incluyendo pacientes con fibrosis quística y oncológicos. No fue necesario efectuar ajustes en pacientes sin co-morbilidad. CONCLUSIÓN: La medición de concentraciones plasmáticas es necesaria para ajustar de forma individualizada la dosis, especialmente en pacientes pediátricos con fibrosis quística, oncológicos y en neonatología, donde es más probable no alcanzar rango terapéutico con las dosis iniciales.

BACKGROUND: The monitoring of antimicrobial therapy through plasma levels makes it possible to determine the optimal dosage of antimicrobials, an essential approach in pediatrics. AIM: To describe the monitoring of plasma antimicrobial levels and dose adjustment in the pediatric population to determine if the doses used reach therapeutic ranges. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study using a database with measurement of plasma levels of amikacin and vancomycin in pediatric patients at San Borja Arriarán Hospital between 2015-2018. The number of patients who reached the therapeutic range with the initial dose, how many required adjustment and their characteristics were determined. RESULTS: 104 total levels were monitored. For vancomycin 65 plasmatic levels were baseline, being outside the therapeutic range 56.5%; 25% of those requiring adjustment were neonates with a higher probability of being out of range versus others (p = 0.022). For amikacin, Cpeak was in range in 60% of measurements; 15.4% required adjustment, including patients with cystic fibrosis and cancer, without adjustments in patients without comorbidity. CONCLUSION: Measurement of plasma levels is necessary to individually adjust the dose, especially in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis, oncology and in neonatology where it is more likely not to reach a therapeutic range with initial doses.

Mycobacterium abscessus urinary tract infection: case report / Infecção urinária por Mycobacterium abscessus: relato de caso

Abstract Urinary tract infection is a serious public health issue that predominantly affects women. In men, it is more often associated with prostatic hyperplasia and bladder catheterization. Urogenital tuberculosis presents with nonspecific with nonspecific symptoms and the diagnosis can be made in the presence of sterile leukocyturia and recurrent infection with acid urine. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria or other non-tuberculosis mycobacteria are opportunistic pathogens that inhabit the soil, water or environment surfaces, and usually cause diseases in immunocompromised individuals. Mycobacterium abscessus is an agent that causes lung, skin and soft tissue hospital infections. Urinary tract infections by this pathogen are rare.

Resumo Infecção do trato urinário é um sério problema de saúde pública que acomete predominantemente as mulheres. Em homens, está mais relacionada com hiperplasia prostática e cateterismo vesical. A tuberculose urogenital cursa com sintomas inespecíficos e o diagnóstico pode ser aventado na presença de leucocitúria estéril, e infecção recorrente com urina ácida. Micobactérias não tuberculosas ou mycobacteria other than tuberculosis são patógenos oportunistas que habitam o solo, a água ou superfícies do meio ambiente, e geralmente causam doenças em imunodeprimidos. Mycobacterium abscessus é um agente que causa infecções nosocomiais, pulmonares, de pele e de tecidos moles. Infecção urinária decorrente desse patógeno é considerada rara.

Monitorización terapéutica de antimicrobianos en pediatría: revisión de la experiencia latinoamericana / Therapeutic monitoring of antimicrobial agents in pediatrics: review based on Latin American experiences

Resumen La presente revisión resume la evidencia sobre la monitorización terapéutica de tres antimicrobianos basada en datos regionales: vancomicina, amikacina y voriconazol en la población pediátrica. Estos datos coinciden con la literatura internacional en relación al requerimiento de dosis mayores que 40 mg/kg/día de vancomicina, la posibilidad de usar monodosis diarias de amikacina y el requerimiento de dosis mayores de voriconazol en relación a las iniciales recomendadas de 8 mg/kg/día. Contar con datos locales sobre el comportamiento farmacocinético/farmacodinámico de diversos antimicrobianos en la pediatría es de gran valor para adecuar la dosificación de los mismos en nuestra población. Se deberían incrementar los estudios de monitorización terapéutica en el uso de antimicrobianos en pediatría que permitan generar pautas de tratamiento adecuadas para este grupo etario.

