Safety of modified T-piece resuscitator versus nasal cannula oxygen in electronic bronchoscopy for infants: a prospective randomized controlled study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To optimize the oxygen therapy regimens for infants with pulmonary diseases during bronchoscopy.@*METHODS@#A prospective randomized, controlled, and single-center clinical trial was conducted on 42 infants who underwent electronic bronchoscopy from July 2019 to July 2021. These infants were divided into a nasal cannula (NC) group and a modified T-piece resuscitator (TPR) group using a random number table. The lowest intraoperative blood oxygen saturation was recorded as the primary outcome, and intraoperative heart rate and respiratory results were recorded as the secondary outcomes.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the NC group, the modified TPR group had a significantly higher level of minimum oxygen saturation during surgery and a significantly lower incidence rate of hypoxemia (P<0.05). In the modified TPR group, there were 6 infants with mild hypoxemia, 2 with moderate hypoxemia, and 1 with severe hypoxemia, while in the NC group, there were 3 infants with mild hypoxemia, 5 with moderate hypoxemia, and 9 with severe hypoxemia (P<0.05). The modified TPR group had a significantly lower incidence rate of intraoperative respiratory rhythm abnormalities than the NC group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of arrhythmias between the two groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Modified TPR can significantly reduce the risk of hypoxemia in infants with pulmonary diseases during electronic bronchoscopy, and TPR significantly decreases the severity of hypoxemia and the incidence of respiratory rhythm abnormalities compared with traditional NC.

Early complications in flexible bronchoscopy at a university hospital / Complicações precoces em broncoscopia flexível em um hospital universitário

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the complications related to flexible bronchoscopy (FB) and its collection procedures in outpatients and inpatients with various lung and airway diseases treated at a university hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of complications occurring during or within 2 h after FB performed between January of 2012 and December of 2013, as recorded in the database of the respiratory endoscopy department of a hospital complex in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: We analyzed 3,473 FBs. Complications occurred in 185 procedures (5.3%): moderate to severe bleeding, in 2.2%; pneumothorax, in 0.7%; severe bronchospasm, in 0.8%; general complications (hypoxemia, psychomotor agitation, arrhythmias, vomiting, or hypotension), in 1.6%; and cardiopulmonary arrest, in 0.03%. There were no deaths related to the procedures. Specifically, among the 1,728 patients undergoing biopsy, bronchial brushing, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy, bleeding occurred in 75 (4.3%). Among the 1,191 patients undergoing transbronchial biopsy, severe pneumothorax (requiring chest tube drainage) occurred in 24 (2.0%). Conclusions: In our patient sample, FB proved to be a safe method with a low rate of complications. Appropriate continuing training of specialist doctors and nursing staff, as well as the development of standardized care protocols, are important for maintaining those standards.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as complicações relacionadas à broncoscopia flexível (BF) e a seus procedimentos de coleta em diferentes doenças pulmonares e de vias aéreas em pacientes ambulatoriais e internados em um hospital universitário. Métodos: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente complicações precoces que ocorreram durante e após BF (em até 2 h) registrados no banco de dados do Serviço de Endoscopia Respiratória de um complexo hospitalar localizado na cidade de São Paulo (SP) entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Foram analisadas 3.473 BF. Complicações ocorreram em 185 procedimentos (5,3%): sangramento moderado a acentuado, em 2,2%; pneumotórax, em 0,7%; broncoespasmo grave, em 0,8%; complicações gerais (hipoxemia, agitação psicomotora, arritmias, vômitos e hipotensão), em 1,6%; e parada cardiorrespiratória, em 0,03%. Não houve óbitos relacionados aos procedimentos. Especificamente, nos 1.728 pacientes submetidos a biópsias, escovado brônquico e punção aspirativa por agulha fina, houve sangramentos em 75 (4,3%.) Entre os 1.191 pacientes que realizaram biópsia transbrônquica, pneumotórax (com necessidade de drenagem torácica) ocorreu em 24 (2,0%). Conclusões: Neste grupo de pacientes, a BF se mostrou um método seguro com baixo índice de complicações. A formação adequada e continuada dos médicos especialistas e da equipe de enfermagem, bem como a elaboração de protocolos de atendimento padronizados, são importantes nesse sentido.

