The profile and causes of death among medical doctors and dental surgeons in Uganda: 1986 to 2016

Background: The loss of health workers through death is of great importance and interest to the public, media and the medical profession as it has very profound social and professional consequences on the delivery of health services. Objective: To describe the profile, causes and patterns of death among medical doctors and dental surgeons in Uganda between 1986 and 2016. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of mortality among registered medical doctors and dental surgeons. Information on each case was collected using a standard questionnaire and analyzed. Cause of death was determined using pathology reports, and if unavailable, verbal autopsies. We summarized our findings across decades using means and standard deviations, proportions and line graphs as appropriate. Cuzick's test for trend was used to assess crude change in characteristics across the three decades. To estimate the change in deaths across decades adjusted for age and sex, we fit a logistic regression model, and used the margins command with a dy/dx option. All analyses were done in Stata version 14.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). Results: There were 489 deaths registered between 1986 and 2016. Of these, 59 (12.1%) were female. The mean age at death was 48.8 years (Standard Deviation (SD) 15.1) among male and 40.1 years (SD 12.8) among females. We ascertained the cause of death for 468/489 (95.7%). The most common causes of death were HIV/AIDS (218/468, 46.6%), cancer (68/468, 14.5%), non-communicable diseases (62/48, 13.3%), alcohol related deaths (36, 7.7%), road traffic accidents (34, 7.3%), gunshots (11, 2.4%), among others. After adjusting for age and sex, HIV/AIDs attributable deaths decreased by 33 percentage points between the decade of 1986 to1995 and that of 2006 to 2016 ­0.33 (­0.44, ­0.21. During the same period, cancer attributable deaths increased by 13 percentage periods 0.13 (0.05,0.20). Conclusion: The main causes of death were HIV/AIDS, cancer, non-communicable diseases, alcohol-related diseases and road traffic accidents. There was a general downward trend in the HIV/AIDS related deaths and a general upward trend in cancer related deaths. Doctors should be targeted for preventive and support services especially for both communicable and non-communicable diseases

A Study on Role Conflict in Physician Assistant Nurses / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was a qualitative study done to investigate the experience of role conflict by physician assistant nurses. METHODS: The basis for this study was qualitative research using the phenomenological method. Research participants were 10 physician assistant nurses. Data collection methodology was in-depth interviews. The interviews were conducted 1 to 2 times and each interview lasted within the range of 45 minutes to 2 hours. The data collection and analysis were carried out simultaneously and the Colaizzi (1978) methodology was adopted for data analysis. RESULTS: The results showed 46 significant statements, 13 meaningful statements, 7 themes, and 3 clusters of themes. The 3 clusters of themes were: ‘Identity conflict’, ‘Relationship role conflict’ and ‘Institutional role conflict’. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study suggest that legal status guarantees have to be prepared in order to resolve the role conflict of physician assistant nurses.

Effect of Job Stress, Emotional Labor, and Positive Psychological Capital on the Job Satisfaction of Physician Assistants / 산업간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of job stress, emotional labor, and positive psychological capital on the job satisfaction of physician assistants (PAs). METHODS: The sample consisted of 166 PAs working in general hospitals in B city, Y city, and C city. Data were analyzed through the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. RESULTS: The factors of job stress (β=−.488, p<.001), positive psychological capital (β=.188, p=.004), and total clinical career (β=−.147, p=.014) had the greatest influence on the level of job satisfaction experienced by the PAs. The total explanatory power was 49.9%. CONCLUSION: It was found that job stress, positive psychological capital, and total clinical career were influencing factors in the job satisfaction of PAs. Therefore, to improve their job satisfaction, it is necessary to develop strategies to manage the job stress experienced by PAs, and to strengthen and develop positive psychological capital.

Health information sources awareness, use and service delivery of resident doctors in babcock university teaching hospital, Ogun state

The study investigated the relationship between health information source awareness, use and service delivery of resident doctors in Babcock University Teaching Hospital. The study adopted descriptive research design. Out of the 60 copies of questionnaire administered to all the resident doctors, 52 (87%) were returned and used for the study. The data were analyzed using percentages, mean and Pearson Product Method correlation. The findings revealed there is no significant relationship between health information use and service delivery (r = 452, p < .05). The findings also revealed that the major health information sources consulted in Babcock University Teaching Hospital by resident doctors were medical textbooks, internet and personal collections. The major challenges facing resident doctors in Babcock University Teaching Hospital were non-availability of relevant information, inadequate information retrieval skills, lack of accessibility of sources. The study concluded that there is a need to provide more relevant materials and enhance the internet service in order to improve the quality of service delivery of resident doctors. Key words: health information sources use, awareness, service delivery, resident doctors.