This review summarizes recommendations of therapeutic monitoring of three antimicrobials based in regional data: vancomycin, amikacin and voriconazole in pediatric population. Regional evidence agrees with international literature regarding the requirement of higher daily doses than 40 mg/kg/day of vancomycin, as well as with the possibility of use one daily doses of amikacin and to recommend higher doses of voriconazole compared to the initially recommended doses of 8 mg/kg/day. Local data on the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic behavior of various antimicrobials in pediatrics are of great value for dosing adjustment in our pediatric population. More studies in therapeutic monitoring in the use of antimicrobials in pediatrics should be performed in order to allow the generation of adequate treatment guidelines for this age group.

Amikacin therapy for urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The number of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) is increasing. In an outpatient setting, there are limited therapeutic options to treat ESBL-producing pathogens. We evaluated the outcomes of amikacin outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) for UTIs caused by ESBL-EC in patients not pre-treated with carbapenem. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of amikacin OPAT for UTIs caused by ESBL-EC. RESULTS: From November 2011 to October 2012, eight females, who could not be hospitalized for carbapenem treatment, were treated with amikacin OPAT for nine episodes of non-bacteremic ESBL-EC UTIs. Seven of the eight patients had one or more comorbidities. Of the nine UTI cases, three had symptomatic lower UTIs and six had non-bacteremic upper UTIs. In all of the cases, symptomatic and laboratory improvements were observed following amikacin OPAT. One patient showed a delayed relapse with bilateral microabscesses 3 weeks after treatment cessation; however, a clinical and microbiological cure was eventually reached. All of the patients were able to tolerate amikacin OPAT without any significant nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Amikacin OPAT represents a feasible therapeutic option for non-bacteremic UTIs caused by ESBL-EC in settings with limited resources.

Post-operative sinus formation due to Mycobacterium abscessus: A case report.

Summary: Mycobacterium abscessus is ubiquitously found rapidly growing mycobacteria. Although it is an uncommon pathogen, it has been known to cause cutaneous infection following inoculation, minor trauma or surgery. This communication reports an immuno-competent patient developing multiple sinuses due to Mycobacterium abscessus in the post- operative period.

Persistência do efeito otoprotetor: qual a duração da otoproteção à amicacina? / Persistence of the otoprotective effect: how long does otoprotection against amikacin lasts?

Há comprovação de que o fenômeno de resistência ocorre quando a dose não lesiva da amicacina protege as células ciliadas contra a ototoxicidade da própria amicacina. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se o fenômeno de resistência é temporalmente persistente. MÉTODO: Estudo experimental com 14 cobaias albinas (Cavia porcellus) divididas em três grupos. Avaliação da função auditiva por emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção (EOAPD): na pré-exposição à amicacina, no 15º dia de aplicação da dose não lesiva, no final da aplicação da dose lesiva e antes da decapitação. RESULTADOS: O Grupo A (controle) apresentou função auditiva e padrão histológico normais. No Grupo B (amicacina 20mg/kg/dia intramuscular por 30 dias e dose lesiva (400 mg/kg/dia) por 12 dias) e no Grupo C (mesmo esquema do grupo B, porém mantidos por 60 dias e sacrificados), as OEA-PD confirmaram função auditiva normal no período pré-exposição e manutenção do padrão após dose não lesiva, porém, houve perda importante da função auditiva após término do período de aplicação da dose lesiva. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve manutenção do fenômeno da autodefesa estendida por um período de 30 a 60 dias após a aplicação de doses lesivas de amicacina.

There is evidence that a "resistance phenomenon" occurs when a none-damaging dose of amikacin protects the hair cells from ototoxicity. Our goal is to prove that this resistance is persistent. METHOD: Experimental study - 14 albino guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) divided into three groups. The auditory function was assessed by distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE): before exposure to amikacin, on the 15th day after the non-damaging dose was injected, at the end of the damage dose injection and prior to decapitation. RESULTS: Group A (control) presented normal hearing and histological pattern. Group B (amikacin 20mg/kg/day (IM) for 30 days and affecting dose (400 mg / kg / day) for 12 days and Group C (same protocol of Group B, but kept for 60 days and slaughtered), the DPOAE confirmed normal auditory function in the pre-exposure and maintenance of the standard-dose; however, significant loss of auditory function after the end of the damaging dose injection. CONCLUSION: The protection phenomenon did not extended for a period of 30 to 60 days after the application of damaging doses of amykacin.

