Identification and antimicrobial resistance of members from the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated from canaries (Serinus canaria) / Identificação e resistência antimicrobiana de membros da família Enterobacteriaceae isolados de canários (Serinus canaria)

The Enterobacteriaceae family contains potentially zoonotic bacteria, and their presence in canaries is often reported, though the current status of these in bird flocks is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the most common genera of enterobacteria from canaries (Serinus canaria) and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. From February to June of 2013, a total of 387 cloacal swab samples from eight domiciliary breeding locations of Fortaleza city, Brazil, were collected and 58 necropsies were performed in canaries, which belonged to the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies. The samples were submitted to microbiological procedure using buffered peptone water and MacConkey agar. Colonies were selected according to their morphological characteristics on selective agar and submitted for biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 61 isolates were obtained, of which 42 were from cloacal swabs and 19 from necropsies. The most isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli with twenty five strains, followed by fourteen Klebsiellaspp., twelve Enterobacterspp., seven Pantoea agglomerans, two Serratiaspp. and one Proteus mirabilis. The antimicrobial to which the strains presented most resistance was sulfonamides with 55.7%, followed by ampicillin with 54.1% and tetracycline with 39.3%. The total of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) was 34 (55.7%). In conclusion, canaries harbor members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and common strains present a high antimicrobial resistance rate, with a high frequency of MDR bacteria.

A família Enterobacteriaceae possui bactérias com potencial zoonótico e a presença destas bactérias em canários é relatada na literatura, porém a realidade dos plantéis de criadores de canários é desconhecida. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar enterobactérias de canários belga (Serinus canarius) com o intuito de conhecer os gêneros mais comuns nestas aves e suas respectivas resistências a antimicrobianos. De fevereiro a junho de 2013 foram coletadas 387 amostras de swabs cloacais de canários de oito propriedades da cidade de Fortaleza, Brasil e de 58 necropsias de aves do acervo próprio do Laboratório de Estudos Ornitológicos. As amostras foram submetidas a isolamento microbiológico utilizando-se água peptonada e ágar MacConkey. As colônias foram selecionadas de acordo com suas características morfológicas nas placas, submetidas à tipificação bioquímica para identificação e ao teste de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram isoladas 61 cepas, sendo 42 de suabes cloacais e 19 de necropsias. A bactéria mais isolada foi Escherichia coli com vinte e cinco cepas, seguida por catorze Klebsiella spp., doze Enterobacter spp., sete Pantoea agglomerans, duas Serratiaspp. e uma cepa de Proteus mirabilis. As cepas apresentaram maior resistência a sulfonamidas com 55,7%, seguidas por ampicilina com 54,1% e tetraciclina com 39,3%. Além disso, o total de cepas resistentes a múltiplas drogas (RMD) foi 34 (55,7%). Portanto, conclui-se que os canários albergam enterobactérias e que as cepas apresentam alto índice de resistência a antimicrobianos, com alta frequência de cepas RMD.

Bacterial adherence and humoral immune response in women with symptomatic and asymptomatic urinary tract infection.

PURPOSE: To determine the role of humoral immune response and bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of symptomatic and asymptomatic urinary tract infection in women. METHODS: The study population consisted of 30 women with symptomatic UTI, 30 women with asymptomatic UTI and 30 healthy women as controls. Bacterial adherence to vaginal epithelial cells was studied and the concentration of serum and urine antibodies to mixed coliform antigen and clinical isolate was determined by ELISA. Surface hydrophobicity of the urine isolates was determined. Student's unpaired t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared to asymptomatic UTI, significantly more number of bacteria adhered to the epithelial cells of women with symptomatic UTI (P< 0.001). All cases of UTI had significantly high concentration of urinary IgG antibody to mixed coliform antigens. Asymptomatic UTI cases had higher concentrations of urinary IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to clinical isolate. Concentration of sIgA level was more in symptomatic UTI. Significant correlation was observed between urinary IgG and adherence of clinical isolate in case of asymptomatic UTI. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that greater receptivity of epithelial cells to bacteria may increase the susceptibility to UTI. Humoral immune response and local immunity may modify the pathogenesis of UTI.

diagnostic role of the enterobacterial common antigen in haematobiasis associated with urinary tract infection