The Frequency of Job Performance of the Korean Professional Medical Support Staff at Medical Institutions over 500 Beds / 중환자간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was intended to investigate the frequency of job performance of the Korean professional medical support staffs (PMSS).METHOD: The data of 1,666 PMSS from 36 hospitals and over 500 beds were analyzed. The participants were divided into 5 groups: advanced practice nurses (APN), clinical nurse experts, physician assistants (PA), coordinators, and others.RESULTS: Among the 5 main domains of job performance, advanced clinical practice has the highest frequency (111.36 d/y), followed by consultation/collaboration (75.66 d/y), education/counseling (53.54 d/y), leadership (23.90 d/y), and research (19.14 d/y). There was a significant difference in the frequency of job performance between the 5 groups of participants. The invasive activities were more frequent in the PA group. In the education and counseling domain, APNs had a higher level of job frequency than others (p < .001). In the research and leadership domains, APNs and coordinators had more prominent performance frequency than other groups (p < .01). However, there are some ambiguities in the job performance of the 5 groups depending on institutional characteristics.CONCLUSION: To establish the scope of work of PMSS, organizational and individual efforts are needed to promote and expand the leadership and research domains. To resolve the ambiguities of PMSS' roles, it is necessary to reorganize their titles.

The Current Status of Professional Medical Support Staffs in General Hospitals less than 500 Beds / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the current statistics of professional medical support staffs(PMSSs) working in general hospitals with less than 500 beds. METHODS: This study was conducted on 35 general hospitals with less than 500 beds from September 11th to October 27th, 2017. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty one PMSSs were currently providing medical support. The number of clinical nurse experts was the highest among the roles, followed by Physician Assistants(PA) and Advanced Practice Nurses. The mean job satisfaction score was 3.07 out of 5. In the case of PA group, most of the delegated prescriptions were performed, however the delegated roles were not much documented in written format. The paucity of documentation requires a development of a committee for PMSSs, including a development of selection criteria and a scope of practice in each institution. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested the composition of a committee for PMSSs in the medical institutions and renaming the specified titles of PMSSs.

A Study on the Job Satisfaction of the Physician Assistant (PA) Male Nurses: A Mixed-method Design / 한국직업건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This is a mixed method study to understand the experience regarding the job satisfaction of Physician Assistant (PA) male nurses. METHODS: First, factors influencing job satisfaction were analyzed using quantitative approach and job adaptation processes by qualitative research was done through interviews. Finally both of the collected data were comprehensively compared. RESULTS: The factors which had the greatest influence on job satisfaction in the regression analysis were job stress (β=-.49, p<.001) and job identity (β=.46, p<.001) and the explanatory power explaining these variables was 58% (Adj. R²=.58). The results of qualitative research were categorized using the same four variables with qualitative research variables. Five themes in job satisfaction, three themes in job identity, five themes in job stress and six themes in job value were identified by content analysis. CONCLUSION: This finding identified that the job stress and job identity were important variables related to job satisfaction. Therefore, the factors influencing job identity have to be strengthened, and a systematic management and interest to develop them are necessary.

The Current Status of Professional Medical Support Staffs in Medical Institutions with over 500 Beds / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the nationwide operational status of the professional medical support staffs (PMSS) who practice the expanded roles in the hospital setting. METHODS: The data were obtained through survey from 36 hospitals with over 500 beds from 25th May to 12th July 2016. Data from 1,666 PMSS were analyzed. RESULTS: Since the job titles varied, we classified them into 5 groups according to their roles; advanced practice nurse, clinical nurse expert, PA (physician assistant), coordinator, and others. There were differences in the operation status of PMSSs depending on the region, nurse staffing grade and number of hospital beds. Qualification criteria varied from hospital to hospital, and almost half of the hospitals didn't have any qualification standards for them. There were differences in age, educational level, clinical careers, rewards, and job satisfaction in 5 groups. Especially PA group had low salary, poorer working conditions, more difficulties in performing their work, and lower job satisfaction than other groups. Most PMSS (99.5%) were using a delegated prescription authority, however only 68.3% had job description and 19.9% had documented delegated role. CONCLUSION: Adequate training curriculum, documented delegated roles, and the protocols for legal protection and efficient medical services are needed.