Achromobacter xylosoxidans Keratitis after Contact Lens Usage

To report on Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis in two healthy patients who had worn contact lenses foran extended period of time. A 36-year-old female and a 21-year-old female visited our hospital with ocular pain and blurred vision. Both patients had a history of wearing soft contact lenses for over fve years with occasional overnight wear. At the initial presentation, a slit lamp examination revealed corneal stromal infiltrations and epithelial defects with peripheral neovascularization in both patients. Microbiological examinations were performed from samples of corneal scrapings, contact lenses, contact lens cases, and solution. The culture resulting from the samples taken from the contact lenses, contact lens cases, and solution were all positive for Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Confrming that the direct cause of the keratitis was the contact lenses, the frst patient was prescribed ceftazidime and amikacin drops sensitive to Achromobacter xylosoxidans. The second patient was treated with 0.3% gatifoxacin and fortifed tobramycin drops. After treatment, the corneal epithelial defects were completely healed, and subepithelial corneal opacity was observed. Two cases of Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis were reported in healthy young females who wore soft contact lenses. Achromobacter xylosoxidans should be considered a rare but potentially harmful pathogen for lens-induced keratitis in healthy hosts.

Once versus individualized multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the once daily dosing [ODD] program in critically ill Egyptian patients compared to individualized multiple daily dosing [MDD] in terms of clinical and bacteriological efficacy. In addition, the incidence of nephrotoxicity associated with both regimens in this specific group of patients was assessed. Fifty-two patients with suspected or confirmed bacterial infections admitted to the Critical Care Medicine Department, Kasr El-Aini-Cairo University Hospitals comprised the study population. The amikacin group [30 patients] was sub-divided into 14 patients receiving amikacin ODD [1 g i.v.] and 16 patients receiving amikacin in MDD [500 mg i.v./dose]. The gentamicin group [22 patients] was sub-divided into 10 patients receiving the drug ODD [240 mg i.v.] and 12 patients receiving gentamicin MDD [80 mg i.v./dose]. Amikacin or gentamicin serum levels were determined by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique using Emit 2000. MDD regimen was adjusted based on the individual pharmacokinetic parameters using the Sawchuk-Zaske method. There was no significant difference between the two dosing regimens with regard to clinical and antibacterial efficacy or incidence of nephrotoxicity of both gentamicin and amikacin groups. In the ODD regimen, duration of treatment had no effect on increasing incidence of nephrotoxicity unlike the individualized MDD regimen. No dose adjustments were needed in the once daily dosing regimen since trough concentrations have never been above toxic level. The study showed that the ODD regimen is preferred in critically ill patients to individualized MDD as shown by comparable efficacy, nephrotoxicity and lesser need for therapeutic drug monitoring and frequent dose adjustments required in the individualized MDD regimen

Comparación de dos esquemas antibióticos en infección de sitio quirúrgico en niños / Comparison between two antibiotic schemes in relation to surgical site infection in children: a randomized clinical trial

Introducción: Hay pocos estudios controlados que prueben la efectividad de la profilaxis antibiótica para prevenir infección de sitio quirúrgico en niños. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la efectividad de la profilaxis antibiótica contra esquema tradicional de antibióticos. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado llevado a cabo en el Departamento de Cirugía General en hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, de 187 casos consecutivos menores de 18 años, con herida limpia o limpia-contaminada, entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2006. Se excluyeron los pacientes con cicatriz previa, quienes habían recibido antibióticos o que no proporcionaron su consentimiento informado. A un grupo (experimental) se administró cefalotina o clindamicina más amikacina dos horas antes de la incisión y por 24 horas y a otro se le administraron los mismos antibióticos durante o después de incisión y por cinco días. Se determinó el número de infecciones de sitio quirúrgico en procedimientos limpios y limpios contaminados. Resultados: Se excluyeron 16 pacientes. El grupo experimental incluyó 26 procedimientos limpios y 54 limpios contaminados y el grupo control, 27 y 64, respectivamente. El grupo experimental tuvo menos incidencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico (1 de 80 [1.2 %] contra 10 de 91 [10.9 %]), RR = 9.7, IC 95 % = 1.2-77.9, p = 0.009. Dicha diferencia basada en los procedimientos limpios contaminados. Conclusiones: La profilaxis antibiótica administrada dos horas antes de incidir y por 24 horas disminuyó significativamente la incidencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico en heridas limpias contaminadas.