The enterobacterial common antigen [ECA] is a common antigenic determinant shared by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The antigen modifies erythrocytes for agglutination by ECA antibody. This property has been of great help in the diagnosis of Enterobacteria as causative pathogens of various infections. The present study comprised 62 adult patients and 14 healthy controls. All patients suffered from different stages of urinary schistosomiasis associated with urinary tract infection [UTI]. Cancer bladder was also associated in 16 of the patients. They were further categorized accorrding to the number of isolated pathogens and accordingly intensity of infection into: significant counts of > 100, 000 cfu/ml of Enterobacteria in 45 patients, insignificant counts < 100, 000 cfu/ml of Enterobacteria in 7 patients, significant Gram positive bacteruria in 8 patients and Candida albicans in 2 patients. Ten of the healthy controls bad sterile urine and 4 revealed asymptomatic bacteruria due to Enterobacteria. ECA was assayed in urine of all subjects by means of passive haemagglutination using slide and microtitration plate techniques. The ECA antigen was detected by slide test in 37.8% and in 40% by microtitration plate in cases of significant bacteruria due to Enterobacteria and in 42.8% and 57% in case of insignificant count due to Enterobacteria. ECA was not detected in urine of apparently healthy subjects nor in cases of Gram positive bacteruria or Candiduria; the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficacy of the microtitration plate test being 42.5, 100% and 71% respectively. It is concluded that ECA+ represent a virulence factor which may contribute to the pathogenesis of UTI irrespective of the bacterial count. The ECA- strains may also cause UTI in high risk patients suffering from predisposing urinary lesions

A study of the gram-negative bacterial flora in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Twenty-eight patients with active definite primary ankylosing spondylitis and fifty-four healthy control subjects were studied. The HLA-B27 antigen was found in 75% of patients and 3.7% of control. Fecal samples from these subjects were cultured for gram-negative enteric bacteria on two occasions within one month. Positive cultures for Klebsiella sp were found in 32.1% of patients and in 22.2% of healthy controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. All obther microorganisms detected were qualitatively and quantitatively similar in both groups. Significantly increased mean values of serum IgA levels were found in the patient group when compared with the control group (P<0.01). The mean serum IgG and IgM levels did not differ statistically between the two groups. There was no correlation between any laboratory or clinical parameter and presence of Klebsiella sp carriage in ankylosing spondylitis patients. These data are consistent with the view that a long time elapses between exposure to a trigger facter and clinical manifestations of the disease

Determination of anti-enterobacterial common antigen in endemic hepatosplenomegaly

In this study anti-enterobacterial common [ECA] was determined in 60 patients with endemic hepatosplenomegaly, 43 with enterica and 82 apparently control group. It was found that the ECA was significantly increased [P less than 0.001] in chronic active hepatitis, while the schistosomal affection of the liver showed no increased difference either between the control or the enteric group inspite of the presence of the collateral circulation. It is concluded that the degree of damage of the Kupffer cells is responsible for the cases of bacteraemia rather than the degree of collateral circulation

Avaliaçäo das características microbiológicas do leite tipo C e das embalagens plásticas utilizadas no envase, em uma usina de beneficiamento do Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil / Evaluation of microbiologic characteristics of type C milk and the plastic bags used for packaging, in a factory of the State of Säo Paulo, Brazil

Foram submetidas a contagem de microrganismos mesófilos, pesquisa de coliformes totais, coliformes fecais e de Staphylococcus aureus, 88 amostras de leite tipo C e 22 amostras das embalagens plásticas utilizadas no envase deste produto, colhidas em uma usina de beneficiamento localizada no Estado de Säo Paulo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que 31,8% das amostras de leite e das embalagens plásticas, situaram-se fora dos padröes microbiológicos estabelecidos pelo Regulamento de Inspeçäo Industrial e Sanitária dos Produtos de Origem Animal. Tais achados sugerem a provável existência de falhas de higienizaçäo dos equipamentos que entram em contato com o leite e/ou a manutençäo do produto em temperaturas superiores a recomendada no referido regulamento

Análise microbiológica de misturas prontas destinadas ao tempero de alimentos (tempero pronto) / Microbiological quality of ready-to-use food seasonings