Factores de riesgo de tiempo quirúrgico prolongado en la Histerectomía laparoscópica / Risk Factors under Lengthened Surgical Time in Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Introducción: Las histerectomías constituyen uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más realizados a nivel global. Las ventajas de la histerectomía laparoscópica incluyen menos sangrado intraoperatorio, menor estancia hospitalaria, recuperación más rápida y disminución de la tasa de infección del sitio quirúrgico. Sin embargo, todo esto a expensas de un tiempo quirúrgico mayor, costo superior, e incremento en las lesiones ureterales y vesicales. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo que influyen en la prolongación del tiempo quirúrgico en las pacientes sometidas a una histerectomía laparoscópica. Método: Estudio observacional analítico de casos y testigos fueron evaluadas las pacientes sometidas a una histerectomía laparoscópica videoasistida desde enero del 2012 hasta diciembre 2016 en el Hospital Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. Bayamo, Granma, Cuba. Estas pacientes constituyeron la población de estudio. La muestra estuvo formada por los casos, que lo constituyeron todas las pacientes con tiempo quirúrgico prolongado (≥; 130 minutos), y los controles que fueron aquellas pacientes con tiempo quirúrgico inferior a 130 minutos. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico con pareamiento aproximado para cada variable. Resultados: En el análisis univariado constituyeron factores de riesgo en la demora del tiempo de duración de este tipo de intervención el antecedente de cesáreas previas (p 0,001), útero con peso superior a 320 gramos (p= 0,001), movilidad al tacto vaginal (p= 0,013), dificultad en el descenso uterino al tacto vaginal (p= 0,003), y la ejecución de otra intervención durante la histerectomía (p= 0,003). En el análisis multivariado el útero con peso superior a 320 g (p 0,012), la realización de otra intervención durante el procedimiento (p= 0,021) y la cesárea previa (p= 0,043), fueron los principales factores de riesgo identificados. Conclusiones: Los factores que más influyeron en la prolongación del tiempo de duración de la histerectomía fueron el antecedente de cesárea, útero con peso estimado superior a los 320 g y la ejecución de otras intervenciones durante el mismo procedimiento(AU)

Introduction: Hysterectomies are one of the surgical procedures most performed worldwide. Among the advantages of laparoscopic hysterectomy, we can mention less intraoperative bleeding, shorter hospital stay, faster recovery, and decreased infection rate in the surgical site. However, all this is achieved at the expense of a longer surgical time, higher cost, and increase in ureteral and bladder injuries. Objective: To identify the risk factors that influence the lengthening of surgical time in patients undergoing a laparoscopic hysterectomy. Method: An analytical, observational case-control study. We evaluated the patients performed video-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy from January 2012 to December 2016 at Carlos Manuel de Céspedes University Hospital in Bayamo, Granma (Cuba). These patients made up the study population. The sample consisted of the cases, made up by all patients with lengthened surgical time (130 minutes or more), and the controls, those patients with surgical time less than 130 minutes. A probabilistic sampling was carried out with approximate matching for each variable. Results: In the univariate analysis, the risk factors were the delay for this type of intervention, the antecedents of previous caesarean sections (p=0.001), uterus weighing more than 320 grams (p=0.001), mobility to vaginal touch (p=0.013), difficulty in uterine descent to vaginal touch (p=0.003), and the execution of another intervention during hysterectomy (p=0.003). In the multivariate analysis, we identified the uterus weighing more than 320 g (p=0.012), performing another procedure during the procedure (p=0.021), and previous caesarean section (p=0.043) as the main risk factors. Conclusions: The factors that influenced the lengthening of the hysterectomy most were antecedents of cesarean section, uterus with an estimated weight greater than 320 g, and the execution of other interventions during the same procedure(AU)

Rol de la broncoscopía en el paciente pediátrico / The role of bronchoscopy in children

Pediatric bronchoscopy has played an important role in the practice of pulmonology, having important advances in recent years. It is now possible to perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures with this technique. Rigid bronchoscopy continues to have a significant character in the identification and management of foreign bodies in the airways. On the other hand, flexible bronchoscopy, with the improvement in the quality of the image, is becoming an important tool for the practice of pediatric pulmonology, having a longer reach than rigid bronchoscopy. This becomes a valuable instrument for the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies where rigid bronchoscopy cannot reach