BACKGROUND: There are few randomized clinical trials that prove the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) to prevent pediatric surgical site infections (SSI). We undertook this study to determine the effectiveness of AP vs. traditional scheme of antibiotics. METHODS: We carried out a randomized clinical trial at the General Surgery Department of a Tertiary Care Children's Hospital in Mexico City. There were 187 consecutive patients, age 18 years or less, with clean or clean-contaminated procedures performed between January 2005 and December 2006. Exclusion criteria included previous scar on operated site, receiving antibiotics, or no informed consent. Cefalotin or clindamycin plus amikacin was administered 2 h before incision, continued for just 24 h in the experimental group (EG) vs. cefalotin or clindamycin plus amikacin administered just before, during or after incision and continuing for 5 days (control group, CG). RESULTS: Sixteen patients were excluded. EG included 26 clean and 54 clean-contaminated procedures, and in the CG there were 27 and 64 procedures, respectively. EG had a lower incidence of SSI (1/80 [1.2 %] vs. 10/91 [10.9 %], RR 9.7, (95% CI: 1.2-77.9, p = 0.009). The difference is based mainly on the clean-contaminated procedures. CONCLUSIONS: AP administered 2 h before incision and continuing for 24 h significantly decreases the risk of SSI compared to CG in clean-contaminated procedures.

Manejo de la infección del tracto urinario en lactantes febriles: experiencia de tratamiento antimicrobiano intravenoso ambulatorio / Treatment of urinary tract infections in febrile infants: experience of outpatient intravenous antibiotic treatment

Objective: To describe the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of intravenous (iv) outpatient treatment in 2 to 24 month-old children with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Method: Children presenting to the ER, between April 2003-2005, with fever and no identifiable focus who had a diagnosis of UTI were randomized to receive iv antibiotic in the hospital or in an outpatient facility. Children were started on amikacin or ceftriaxona according to physician criteria followed by antimicrobial adjustment based on uriñe culture result and a later switch to an oral antimicrobial. Uriñe cultures were performed during and after completing the antimicrobial course. Adherence and effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment and treatment-associated complications were analyzed. Results: The study included 112 patients, 58 inpatient children and 54 outpatient children, with an average age of 7.7 months. Duration of iv treatment didnot differ among groups (2.8 days (SD 1.2) 2.7 +0.91 days ininpatients vs 2.9 + 1.9 days in outpatients (p = 0.22). In 100 percent of outpatient children and 100 percent of inpatient children (overall 101/101) uriñe cultures were negative on day 5. None of the children had a treatment-associated complication. Cost analysis yielded 73 percent of saving money (overall cost for inpatient treatment US 9,815 vs outpatient treatment US 2,650). Conclusions: Outpatient iv treatment in patients between 2 and 24 months with UTI and fever was effective, safe and of lower cost.

