Prise en charge des obstructions tubaires proximales par l'hydrotubation en Centrafrique

Objectifs : Évaluer la prise en charge des obstructions tubaires proximales bilatérales par l'hydrotubationMatériels et méthodes : étude transversale analytique réalisée au Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Maman Elisabeth en Centrafrique entre le 2 janvier 2015 et le 31 mars 2017. Les obstructions tubaires bilatérales proximales (OTBP) décelées à l'hystérosalpingographie ont subi une hydrotubation en vue de leur ré perméabilisation.Résultats: soixante-treize patientes avec des obstructions tubaires bilatérales proximales ont été retenues. Elles avaient un âge moyen de 32,9 ±5,9 ans avec les extrêmes de 20 à 42 ans. Après trois séances d'hydrotubation, 39 cas d'OTBP (53,4%) ont persisté à l'hystérosalpingographie de contrôle et 34 patientes (46,6%) ont présenté une perméabilité tubaire. Les trompes étaient perméables beaucoup plus chez les patientes de 20 à 29 ans que les patientes de 30 à 42 ans. Il existe un lien significatif entre l'âge et la ré perméabilisation après hydrotubation P=0,0002). Les jeunes avaient présenté un taux de ré perméabilisation tubaire significativement élevé que les moins jeunes après l'hydrotubation. Cependant il est difficile d'attribuer la perméabilité tubaire à l'efficacité de l'hydrotubation.Conclusion : En situation de ressources limitées l'hydrotubation peut contribuer à la ré perméabilisation des trompes chez des patientes présentant des obstructions proximales bilatérales surtout chez les sujets jeunes

Causes of misdiagnosis in assessing tubal patency by transvaginal real-time three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the causes of misdiagnosis in assessing tubal patency by transvaginal real-time three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy), in order to improve the diagnostic efficiency of TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy. METHODS A total of 162 oviducts of 83 infertility patients were examined by TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy. These results were compared with the gold standard for laparoscopic dye studies, and the misdiagnosed cases were analyzed. RESULTS TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy revealed that 68 oviducts were unobstructed and 94 obstructed. The results for the 144 oviducts were in line with the gold standard, while those for 18 oviducts were not. The accuracy rate of the TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy was 88.9%, and the misdiagnosis rate was 11.1%. The main causes of misdiagnosis included contrast medium countercurrent and diffusion, oviduct spasm, abnormal shape or position of the oviduct, pelvic adhesion, and poor imaging operation. CONCLUSION TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy can well-evaluate tubal patency, and understand and improve the cause of misdiagnosis. Furthermore, the diagnostic efficiency of TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy can still be further improved.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar as causas do diagnóstico equivocado na avaliação da patência tubária por meio da ultrassonografia de contraste histerosalpingo em tempo real transvaginal (TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy), a fim de melhorar a eficiência diagnóstica das TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy. MÉTODOS Um total de 162 ovidutos em 83 pacientes da infertilidade foi examinado por TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy. Esses resultados foram comparados com o padrão ouro para estudos de tintura laparoscópica, e os casos diagnosticados erroneamente foram analisados. RESULTADOS TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy revelaram que 68 ovidutos foram desobstruídos e 94 ovidutos foram obstruídos. Os resultados para os 144 ovidutos estavam em consonância com o padrão ouro, enquanto que aqueles para os 18 ovidutos, não. A taxa de acurácia do TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy foi de 88,9%, e a taxa de erro de diagnóstico foi de 11,1%. As principais causas de erro de diagnóstico incluíram contraponto e difusão do meio de contraste, espasmo do oviduto, forma ou posição anormal do oviduto, adesão pélvica e má operação de imagem. CONCLUSÃO TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy pode bem avaliar a patência tubária, e compreender e melhorar a causa do erro de diagnóstico. Além disso, a eficiência diagnóstica do TVS RT-3D-HyCoSy ainda pode ser melhorada.