Cinquenta amostras de misturas prontas destinadas ao tempero de alimentos, denominadas "Tempero pronto", a venda nos supermercados da cidade de Säo Paulo, foram submetidas a análise microbiológica para verificaçäo da presença de bactérias causadoras de toxinfecçöes alimentares e para determinaçäo dos níveis de contaminaçäo por microrganismos deteriorantes. Estes produtos säo compostos principalmente de cebola, alho, tomate, óleo, salsinha, pimentäo e diversos condimentos (sal, pimenta do reino, orégano, entre outros). Em nenhuma das amostras foi detectada a presença de Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli (como também coliformes fecais) e clostrídios sulfito-redutores. Bacillus cereus e bolores e leveduras foram detectados em 5 amostras, em níveis inferiores a 300 UFC/g. Bactérias esporulantes anaeróbias também näo foram observadas. As bactérias esporulantes anaeróbias também näo foram observadas. As bactérias aeróbias mesófilas variaram entre 10**1 e 10**5 UFC/g, as bactérias aeróbias termófilas e as bactérias esporulantes aeróbias mesófilas entre 10**1 e 10**4UFC/g

Utilizaçäo de bactérias e fungos como indicadores na avaliaçäo de fatores fisiográficos que interferem nos processos de auto-depuraçäo de um córrego sub-tropical / Utilization of bacteria and fungi as indicators in the evaluation of physiographyc factors that interfere in the self-depuration process in a subtropical stream

O estudo de autodepuraçäo de um córrego sub-tropical, córrego do Agriäo, afluente do Rio Jacaré-Pepira, S. P., que recebe afluentes de resíduos domésticos e pecuários foi efetuado utilizando-se indicadores biológicos: coliformes totais (CT) e fecais (CF), estreptococos fecais (EF), fungos aquáticos e geofungos. O período de estudo abrangeu duas estiagens e um período de chuvas. Foi observada a influência das condiçöes fisiográficas na auto-depuraçäo do curso d'água. A relaçäo CF/EF possibilitou a caracterizaçäo da origem dos despejos e constatou-se que o número de leveduras, (U.F.C./ml), foi bom indicador de poluiçäo de origem fecal, o que näo ocorreu com bolores aquáticos e terrestres

Circulaçäo de enterobactérias patogênicas em menores institucionalizados: III. Estudo sorológico

Os níveis séricos de anticorpos somáticos, a enteropatógenos bacterianos, foram determinados em 103 crianças diarréicas institucionalizadas e em 52 adultos contactantes, Escherichia coli enteropatogênica e Shigella induziram reatividade significativamente diferente de Salmonella e Escherichia coli enterotóxica. De acordo com o título adotado, as faixas de 1:40, 1:80, e 1:160, para os dois primeiros agentes, 20 a 70% dos indivíduos foram sensibilizados e 6 a 56% perderam a positividade, enquanto para Escherichia coli enterotóxica e Salmonella a reatividade foi de cerca de 2 a 43% e as perdas de 30 a 100%

Antígenos de enterobacterias y el tejido linfoide de ratas / Enterobacteriaceae antigens and lymphoid tissue of rats

Por medio de un grandiente de Ficoll-Hypaque se obtuvieron los linfocitos del bazo de 15 ratas Wistar adultas. Con estas células se procedió a preparar 15 extractos solubles en etanol al 85%, los cuales fueron ajustados posteriormente a 1.5 mg/mL y utilizados para inhibir una prueba de fijación del complemento. Para esta reación se utilizó un sistema antígeno-anticuerpo heterólogo que sólo revelaba la presencia de antígenos omunes a todas las enterobacterias. Los 15 extractos de tejido linfoide esplénico inhibieron la reación. Las unidades de complemento inhibidas fueron convertidas en microng/mL de antígenos comunes a las fracciones de enterobacterias que eran solubles en etanol. Por cada 1.5 mg/mL de extracto de linfocitos esplénicos se encontraron 10-50 microng/mL de antígenos compartidos con las enterobacterias. Los resultados están en favor de la absorción contínua de residuos lipopolisacarídicos derivados de las bacterias gramnegativas del intestino y, además, apoyan el concepto de que estas substancias se ligan a la membrana de los linfocitos y probablemente participan en la modulación de sus funciones

Antibody to the enterobacterial common antigen in normal human sera and in sera of acute pelvic inflammatory patients.

Antibody titres to Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) were assayed in 482 serum specimens from healthy adults and in 40 serum specimens from patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease by indirect haemagglutination. Normal levels of anti-ECA ranged from 1:4 to 1:256. The mean serum titre was 1:64. The titres were found to be maximal in subjects between ages 31 and 40. The serum titres of females were slightly higher than the titres of males. Significant increases in the titres of anti-ECA were found in 11 of the 17 anti-ECA positive patients who had no concomitant gonococcal infection. ECA antibodies in this study were mostly IgM. The IgG class of antibody was found in 1.1 percent.