Objetivo: Describir la factibilidad, efectividad y seguridad del tratamiento intravenoso (iv) ambulatorio en niños de 2 meses a 2 años con infección del tracto urinario (ITU) y fiebre. Método: Entre abril 2003 y abril 2005 se realizó un estudio prospectivo en pacientes con fiebre sin foco derivados de Emergencia Infantil, finalmente diagnosticados como ITU, estableciéndose dos grupos con tratamiento iv: uno hospitalizado y otro ambulatorio. Se administró amikacina o ceftriaxona según criterio del médico de turno, hasta obtener resultado del urocultivo, y posteriormente se cambió a tratamiento oral. Se controló urocultivo intra y post tratamiento registrándose adherencia, efectividad y complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 112 pacientes (58 hospitalizados y 54 ambulatorios), con edad promedio de 7,8 meses. El promedio de días de tratamiento iv fue 2,8 días (SD 1,2) sin diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos 2,7 +0,91 días en los internados vs 2,9 + 1,9 días en los ambulatorios (p = 0,22). En 100 por ciento de ambos grupos de pacientes (en globo 101/101) el urocultivo obtenido al día 5 fue estéril. No hubo complicaciones del tratamiento o sobre la vía venosa. El análisis de costos concluyó que en globo, el manejo ambulatorio representó un 73 por ciento de ahorro económico (1.430.000 pesos chilenos vs 5.300.000 pesos en el sólo rubro de día-cama Conclusiones: El tratamiento iv ambulatorio en pacientes con ITU febril entre 2 y 24 meses fue efectivo, seguro y a un menor costo.

Intrathecal use of amikacin: a case report

Meningitis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii is rare and are mostly hospital acquired after neurosurgical procedure. We report a case of a 40-year old man was admitted to the intensive care unit due to subarachnoid haemorrhage. Our patient developed a ventriculitis due to A.baumannii treated successfully with sulbactam IV and intrathecal amikacin.

Inadequate timing between corticosteroid and antibiotics applications increases mortality due to sepsis

This study tested the hypothesis that the use of corticosteroids prior to antibiotics can lower the mortality rate in severe infections by S. aureus or Gram-negative bacilli, using an animal model. This study was a prospective and controlled study, placed in a university laboratory. Seven hundred and sixty mice distributed into three groups (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infected). The interventions in each group were: I) infection control (intra-peritoneal); II) treatment solely with antibiotics (teicoplanin or amikacin); III) antibiotics administered prior to the corticosteroid (methylprednisolone); IV) antibiotics administered after the corticosteroid. Mortality in the E. coli group, subgroup I: 100 percent; subgroup II: 55 percent (p<0.001); subgroup III: 62.5 percent (p=0.2488, compared to subgroup II); subgroup IV: 20 percent (p<0.01 compared to subgroups II and III). Mortality in the K. pneumoniae group: subgroup I: 100 percent; subgroup II: 72.5 percent (p<0.01); subgroup III: 80 percent (p=0.215 compared to subgroup II); subgroup IV: 45 percent (p<0.01 compared to subgroups II and III). Mortality in the S. aureus group: subgroup I: 82.5 percent; II: 42.5 percent (p<0.001); subgroup III: 77.5 percent (p=0.2877 compared to subgroup I); subgroup IV: 32.5 percent (p=0.1792 compared to subgroup II). The use of corticosteroids prior to antibiotics lowered the mortality rate caused by Gram-negative bacteria and did not affect the mortality caused by S. aureus. When used after starting treatment with antibiotics, the corticosteroid was not superior to the use of antibiotics alone in the case of the Gram-negative bacteria, and was not significantly different from non-treatment of the infection, in the case of S. aureus.

Anomalía de Pelger-Huet: reporte de un caso / Pelger-huet anomaly: a case report

La anomalía de Pelger-Huet se observa una limitación de la segmentación nuclear de los granulocitos. La anomalía fue descrita por primera vez por Pelger en 1928, quien consideró que constituía una manifestación de tuberculosis. Huet consideró que la anomalía sería hereditaria y se transmitiría en forma autonómica dominante. Los individuos afectados rara vez presentan neutrófilos o eosinófilos con más de dos lóbulos. En los heterocigotos, el núcleo de los neutrófilos es no segmentado, con forma de pesa o bilobulado. En los homocigotos, la gran mayoría de los neutrófilos presentan núcleos redondos. Esta anomalía afecta aproximadamente a uno de cada 6000 individuos. La migración celular puede estar levemente alterada, pero la función de los granulocitos es normal y los individuos con esta anomalía hereditaria no padecen efectos adversos. Se trata de Rn masculino quien a las pocas horas de vida presenta ictericia neonatal y dificultad respiratoria y hepatoesplenomegalia. Hallazgos paraclínicos incompatibilidad de grupo sanguíneo, reacción leucemoide 98000 globulos blancos, PCR (-), e hiperbilirrubinemia a predominio de la indirecta. Se indica fototerapia, Oxigeno, y antibioticoterapia a base de PNC, Amikacina y vancomicina, Se realiza serología para TORCHS la cual reporta negativa y valoración por hematología la cual reporta anomalía de Pelger-Huet. Se presenta este caso para dar a conocer la existencia de esta anomalía como causa de errores frecuenctes al momento de valorar la hematología en procesos infecciosos y no infecciosos, que reportan reacciones leucemoides. Es importante que tanto el médico tratante como el paciente, esten en conocimiento de esta anomalía sanguínea, para valorar de forma adecuada el hemograma en posteriores oportunidades.