El papel de la broncoscopía pediátrica ha adquirido importancia en la práctica de la neumología, con grandes avances en los últimos años. Actualmente es posible realizar procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos con estos instrumentos. La broncoscopía rígida sigue teniendo un carácter significativo en la identificación y manejo de cuerpos extraños en vía aérea. Por su parte la broncoscopía flexible con la mejoría en la calidad de la imagen, cada vez se posiciona como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el ejercicio de la neumología pediátrica, al tener mejor alcance que la broncoscopía rígida

Indications, clinical outcomes and complications of 1, 949 flexible bronchoscopies / Indicações, resultados clínicos e complicações de 1. 949 broncoscopias flexíveis

ABSTRACT Objective To describe indications, clinical outcomes and complications of flexible bronchoscopy. Methods A descriptive observational study of bronchoscopies performed at the endoscopy service of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein . Demographic (age, gender and origin) and medical (indications and results of endoscopy and diagnostic tests, such as biopsy collection, lavage, cytology and culture) data were analyzed. Electronic medical records with incomplete data or reporting interventional procedures were excluded. Results Over a three-year period (2013 to 2016), a total of 1,949 bronchoscopies were performed by respiratory endoscopy team and anesthesia specialists of the hospital. The mean age of patients was 57.7±21.9 years (range of 3 days to 99 years), with prevalence of males (56.4%). The procedures were mostly (86.3%) elective and 30.7% were carried out in the intensive care unit. Major indications for bronchoscopy were infection or secretion (42.4%), followed by suspected neoplasm (10.8%). Endoscopic changes were reported in 91.9% of cases, with more than one change described in approximately 6.9% of patients. Positive results were obtained via direct testing or culture in 36.3% and 53.9% of 1,399 bronchoalveolar lavages, respectively. The overall diagnostic yield (bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy) was 72.6%. Mild adverse event rate was 7.2%. The rate of severe adverse events requiring additional intervention was 0.5% (pneumothorax, 0.4%; severe bleeding with patient death, 0.1%). Conclusion Lower airway endoscopy is critical for respiratory disease assessment, diagnosis and treatment. Flexible bronchoscopy is associated with good diagnostic yield and minimal inherent risk.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as indicações, os resultados clínicos e as complicações associadas à broncoscopia flexível. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo das broncoscopias realizadas no serviço de endoscopia do Hospital Albert Einstein. Foram analisados: informações demográficas, como idade, gênero e procedência; dados clínicos sobre a indicação do exame; e resultados endoscópicos e dos exames diagnósticos realizados, como biópsias, lavados, citologias e culturas. Os fatores de exclusão foram dados incompletos no sistema e procedimentos intervencionistas. Resultados No período de 3 anos, de 2013 a 2016, foram realizadas 1.949 broncoscopias no hospital pela equipe da endoscopia respiratória e anestesiologista. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 57,7±21,9 anos, (variação: 3 dias a 99 anos), com prevalência do gênero masculino (56,4%). A maioria dos exames (86,3%) foi eletiva e 30,7% foram realizados na terapia intensiva. A indicação médica mais frequente para realização da broncoscopia foi infecção ou secreção (42,4%), seguida de suspeita de neoplasia (10,8%). Nas alterações endoscópicas das broncoscopias realizadas, obtivemos os dados em 91,9% dos exames. Cerca de 6,9% dos pacientes apresentaram mais de uma alteração endoscópica. Foram realizados 1.399 lavados, com positividade de 36,3% nas pesquisas diretas e 53,9% nas culturas. O rendimento geral com lavados broncoalveolares e biópsia foi de 72,6%. Em nossa série, a taxa de eventos adversos leves foi de 7,2%. Os eventos adversos graves, nos quais foi necessária alguma intervenção adicional, somaram 0,5%: 0,4% de pneumotórax e 0,1% de hemorragia grave com óbito. Conclusão A endoscopia das vias aéreas inferiores é imprescindível para avaliação, diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças respiratórias. A broncoscopia flexível tem bom rendimento diagnóstico e risco mínimo associado.