Analysis of cricoid pressure application: anaesthetic trainee doctors vs. nursing anaesthetic assistants / Análise da aplicação de pressão cricoide: residentes em anestesiologia vs. enfermeiros assistentes de anestesia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of anaesthetic trainee doctors compared to nursing anaesthetic assistants in identifying the cricoid cartilage, applying the appropriate cricoid pressure and producing an adequate laryngeal inlet view. METHODS: Eighty-five participants, 42 anaesthetic trainee doctors and 43 nursing anaesthetic assistants, were asked to complete a set of questionnaires which included the correct amount of force to be applied to the cricoid cartilage. They were then asked to identify the cricoid cartilage and apply the cricoid pressure on an upper airway manikin placed on a weighing scale, and the pressure was recorded. Subsequently they applied cricoid pressure on actual anaesthetized patients following rapid sequence induction. Details regarding the cricoid pressure application and the Cormack-Lehane classification of the laryngeal view were recorded. RESULTS: The anaesthetic trainee doctors were significantly better than the nursing anaesthetic assistants in identifying the cricoid cartilage (95.2% vs. 55.8%, p = 0.001). However, both groups were equally poor in the knowledge about the amount of cricoid pressure force required (11.9% vs. 9.3% respectively) and in the correct application of cricoid pressure (16.7% vs. 20.9% respectively). The three-finger technique was performed by 85.7% of the anaesthetic trainee doctors and 65.1% of the nursing anaesthetic assistants (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in the Cormack-Lehane view between both groups. CONCLUSION: The anaesthetic trainee doctors were better than the nursing anaesthetic assistants in cricoid cartilage identification but both groups were equally poor in their knowledge and application of cricoid pressure.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade de residentes em anestesiologia em comparação com enfermeiros assistentes de enfermagem para identificar a cartilagem cricoide, aplicar a pressão cricoide adequada e produzir uma vista adequada da entrada da laringe. MÉTODOS: Foram convidados 85 participantes, 42 residentes em anestesiologia e 43 enfermeiros assistentes de enfermagem a responder questionários sobre a quantidade correta de força a ser aplicada na cartilagem cricoide. Os participantes deviam identificar a cartilagem cricoide e aplicar a pressão cricoide em modelos de vias aéreas superiores colocados sobre uma balança de pesagem e a pressão era registada. Posteriormente, aplicaram pressão cricoide em pacientes anestesiados reais após a indução de sequência rápida. Os detalhes sobre a aplicação de pressão cricoide e a classificação de Cormack-Lehane da visibilidade da laringe foram registrados. RESULTADOS: Os residentes em anestesiologia foram significativamente melhores do que os enfermeiros assistentes de enfermagem na identificação da cartilagem cricoide (95,2% vs. 55,8%, p = 0,001). No entanto, o conhecimento de ambos os grupos era precário sobre a quantidade de força necessária para aplicar a pressão cricoide (11,9% vs. 9,3%, respectivamente) e a correta aplicação da pressão cricoide (16,7% vs. 20,9%, respectivamente). A técnica de três dedos foi aplicada por 85,7% dos residentes em anestesiologia e 65,1% dos enfermeiros assistentes de enfermagem (p = 0,03). Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos em relação à classificação de Cormack-Lehane para a visão. CONCLUSÃO: Os residentes em anestesiologia foram melhores do que os enfermeiros assistentes de enfermagem para identificar a cartilagem cricoide, mas ambos os grupos apresentaram um conhecimento igualmente precário sobre a aplicação de pressão cricoide.

Information needs, seeking behavior and work effectiveness of physicians in selected government hospitals in EDO state, Nigeria

Information behaviour and work effectiveness of physicians are vital elements in the day to day practice of physicians in selected government hospitals. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of between information need, seeking behaviour and work effectiveness of physicians in six government hospitals in Edo State. The objectives of the study include the identification of various health information needs of physicians in government hospitals, finding out their information seeking patterns and examining the level of work effectiveness. The method adopted is the survey design. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data among the respondents. Out of the 620 questionnaire administered 516 (83.2%) were retrieved. The findings revealed that the major health information need of physicians in selected government hospitals in Edo State was information on treatment and tests of patients. The quality of work delivery in terms of commitment and individual care to patients as well as commitment to organization goals is less than satisfactory. There is a significant relationship between information needs and seeking behaviour of physicians and their work effectiveness (r =0.422; p<0.05 and r = 0.090; p<0.05), respectively. It is recommended that physicians in government hospitals in Edo State need to be more pro-active in updating themselves in general medical knowledge