Paratyphoid sepsis.

A large for gestational age male baby was born to a healthy young primigravida, on L-thyroxime, at 40 weeks by caesarean delivery in a tertiary care hospital. The baby had episodes of hypoglycemia during his immediate four postnatal days in the nursery that were successfully managed with intravenous glucose administration. The baby became unwell on day 5 and had a positive sepsis-screening test. Blood culture revealed a multidrug susceptible S. Paratyphi A strain, which he probably acquired on the first or second postnatal day from the contaminated expressed breast milk or the formula feed.

Cirugía electiva colo-rectal sin preparación mecánica: la ruptura de un paradigma en cirugía: Hospital General del Oeste "Dr. José Gregorio Hernández", Hospital Central de Las Fuerzas Armadas "Dr. Carlos Arvelo" Caracas-Venezuela / Elective colo-rectal surgery without mechanical bowell preparation: a paradigm surgery break up: Hospital General del Oeste Dr. José Gregorio Hernández and Hospital Central de Las Fuerzas Armadas Dr. Carlos Arvelo Caracas-Venezuela

Determinar si la cirugía electiva colo-rectal puede realizarse de forma segura sin preparación mecánica preoperatoria del colon. Evaluación en forma prospectiva de 43 pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva colo-rectal en dos hospitales del área metropolitana de Caracas: Hospital General del Oeste Dr. José Gregorio Hernández y Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas Dr. Carlos Arvelo. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos. Grupo A: constituido por aquellos pacientes a los que se les realiza preparación intestinal mecánica anterógrada y retrograda, más antibioticoterapia profiláctica previa a la cirugía electiva, método utilizado de rutina en nuestros centros. Grupo B conformado por los pacientes a los que se les omitirá la preparación mecánica, recibiendo igualmente la antibioticoterapia profiláctica. Se les efectuó seguimiento postoperatorio hasta 30 días después del acto quirúrgico con el fin de establecer la tasa de complicaciones infeccisas en ambos grupos. Las características demográficas y el tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El riesgo de complicación en el grupo preparado fue de 2,33 veces mayor (IC-95 por ciento: 0.83-6,63) que en el grupo no preparado. Esta relación no fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0.179). El rol de la preparación mecánica de colon en la cirugía electiva es cuestionable y no se aprecia que brinde beneficios con respecto a los no preparados.

Validation of criteria for nosocomial use of amikacin in Brazil with the Delphi technique