Ultrasonografía bronquial con aspiración por aguja fina en el estudio lesiones adyacentes a la vía aérea central / Endobronchial ultrasound and fine needle aspiration for central airway lesions

Background: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided trans-bronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure with a high diagnostic yield for lesions adjacent to the central airway. Aim: To describe the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA for lesions suspicious of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Material and Methods: Prospective study of 128 patients aged 25 to 87 years (56% males) undergoing EBUS-TBNA. Radiological features of the lesions were recorded by chest CT scan such as morphology, margins of the lesion, lesion size and location based on the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) map. Definitive pathological results were evaluated. Results: The average size of lesions was 18.5 millimeter and; 68 cases were of less than 20 millimeters. Sensitivity was 96.7%, specificity 100%, and negative predictive value 93.3%. The most common histological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA is a useful diagnostic tool for NSCLC suspicious lesions adjacent to the central airway.

Complicaciones asociadas a la broncoscopía flexible: análisis de registro post-procedimiento / Immediate complications following flexible bronchoscopy: Retrospective analysis of 1079 procedures

Background: Flexible bronchoscopy is a useful diagnostic tool with a relative low rate of complications. Aim: To analyze post procedure risk of complications after flexible bronchoscopy with transbronchial or bronchial biopsy. Material and Methods: The electronic database of a bronchoscopy unit at a general Hospital was analyzed. All procedures performed between 2009 and 2011 were reviewed and complications recorded. The primary outcome measure was the risk for complications de fined as the percentage of procedures complicated by hemorrhage, pneumothorax, desaturation < 80% and other complications. We used a logistic regression model to explore the association between each procedure characteristic and complication. Results: One thousand seventy nine procedures were included in the analysis. Eight percent had complications. Among these, the frequency of hemorrhage was 5.9% and pneumothorax was 0.3%. Factors associated with complications were exclusive use of topical anesthesia with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.72 (confidence intervals (CI): 1.04-2.86), regular or bad intolerance to the procedure with an OR 4.70 (CI: 3.00-7.38) and performing biopsies of the upper lobes with an OR of 1.76 (CI: 1.04-2.97). Conclusions: Exclusive use of topical anesthesia, performing biopsies of the upper lobes and procedure tolerance were risk factors associated with complications following bronchoscopic biopsies.

Tracheal stenosis after intubation and/or tracheostomy

The tracheal iatrogenic stenosis remains a frequent, sometimes severe tracheal resection, anastomosis is the treatment of choice. However, the endoscopic treatment is used as an alternative therapy. We report a retrospective study for a period of 8 years. 174 patients had an iatrogenic tracheal stenosis of intubation [55.17%] and/or tracheotomy [44.82%]. The appearance and extent of stenosis were assessed by bronchoscopy, we noted a tracheal mala-cia [15%], a circumferential stenosis [58%], a little tight stenosis [12%] and diaphragm [5%]. Some patients have benefited from several therapeutic procedures, 90 patients were operated on early interventions with 53 and 37 after surgery, an improvement of the patient's clinical status have been postponed earlier, after failure of endoscopic methods. 293 interventional bronchoscopies were performed, 192 stenting, 45 Nd-YAG laser, 55 patients required a recalibration in the tube of the bronchoscope and one patient received cryotherapy, knowing that there are the patients who received combination therapy. We lamented death in the immediate postoperative sepsis, a recurrence of stenosis in 117 patients, and among the 192 implants placed we identified 37 migrations, 52 congestion, development of granulomatous lesions, an overhaul of the prosthesis is noted in 7.29%, three implants were embedded in the tracheal mucosa and there was only one spontaneous rejection. The long-term evolution was satisfactory in 92 patients. Nevertheless, the management of post intubation tracheal stenosis and/or post tracheostomy cannot be that requiring a multidisciplinary collaboration

Tratamiento de la estenosis traqueal isquémica con Nd-YAG láser / Treatment of ischemic tracheal stenosis with Nd-YAG laser