Evaluation of a continuing professional development training program for physicians and physician assistants in hospitals in Laos based on the Kirkpatrick model / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: Medical professionals from Korea and Laos have been working together to develop a continuing professional development training program covering the major clinical fields of primary care. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the program from 2013 to 2014 using the Kirkpatrick model. METHODS: A questionnaire was used to evaluate the reaction of the trainees, and the trainers assessed the level of trainees' performance at the beginning and the end of each clinical section. The transfer (behavioral change) of the trainees was evaluated through the review of medical records written by the trainees before and after the training program. RESULTS: The trainees were satisfied with the training program, for which the average score was 4.48 out of 5.0. The average score of the trainees' performance at the beginning was 2.39 out of 5.0, and rose to 3.88 at the end of each section. The average score of the medical records written before the training was 2.92 out of 5.0, and it rose to 3.34 after the training. The number of patient visits to the district hospitals increased. CONCLUSION: The continuing professional development training program, which was planned and implemented with the full engagement and responsibility of Lao health professionals, proved to be effective.

Programa mais médicos dois anos: mais saúde para os brasileiros / More Doctors Program two years: more health for Brazilians / Programa Más Médicos dos años: más salud para los brasileños

Saúde pública, universal e gratuita para mais de 200 milhões de brasileirosnão é desafio que se supera sozinho. A constituição brasileira repartiu asresponsabilidades entre as três esferas de governo e assim, há 27 anos, seguimosconstruindo o Sistema Único de Saúde. Talvez a mais importante de todas as etapasdessa construção, a Atenção Básica, justamente aquela que está mais próximada população, é a que mais exige integração entre União, estados e municípios.É no atendimento básico, na Estratégia da Saúde de Família, que se solucionamcerca de 80% dos problemas de saúde da população. Respeitando aautonomia de cada ente, o governo federal, com os estados e municípios, decidiureforçar esse pilar tão importante da saúde pública. Lançado o desafio de atendera uma demanda histórica por mais médicos nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, oMinistério da Saúde começou a reunir parceiros dentro e fora do governo paratransformar em realidade o Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil...

Promoting collaboration and cultural competence for physician assistant and physical therapist students: A cross-cultural decentralized interprofessional education (IPE) model / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: As the United States health care model progresses towards medical teams and the country's population continues to diversify, the need for health professional education programs to develop and implement culturally specific interprofessional education (IPE) becomes increasingly imperative. A wide range of models exists for delivering and implementing IPE in health education, but none have included the cultural components that are vital in educating the health professional. METHODS: cross-cultural decentralized IPE model for physician assistant (PA) and physical therapy (PT) students was developed. This three-part IPE series was created using an established cultural curricular model and began with the exploration of self, continued with the examination of various dimensions of culture, and concluded with the exploration of the intersection between health and culture. We assessed student satisfaction of the IPE experiences and students' engagement and attitudes towards IPE using a three-item open-ended questionnaire administered after each cross-cultural activity and the Interprofessional Education Series Survey (IESS) upon the completion of the series. RESULTS: IESS responses showed that PA and PT students reported benefits in interprofessional collaboration and cultural awareness and expressed overall satisfaction with the series. Qualitative analysis revealed growth in student response depth consistent with the scaffolded focus of each IPE module in the series. CONCLUSION: The trends in this three-part series suggest that institutions looking to develop culturally inclusive IPE educational initiatives may have success through a decentralized model mirroring the effective cultural progression focused on addressing exploration of self, examination of various dimensions of culture, and exploration of the intersection between health and culture.

Roles and Limitations of Physician Assistants in Dermatology / 대한피부과학회지

In Korea, physician assistants (PAs) have emerged owing to the shortage of medical residents, especially in the surgical departments of tertiary hospitals. In addition, the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare has been planning to reduce the number of medical residents. Hence, training hospitals decided to hire PAs to replace medical residents. PAs can perform a large part of residents' time-consuming job. However, PAs are not a common type of workforce in the field of dermatology. The aim of this study is to compare the roles of dermatology specialist, resident, PAs, and registered nurse (RN), and discuss the limitations and futures of PAs in the field of dermatology. Moreover, in Korea, the legal definition and status of PAs are absent or, if present, inconsistent. Between PAs and other positions such as residents, registered nurses, and nurse specialists, lies an unsettled conflict. Therefore, if PAs are employed, a more precise complement is needed.