The Delphi technique has been used since the 1950s to collect the opinions of experts; to gauge their indications, and in some instances, to develop a consensus. This systematic collection and aggregation of informed judgments from a group of experts on specific questions or issues is a highly efficient and cost-effective means to establish guidelines and policies, when compared to other strategies, such as committee meetings or personal interviews. OBJECTIVE: Examine the content validation process of the proposed criteria of the American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP) for amikacin use in hospital settings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Delphi technique was applied using the proposed ASHP criteria questionnaire containing 102 specific questions related to the nosocomial use of amikacin by individual patients. The questionnaire contained six groups of questions: 1) Identification and basic demographic data, 2) Relevant data for the use of amikacin, 3) Justification of its usage, 4) Critical parameters of amikacin use, 5) Complications, 6) Measurement of results. Eight hospital specialist medical doctors were selected, including five in the area of infectious diseases, one surgeon, one nephrologist and one in critical care medicine. The questionnaire was e-mailed to the doctors and they were asked for their opinion about the appropriateness of the questions. They were to say whether the general concept seemed totally or partially adequate to the proposed process, what grade (0 to 10) they would give to each section, and if there were any perceived deficiencies, they could add, omit or modify individual questions. A second questionnaire containing the questions for which there had been no consensus based on the answers to the previous one was re-sent to the participants for consolidation. RESULTS: Feedback revealed an agreement of 75 percent concerning the utility and appropriateness of sections 1 and 2. The section about the justification of amikacin usage was agreed on by 50 percent. There was a total agreement of 62 percent for the critical parameters of amikacin use, and a partial agreement of 37 percent. The complication of usage of the questionnaire was agreed upon by 50 percent of the participants, and positive measurement of the results was totally agreed on by 62 percent, and partially by 37 percent. The overall score for the questionnaire was 8.77 ± 0.25. CONCLUSION: The usage criteria for amikacin recommended by ASHP were validated by the Delphi technique for utilization in Brazilian hospital settings. The Delphi technique applied to validate a questionnaire instrument for monitoring the correct use of a specific strategic antibiotic indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of serious antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, proved to be a reliable and simple tool for designing guidelines and a consensus document for hospital use of antibiotics.

Actinomicetoma por Nocardia sp: informe de cinco casos tratados con imipenem solo o combinado con amikacina / Actinomycetoma and Nocardia sp: report of five cases treated with imipenem or imipenem plus amikacin

Antecedentes: El tratamiento estándar del actinomicetoma es dapsona con trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol. En casos seleccionados amikacina, estreptomicina, kanamicina, amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico o fosfomicina. El imipenem ha mostrado tener actividad in vitro e in vivo contra algunos actinomicetos; tiene un efecto sinérgico combinado con amikacina. Objetivos: Comunicar la respuesta al tratamiento con imipenem solo o combinado con amikacina en micetomas por Nocardia sp graves o multirresistentes. Material y métodos: Presentamos cinco pacientes con actinomicetoma que habían recibido múltiples tratamientos. Se hospitalizaron tres semanas para recibir imipenem (500 mg cada ocho horas) intravenoso por vía periférica por 21 días. En dos casos se combinó con amikacina. Resultados: Tres pacientes fueron hombres y dos mujeres. En tres casos la localización fue en el dorso, uno de ellos con afección ósea y pulmonar; en un caso hubo afección de la pared abdominal y en otro en la región cervical posterior. La evolución promedio fue de 7.4 años. En dos casos se logró curación clínica y bacteriológica a un año de seguimiento. En el paciente con afección pulmonar también hubo mejoría radiográfica. En el resto de los casos se logró cierre de la mayoría de las fístulas y una disminución importante de la inflamación, aunque hubo presencia de granos con cultivo negativo. Ningún tratamiento provocó efectos colaterales. Conclusiones: El imipenem es un antibiótico de amplio espectro y consideramos que es una buena alternativa para tratar actinomicetomas graves, resistentes al tratamiento habitual o con complicaciones viscerales.

INTRODUCTION: Dapsone with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol is currently the standard treatment for actinomycetoma. In select cases, amikacin, streptomycin, kanamycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or phosphomycin may be also added. Imipenem has shown to be effective both in vitro and in vivo against some actinomycetes. Amikacin with Imipenem has a synergistic effect. OBJECTIVES: To report our preliminary findings using imipenem alone or with amikacin for severe or multi-resistant mycetomas due to Nocardia sp. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present 5 cases of chronic mycetoma infection previously treated with anti-bacterial multidrug regimens. All patients were hospitalized and treated with imipenem 500 mg IV, three times a day for three weeks. Three patients received in addition amikacin. RESULTS: We included 3 male and 2 female patients. The average length of disease duration was 7.4 years. In 3 cases mycetoma was located on the back; one of them involved the rib and the lung. One case was localized in the abdominal wall, and another one involved the posterior side of the cervical region. Two patients achieved clinical and bacteriological cure one year after treatment with Imipenem, and the remaining three displayed clinical improvement, even though grains were observed, cultures where negative. None of the 5 patients studied showed clinical evidence of adverse reactions to Imipenem. CONCLUSIONS: Imipenem is a strong antibiotic and constitutes an important treatment alternative for severe or multi-resistant mycetoma especially for cases with bone and visceral involvement.

Emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção em recém-nascidos medicados com ototóxicos / Distortion product otoacustic emission in newborn exposed to ototoxic

O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo longitudinal foi pesquisar a amplitude das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção, em recém-nascidos medicados com ototóxicos. Formou-se um grupo controle com recém-nascidos saudáveis e de termo; um grupo de estudo com recém nascidos de termo exposto a amicacina e/ou vancomicina e um grupo de estudo com recém-nascidos pré-termo exposto aos mesmos ototóxicos. Os estudos provam que entre 15 e 40 dias, as amplitudes das emissões otoacústicas dos recém-nascidos do grupo de estudo pré-termo foram menores que os outros grupos. Nesse período as amplitudes aumentaram nos três grupos. Conclui-se que a há aumento da amplitude das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção após o nascimento, sugerindo amadurecimento das estruturas cocleares no período pós-natal. A exposição a amicacina e vancomicina não alterou as amplitudes das emissões nos recém-nascidos / The aim of this prospective longitudinal study is to research the amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions in newborns medicated with ototoxic drugs. Three groups were formed: a control group with term and healthy newborns; a study group composed by term newborns treated to amicacin and/or vancomycin; and a study group composed by preterm newborns exposed to the same ototoxic. The studies show that between 15 to 40 days the otoacoustic emissions amplitudes of the preterm study group were smaller than the other groups. In this period the amplitudes increased in the three groups. It was concluded that there is an increase of the distortion product otoacoustic emissions amplitude after birth, suggesting a maturation of the cochlear structures in the post-natal period. The exposure to amicacin and vancomycin did not alter the amplitude of the newborns’ emissions...

Uso de antibióticos en pacientes sometidos a apendidectomía: Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz: enero de 2001 diciembre de 2004 / Use of antibiotics in patients undergoing appendicectomy: Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz: january 2001-december 2004

Los antibióticos (ATB) previenen las complicaciones infecciosas post-apendicectomías. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de 220 casos de apendicectomías en el Hospital "Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz" desde enero 2001 a diciembre 2004, cuyo objetivo fue determinar el tipo de ATB momento de colocación, duración y coincidencia preoperatoria (ATB-pre) y postoperatoria (ATB-post). El ATB-pre fue administrado un 62,73 por ciento; 2 horas antes de cirugía 48,92 por ciento. El 99,55 por ciento recibió ATB-post durante 3,31 días en promedio. La cefazolina fue el ATB-pre (34,78 por ciento) y ATB-post (16,82 por ciento) mas frecuente. En el 36,96 por ciento coincidieron ATB-pre y ATB-post, el 34,05 por ciento aumento y un 28,26 por ciento cambio totalmente el ATB-post.

Intramuscular antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infection.

OBJECTIVE: This study had been carried out to investigate the effects of intramuscular daily single dose antibiotic treatment during five days in the outpatient clinics in children having lower UTI and to observe the effects to the disease course in infants and toddlers. METHODOLOGY: 36 children (12 boys) at the ages of between 5-68 months were enrolled into the study. Regarding the antibiogram suitability, single dose ceftriaxon or amikacin is prescribed to the patients for five days. RESULT: In the urine cultures E. coli was most commonly isolated. There was correlation between leukocytosis and insufficient weight gain (p< 0.05). A correlation was also noted between recurrence of the disease and urinary tract abnormalities detected on the ultrasonography (p< 0.05). Re-infections were detected in 1 of the infants and in 2 of the older children. There was no correlation between the recurrence and the therapy given. CONCLUSION: We consider that five-day intramuscular antibiotic therapy could be effective in the treatment of lower UTI and it can be recommended as a safe treatment modality in patients representing unwillingness to come to follow-up visits.