Introducción: la estenosis traqueal corresponde a una complicación común, secundaria a la intubación o a la traqueotomía. Existen varias modalidades en cuanto a su tratamiento, por eso nos propusimos evaluar los resultados del tratamiento de la estenosis traqueal isquémica mediante fotorresección con Nd-YAG láser. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo en 160 pacientes, con estenosis traqueal isquémica operados en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Quirúrgicas, en el período comprendido de enero de 1987 hasta diciembre del 2010. Se clasificó a las estenosis traqueales postintubación, en 5 grupos, según Luis Rocabado y otros. El método diagnóstico empleado fue la broncoscopia. Los pacientes admitidos en el estudio tenían traqueotomía y fueron clasificados en grupo I y II. Como proceder quirúrgico se realizó fotorresección con Nd-YAG láser y colocación de cánula en T de Montgomery. Los enfermos se valoraron clínica y endoscópicamente al alta y posteriormente en consulta externa durante un período de 1 año. Resultados: el mayor porciento de los pacientes corresponde al sexo femenino. El rango de edad fue entre los 30 y 49 años con una desviación estándar de 36,7 ± 5,0 años. Se clasificaron 93 (58,1 por ciento) pacientes en el grupo I y 67 (41,9 por ciento) en el grupo II. La causa más frecuente de intubación endotraqueal prolongada, fue el politrauma. Se complicaron 13 pacientes, con una mortalidad de 2,5 por ciento. El resultado final se evaluó como bueno en 94 pacientes (58,7 por ciento), satisfactorio en 53 (33,2 por ciento) y malo en 9 (5,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: el tratamiento inicial para las estenosis traqueales isquémicas clasificadas como grado I y II debe ser por vía endoscópica con Nd-YAG láser(AU)

Introduction: Tracheal stenosis is a common complication secondary to intubation or to tracheostomy. There are several treatment modalities to face this problem, hence we suggested that the results of the treatment of ischemic tracheal stenosis be evaluated based on photoresection with Nd-YAG laser. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was performed in 160 patients, who suffered ischemic tracheal stenosis and had been operated on at the Otolaryngology Service of the Medical and Surgical Research Center (CIMEQ) in the period from January 1987 to December 2010. Post-intubation tracheal stenosis was classified in five groups, according to Luis Rocabado et al.'s classification. The diagnosing method was bronchoscopy. All the patients included in the study had tracheotomy and were classified into the group I and group II. The surgical procedure performed on patients was photoresection with Nd Yag laser and placement of Montgomery's T- stent. The patients were clinically and endoscopically evaluated at discharge and afterwards at the outpatient service for one year. Results: The highest percentage of patients was females. The age range was 30 to 49 years, with SD= 36.7 ± 5. 0 years. Ninety three (58.1 percent) were classified in group I whereas 67 (41.9 percent) were included in group II. The most frequent cause in extended endotracheal intubation was multiple trauma. Thirteen patients suffered complications; the mortality rate was 2.5 percent. The final result was evaluated as good in 94 (58.7 percent), satisfactory in 53 (33.2 percent) and negative in 9 (5.6 percent) patients. Conclusions: The initial treatment for ischemic tracheal stenoses classified as grade I and II should be endoscopic by using Nd-YAG laser(AU)

Broncoscopia flexível como primeira opção para a remoção de corpo estranho das vias aéreas em adultos / Flexible bronchoscopy as the first-choice method of removing foreign bodies from the airways of adults

OBJETIVO: Determinar a taxa de sucesso da broncoscopia flexível como primeira opção na remoção de corpos estranhos das vias aéreas em adultos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de todos os pacientes adultos (acima de 18 anos) com aspiração de corpo estranho submetidos a broncoscopia no Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, em São Paulo (SP). RESULTADOS: A amostra foi constituída por 40 pacientes adultos, com média de idade de 52 anos (variação: 18-88 anos). A mediana do tempo de permanência do corpo estranho na via aérea foi de 15 dias (variação: 12 h a 10 anos). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos primeiramente a broncoscopia flexível diagnóstica. A retirada do corpo estranho por meio de broncoscopia flexível foi bem-sucedida em 33 dos pacientes (82,5%). Em 1 paciente, um objeto metálico alojado na árvore brônquica distal requereu o uso de fluoroscopia. Seis pacientes (15%) foram submetidos a broncoscopia rígida devido a dispneia induzida por corpo estranho traqueal, em 2, e porque o corpo estranho era muito grande para as pinças flexíveis, em 4. A broncoscopia falhou em apenas 1 paciente, que portanto necessitou de broncotomia. CONCLUSÕES: Embora a broncoscopia rígida seja considerada o padrão ouro na remoção de corpos estranhos na via aérea, nossa experiência mostrou que a broncoscopia flexível pode ser utilizada segura e eficientemente no diagnóstico e tratamento de pacientes adultos estáveis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the success rate of flexible bronchoscopy as the first-choice method of removing foreign bodies from the airways of adults. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all adult patients (over 18 years of age) with foreign body aspiration submitted to bronchoscopy between January of 2009 and January of 2011 at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, located in São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 40 adult patients, with a mean age of 52 years (range, 18-88 years). The median time of permanence of the foreign body in the airway was 15 days (range, 12 h to 10 years). All of the patients first underwent diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy. Foreign bodies were successfully removed with flexible bronchoscopy in 33 (82.5%) of the patients. In 1 patient, a metal object lodged in the distal bronchial tree required the use of fluoroscopy. Six patients (15%) required rigid bronchoscopy due to tracheal foreign body-induced dyspnea, in 2, and because the foreign body was too large for the flexible forceps, in 4. Bronchoscopy failed in 1 patient, who therefore required surgical bronchotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Although rigid bronchoscopy is considered the gold standard for the removal of foreign bodies from the airways, our experience showed that flexible bronchoscopy can be safely and effectively used in the diagnosis and treatment of stable adult patients.