Roles and Limitations of Physician Assistants in Dermatology / 대한피부과학회지

In Korea, physician assistants (PAs) have emerged owing to the shortage of medical residents, especially in the surgical departments of tertiary hospitals. In addition, the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare has been planning to reduce the number of medical residents. Hence, training hospitals decided to hire PAs to replace medical residents. PAs can perform a large part of residents' time-consuming job. However, PAs are not a common type of workforce in the field of dermatology. The aim of this study is to compare the roles of dermatology specialist, resident, PAs, and registered nurse (RN), and discuss the limitations and futures of PAs in the field of dermatology. Moreover, in Korea, the legal definition and status of PAs are absent or, if present, inconsistent. Between PAs and other positions such as residents, registered nurses, and nurse specialists, lies an unsettled conflict. Therefore, if PAs are employed, a more precise complement is needed.

Teamwork education improves trauma team performance in undergraduate health professional students / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: Effective trauma resuscitation requires efficient and coordinated care from a team of providers; however, providers are rarely instructed on how to be effective members of trauma teams. Team-based learning using Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) has been shown to improve team dynamics among practicing professionals, including physicians and nurses. The impact of TeamSTEPPS on students being trained in trauma management in an undergraduate health professional program is currently unknown. We sought to determine the impact of TeamSTEPPS on team dynamics among undergraduate students being trained in trauma resuscitation. METHODS: We enrolled teams of undergraduate health professional students from four programs: nursing, physician assistant, radiologic science, and respiratory care. After completing an online training on trauma resuscitation principles, the participants completed a trauma resuscitation scenario. The participants then received teamwork training using TeamSTEPPS and completed a second trauma resuscitation scenario identical to the first. All resuscitations were recorded and scored offline by two blinded research assistants using both the Team Emergency Assessment Measure (TEAM) and Trauma Team Performance Observation Tool (TPOT) scoring systems. Pre-test and post-test TEAM and TPOT scores were compared. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 48 students in 12 teams. Team leadership, situational monitoring, and overall communication improved with TeamSTEPPS training (P= 0.04, P=0.02, and P=0.03, respectively), as assessed by the TPOT scoring system. TeamSTEPPS also improved the team's ability to prioritize tasks and work together to complete tasks in a rapid manner (P<0.01 and P=0.02, respectively) as measured by TEAM. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating TeamSTEPPS into trauma team education leads to improved TEAM and TPOT scores among undergraduate health professionals.

Cultural competency in a physician assistant curriculum in the United States: a longitudinal study with two cohorts / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: Many physician assistant (PA) programs have recently integrated cultural competency into their curricula. However, there is little evidence of the longitudinal effectiveness of such curricula on culture competency. This study tested whether the amount of exposure to a cultural competency curriculum affected self-assessments of cultural awareness in two cohorts of students. METHODS: Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 students completed a cultural awareness survey at the beginning of the program and retook the survey at three intervals during the first year. RESULTS: Regression analyses confirmed a significant linear relationship (two-tailed 0.05) between the responses and the interval number on all questions for each cohort, with the exception of Question 8, on the ability to identify discrimination, for Cohort 2. CONCLUSION: Results from Cohort 2 replicated those from Cohort 1, suggesting that cultural awareness among PA students benefits from repeated exposure to lessons on cultural competency. Schools attempting to develop or expand cultural awareness among students should consider integrating cultural competency training throughout the PA curriculum.

Imperfect physician assistant and physical therapist admissions processes in the United States / 보건의료교육평가

We compared and contrasted physician assistant and physical therapy profession admissions processes based on the similar number of accredited programs in the United States and the co-existence of many programs in the same school of health professions, because both professions conduct similar centralized application procedures administered by the same organization. Many studies are critical of the fallibility and inadequate scientific rigor of the high-stakes nature of health professions admissions decisions, yet typical admission processes remain very similar. Cognitive variables, most notably undergraduate grade point averages, have been shown to be the best predictors of academic achievement in the health professions. The variability of non-cognitive attributes assessed and the methods used to measure them have come under increasing scrutiny in the literature. The variance in health professions students' performance in the classroom and on certifying examinations remains unexplained, and cognitive considerations vary considerably between and among programs that describe them. One uncertainty resulting from this review is whether or not desired candidate attributes highly sought after by individual programs are more student-centered or graduate-centered. Based on the findings from the literature, we suggest that student success in the classroom versus the clinic is based on a different set of variables. Given the range of positions and general lack of reliability and validity in studies of non-cognitive admissions attributes, we think that health professions admissions processes remain imperfect works in progress.