Broncoscopia en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades respiratorias / Bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases

Objetivo: describir los resultados de la aplicación de la broncoscopia en el diagnóstico de enfermedades respiratorias. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 116 pacientes a quienes se les efectuó broncoscopia. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, raza, indicación diagnóstica, hallazgos radiológicos, positividad de las técnicas aplicadas, rendimiento diagnóstico y complicaciones del proceder. Los datos obtenidos se resumieron mediante frecuencias simples, rangos y porcentaje. Se aplicaron pruebas de significación estadística chi cuadrado y el intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Para determinar la asociación entre variables se utilizó el odds ratio. Resultados: el 73,2 por ciento de la muestra estuvo constituida por hombres entre 51 y 70 años de edad y el 52,6 por ciento mostró elementos de sospecha radiológica de cáncer como indicación diagnóstica. El engrosamiento hiliar fue el hallazgo radiológico más notificado (30,1 por ciento) y el que se asoció con mayor rendimiento diagnóstico. El cáncer resultó la enfermedad más diagnosticada (68,0 por ciento). El 70,3 por ciento de los casos presentó concordancia entre el diagnóstico macroscópico y microscópico. La biopsia endobronquial con fórceps mostró mayor positividad diagnóstica (66,6 por ciento). El sangramiento y la hipoxia se informaron como complicaciones menores en un 10,35 por ciento de los casos. Conclusiones: la broncoscopia constituye una importante herramienta diagnóstica en el ámbito de las enfermedades respiratorias, su mayor rendimiento se registra ante la sospecha clínico-radiológica de cáncer, fundamentalmente ante hallazgos que hagan suponer localizaciones centrales, de manera que la biopsia endobronquial con fórceps es la técnica más útil en estos casos; la ocurrencia de complicaciones, poco frecuente y menor, se relaciona con la aplicación de técnicas

Objective: describe the results of the use of bronchoscopy to diagnose respiratory diseases. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 116 patients who underwent bronchoscopy. The variables studied were age, gender, race, diagnostic indication, radiological findings, positivity of the techniques applied, diagnostic yield and procedural complications. The data obtained were summarized by means of simple frequencies, ranges and percentage. Chi-square tests of statistical significance were applied and the confidence interval was 95 percent. The odds ratio was used to determine the association between variables. Results: 73.2 percent of the sample were men aged 51-70, and 52.6 percent showed elements of radiological suspicion of cancer as diagnostic indication. Hilar widening was the radiological finding most commonly reported (30.1 percent), and was associated with a higher diagnostic yield. Cancer was the most commonly diagnosed condition (68.0 percent). 70.3 percent of cases showed agreement between macroscopic and microscopic diagnoses. Endobronchial biopsy with forceps exhibited a higher diagnostic positivity (66.6 percent). Bleeding and hypoxia were reported as minor complications in 10.35 percent of cases. Conclusions: bronchoscopy is an important tool for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Its highest yield is recorded in the presence of clinical-radiological suspicion of cancer, mainly when findings arouse suspicion of central localizations, which makes endobronchial biopsy with forceps the most useful technique in those cases. The occurrence of infrequent minor complications is associated with the application of techniques

Ressecção minimamente invasiva por broncoscopia de tumores brônquicos benignos / Minimally invasive bronchoscopic resection of benign tumors of the bronchi

OBJETIVO: Tumores benignos primários da traqueia e dos brônquios principais são incomuns. A broncoscopia intervencionista permite o diagnóstico e o tratamento de algumas dessas lesões. MÉTODOS: Revisamos quatro casos tratados endoscopicamente em nossa instituição. RESULTADOS: Dois pacientes tinham hamartoma, e dois pacientes apresentaram lipoma endobrônquico. Em todos os casos, a técnica de intervenção para a ressecção foi o uso de alça de polipectomia e eletrocautério. A única complicação relatada foi um episódio de broncoespasmo. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento broncoscópico minimamente invasivo é um método seguro e efetivo para o tratamento bem-sucedido de alguns tumores benignos da via aérea principal, com um baixo índice de complicações.

OBJECTIVE: Primary benign tumors of the trachea and main bronchi are uncommon. Interventional bronchoscopy allows the diagnosis and the treatment of some of these lesions. METHODS: We reviewed four cases endoscopically treated at our institution. RESULTS: Two patients had hamartoma, and two patients had endobronchial lipoma. In all of the cases, the interventional technique for the resection was the use of a polypectomy snare and electrocautery. The only complication reported was one episode of bronchospasm. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive bronchoscopic resection is a safe, effective method for treating selected benign tumors of the main airway and has a low complication rate.

Initial experience of endobronchial silicon stents from a tertiary care centre in north India.

Background. Central airway obstruction (CAO) is defined as obstruction of trachea and principal bronchi. Therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy with tracheobronchial stenting using silicon stents is a well established procedure in the management of such conditions. However, there is limited experience with this technique in India. Methods. Between January 2010 and April 2010, Dumon stents were placed in four patients with CAO. Three patients had symptomatic tracheal stenosis while one patient had malignant obstruction at the carina. Rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia was performed to relieve the CAO followed by placement of silicon stents. Pre- and post-stent placement symptom assessment was performed with a symptom-based visual analogue scale. Results. Four patients underwent silicon stent placement in the tracheobronchial tree. Three patients had benign postintubation tracheal stenosis and one had malignant tracheal obstruction at carina due to endobronchial growth. Significant improvement was achieved in all patients. There were no significant complications. Conclusions. Rigid bronchoscopy with silicon stent placement is an effective and suitable method of relieving the distressing symptoms due to benign or malignant airway obstruction.

Endoscopic Cryotherapy of Lung and Bronchial Tumors: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We made a systematic review and evaluation of endoscopic cryotherapy of endobronchial tumors, investigating safety and efficacy. METHODS: Qualified studies regarding endoscopic cryotherapy of lung tumors were systemically evaluated using available databases according to predefined criteria. RESULTS: In total, 16 publications were included in the final assessment. A narrative synthesis was performed because a formal meta-analysis was not viable due to the lack of controlled studies and study heterogeneity. Overall success rates for significant recanalization of the obstruction were approximately 80%, although they varied, depending on disease status in the patient population. Complications from the procedure developed in 0-11.1% of cases, most of which were minor and controlled by conservative management. Although limited data were available on comprehensive functional assessment, some studies showed that respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests, and performance status were significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic cryotherapy was found to be a safe and useful procedure in the management of endobronchial tumors although its efficacy and appropriate indications have yet to be determined in well-designed controlled studies.

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children an audit from a tertiary care center.

A retrospective review of 529 fiberoptic bronchoscopies was done with an aim to identify conditions where it will be most useful. The common indications were persistent/ recurrent pneumonia, persistent collapse, stridor and pulmonary hemorrhage. The diagnostic yield was maximum when it was performed to identify structural abnormalities and the yield was relatively poor in suspected drug resistant tuberculosis, and interstitial lung diseases. Serious complications were seen in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is an important tool for management of respiratory problems but should be performed with caution in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Traqueostomía percutánea con asistencia fibrobroncoscópica: evaluación prospectiva de 100 casos consecutivos y revisión de la literatura / Fiberoptic bronchoscopy assisted percutaneous tracheostomy: report of 100 patients