Síndrome de burnout en asistentes y residentes de anestesiología del Hospital Nacional Daniel A. Carrión, setiembre 2011 / Burnout syndrome in anesthesiologists and anesthesiaresidents of the Hospital Nacional Daniel A. Carrión, September 2011

Objetivo: El síndrome de burnout, considerado desde el año 2000 por la OMS como una enfermedad de riesgo laboral, es prevalente en anestesiólogos según diversos estudios. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de este síndrome en residentes y asistentes, y a qué factores se encuentra asociado. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional y transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario de Maslach y de factores de riesgo asociado al síndrome de burnout de manera anónima a anestesiólogos y residentes de anestesiología programados con actividades en el rol de setiembre y que aceptaron participar del estudio. Los cuestionarios se desarrollaron en sala de operaciones con entrega en sobre cerrado al terminar. Los datos se presentan en tablas de frecuencias, porcentajes y gráficos. El análisis de los datos cualitativos fue con la prueba de Chi cuadrado y correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Se encuestaron un total de 20 médicos (55%), 17 con cuestionario completo, 2 encuestados (10%) presentaron síndrome de burnout. Asociaciones agotamiento emocional: estado de salud / calidad de vida, x2 = 10.90, alfa < 0.05 / x2 = 9.24, alfa < 0.05; despersonalización: estímulos institucionales, x2 = 15.00, alfa < 0.01; realización personal: estado civil, x2 = 9.10, alfa < 0.05. Correlaciones agotamiento emocional: horas anestesia/semana, p = 0.65, alfa < 0.01; despersonalización: número de hijos/edad, p = -0.48, alfa < 0.05 / p = -0.58, alfa < 0.05, respectivamente. No hubo correlación entre componentes Maslach y factores de riesgo asociados (puntaje final). Conclusiones: El síndrome de burnout es prevalente en nuestro departamento. Salvo algunos componentes, los encuestados presentan fenómenos compensatorios protectores para el desarrollo del síndrome de burnout y también puede existir un subregistro importante.

Objective: The burnout syndrome, considered since 2000 by the WHO as an occupational hazard disease, is prevalent in anesthesiologists according to some studies. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of this syndrome in anesthesiologists and anesthesia residents and the factors related to it. Material and methods: observational and transversal study. Maslach and associated risk factors with Burnout syndrome questionnaire was applied anonymously to anesthesiologists and anesthesia residents programmed with activities in September who agreed to participate in the study. The questionnaires were developed in the operating room and delivered in sealed envelopes. The data was presented in frequency tables, percentages and graphs. The qualitative data analysis was with the Chi square test and Spearman correlation. Results: 20 physicians (55%9 were interviewed, 17 with full questionnaire. 2 respondents (10%) presented burnout syndrome. Associations emotional exhaustion: health status / quality of life, x2 = 10.90, alpha < 0.05 / x2 = 9.24, alpha < 0.05; depersonalization: institutional incentives, x2 = 15.00, alpha < 0.01, personal realization: marital status, x2 = 9.10, alpha < 0.05. Correlations emotional exhaustion: anesthesia hours/week, p = 0.65, alpha < 0.01; depersonalization: number of children/age, p=-0.48, alpha < 0.05 / p = -0.58, alpha < 0.05, respectively. There was no correlation between Maslach components and associated risk factors (final score). Conclusions: The burnout syndrome is prevalent in our department. Except for some components, interviewees have compensatory phenomena protective for the development of burnout syndrome and may also be significant underreporting.

Present Condition Analysis of Physician Assistant in Korea

This study intended to identify the need for the legalization and development of a systematic program for physician assistants (PAs) by understanding the actual state of PA operation in hospitals. In 114 hospitals assigned as resident training hospitals for surgery, a survey was conducted on the personnel working as PAs in those hospitals; the survey included general personal information, working conditions, training time, and satisfaction. A total of 192 PAs in surgery at 35 hospitals responded to the survey. The types of PAs are Surgical Assistant, Clinical Physician Assistant, Wound Ostomy Care Nurse, Coordinator, and Clinical Research Coordinator. Types of work PAs preformed are surgical assistance, wound dressing, educating patients, overlooking consultation, doing paper works, writing operation records, and confirming examination results which were ordered. The satisfaction level for the position which PAs hold were 29.1% and and satisfaction level which doctors see towards PA was 15%. The role and the job descriptions of PAs are not clear cut, there are many discrepancies among hospitals we studied. As a result, legalization and the implementation of standardized role of PAs will lead to increase level of satisfactions in the work force and the quality of work which PAs perform will be greater.