Background: Development of percutaneous techniques for tracheostomy have facilitated its implementation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Aim: To evaluate the safety of performing percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) using the Ciaglia Blue Rhino thechnique with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Patients and methods: Prospective evaluation of 100 consecutive patients aged 62±16 years (38 women) subjected to percutaneous tracheostomy. AU the procedures were performed in the ICU. Demographic variables, APACHE II, days of mechanical ventilation before PT, operative and post operative complications were recorded. Results: Mean APACHE II score was 20±3. Patients required on average 16±7 days of mechanical ventilation before PT. Eight patients (8 percent) had operative complications. One had an episode of transitory desaturation, one had a transitory hypotension related to sedation and six had mild bleeding not requiríng transfusión. No patient required conversión to surgical tracheostomy. Four patients (4 percent) presentedpost operative complications. Two had a mild and transitory bleeding ofthe ostomy and two had a displacement ofthe cannula. No other complications were observed. Conclusions: PT using the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance is a safe procedure that can be performed in the ICU by trained intensivists.

relationship between peak expiratory flow rate before bronchoscopy and arterial oxygen desaturation during bronchoscopy

A significant reduction in arterial blood oxygen saturation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy has been proved but it is not yet known whether all patients need supplemental oxygen during this procedure. The aim of study is to examine the relationship between peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] before bronchoscopy and oxygen desaturation during bronchoscopy. Measurement of PEFR [% predicted] performed before bronchoscopy and arterial O2 desaturation was assessed with a pulse oximeter during bronchoscopy. Study performed in 66 patients with a median age 53 years, who had been referred to our bronchoscopy unit. None of the patients received supplemental oxygen before the procedure. Thirty nine cases [59%] had an episode of O2 desaturation during bronchoscopy. Of them 25 cases [38%] had sustained O2 desaturation, requiring oxygen therapy while 14 cases [21%] had momentary desaturation [< 20s] not requiring O2 therapy. Oxygen therapy was administered in 58% of cases with PEFR% < 60 and in 83% of cases with PEFR% less than 45 [P, 0.008 and 0.001, respectively]. We also observed a significant fall in mean O2 saturation during bronchoscopy [88 +/- 4%] compared to prebronchoscopy levels [95 +/- 2%] [P < 0.0001]. It is concluded that PEFR < 60% and especially < 45% is a reliable predictor of hypoxemia and the need to O2 therapy during bronchoscopy

Unplanned intubation during anesthesia: review of 31 cases from the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI study).

OBJECTIVES: To examine the causes, outcomes, and contributing factors associated with patients requiring unplanned emergency intubation for adverse respiratory events. METERIAL AND METHOD: Appropriate unplanned intubation incidents were extracted from the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study) database conducted between February 1, 2003, and January 31, 2004, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Thirty-one incidents of unplanned intubation were recorded, 21 of which were due to respiratory problems particularly after bronchoscopy with and without surgery of the upper airway. Six of the 21 cases (28.6%) were children under 10 years of age who suffered from papilloma of the larynx. Sixteen cases of the 31 cases (52%) of the unplanned intubations were due to inadequate ventilation; 13 cases (41%) due to laryngeal edema; 11 cases (36%) due to sedative agents. The other events were the result of unstable hemodynamics, severe metabolic acidosis, muscle relaxants, and intrapulmonary lesions. Eighteen cases of unplanned intubations (18/31) (58%) occurred in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, 5 cases (16%) in a ward, and 4 (13%) in the operating room. The reported contributing factors included inadequate experience, lack of supervision and the patient's condition. CONCLUSION: Major incidents of unplanned intubation occurred after bronchoscopy. Common contributing factors related to inadequate ventilation, airway obstruction, sedative agents and unstable hemodynamics. Quality assurance, additional training, and improved supervision tended to minimize the incidents.

experience of 42 cases of Bronchoscopy at Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals, Swat

The objectives of our study were to find out the frequency in terms of age and sex of the patients, type and site of foreign bodies, clinical manifestations and management with rigid ventilating bronchoscope. It was a descriptive study carried out in the department of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery at Saidu Teaching Hospital swat, and was conducted from March 2005 to March 2006. A total of 42 cases collected from March 2005 to March 2006, admitted through casualty, OPD and referred by pediatric unit. All of them subjected to bronchoscopy as an emergency as well as an elective procedure. A total of 42 cases were included in the study. In 37 cases [88.09%] foreign bodies were removed successfully, while 4 cases [9.52%] were having no foreign body, only mucous plug was removed. One patient [2.32%] died due to cardiac arrest