Assessment of multidetector CT virtual hysterosalpingography as a reliable modality for the evaluation of female genital system abnormalities

Background: virtual hysterosalpingography is a novel, noninvasive modality that combines the capabilities of multidetector CT with the established technique of hysterosalpingography to allow a simultaneous non-invasive evaluation of the entire uterine wall, uterine cavity, cervix and Fallopian tubes. The evaluation of the para-uterine pelvic structures is considered as a great advantage of the procedure that can be an alternative diagnostic technique in the infertility workup algorithm. Virtual hysterosalpingography with the reconstruction of two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and virtual endoscopic views allows a comprehensive evaluation of the female reproductive system with a single imaging test, it gives well-appointed anatomic information and a detailed characterization of the different pathologic processes. In comparison with HSG, US and MR imaging techniques that have been used for the diagnostic work-up of female infertility; virtual hysterosalpingography provides more detailed information about abnormalities of the cervix, uterus, Fallopian tubes and other pelvic structures and it may allow a more accurate evaluation of tubal patency. However, the resultant exposure of the patient to ionizing radiation is a relative disadvantage that must be weighed against the clinical purpose

Aim of the work: this study aimed to evaluate the role of virtual CT hysterosalpingography as a new noninvasive modality for the assessment of the uterus and the Fallopian tubes abnormalities

Conclusion: VHSG has the ability to integrate most of the advantages of the diagnostic studies methods in the diagnosis and evaluation of the infertile female. Whether it should completely replace the use of standard conventional HSG among the infertile females, or be used as a back up to HSG and indicated when questionable or abnormal findings are encountered

Rendimiento diagnóstico de la histerosalpingografía por resonancia magnética: resultados iniciales / Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance hysterosalpingography: initial results Abstract

Objetivo: Determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la histerosalpingografía por resonancia magnética (HSG-RM), utilizando la laparoscopia como método de referencia. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 22 pacientes. A todas se les realizó una HSG-RM con un resonador 1.5 Tesla y luego una laparoscopia con cromotubación. Dos radiólogos examinaron las RM, determinando la permeabilidad tubaria por consenso. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de rendimiento diagnóstico. Resultados: La HSG-RM tuvo una tasa de éxito del 91%. La duración del estudio fue 49ą15 minutos, el volumen inyectado 26 ą 16 cm³ y la escala de dolor 30ą 19 de 100. La sensibilidad y especificidad de la HSG-RM fueron del 100% para la prueba de Cotte global y a la izquierda, y del 25% y 93,3% para la prueba de Cotte a la derecha, respectivamente. Hubo 2 complicaciones menores y ninguna importante. Discusión: Nuestros resultados iniciales demostraron una alta sensibilidad y especificidad. Si bien otros estudios analizaron la capacidad de la HSG-RM para evaluar la permeabilidad tubaria con buenos resultados, el uso de un patrón de referencia defectuoso dejaba margen para una duda razonable, impidiendo una recomendación basada en pruebas sólidas. Sin embargo, al cotejar nuestros resultados con los publicados, observamos un alto grado de concordancia en tanto el derrame positivo se diagnostica correctamente con una especificidad de 100% o con un porcentaje cercano a esta cifra. Conclusión: La HSG-MR es una alternativa factible y segura de la HSG convencional o virtual, la histerosonografía y la cromotubación.

Objective: To determine the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance hysterosalpingography (MRHSG) using laparoscopic chromotubation as a method of reference. Materials and methods: Twenty-two patients were included. The MRHSG was performed in a 1.5 Tesla MR scanner. Afterwards, patients underwent laparoscopic chromotubation. MR images were examined by two trained radiologists, and tubal patency was determined by consensus. A descriptive analysis was carried out, as well as an analysis of the diagnostic performance. Results: MRHSG had a 91% success rate. Exam duration of the examination was 49ą15min, with an injected volume 26ą 16cc, and pain scale 30ą 19 out of 100. Sensitivity and specificity of MRHSG was 100% for global and left Cotte, and 25% and 93.3% for right Cotte, respectively. Only 2 minor and no major complications were observed. Discussion: The initial results of MRHSG have shown high sensitivity and specificity. Even though other studies have analysed the potential of MRHSG with good results, the use of a flawed reference standard left a margin for a reasonable doubt as regards its true potential, thus preventing a solid evidence based recommendation. Nevertheless, if our results are compared to those published, a high level of agreement is observed in that positive spillage is correctly diagnosed with specificities near or at 100%. Conclusion: MRHSG is a feasible and safe alternative to conventional or virtual HSG, ultrasound-hysterography and chromotubation.

Evaluación del canal cervical mediante histerosalpingografía virtual y su comparación con la prueba de transferencia embrionaria / Cervical Evaluation by Virtual Hysterosalpingography and its Comparison with the Embryo Transfer Test

Objetivo: Comparar la prueba del catéter cervical con la histerosalpingografía virtual (HSGV) en la evaluación del cuello uterino antes de la transferencia embrionaria. Material y métodos: Fueron evaluadas 100 pacientes con antecedentes de infertilidad. El día del examen, un ginecólogo realizó la prueba del canal cervical con un catéter de Wallace. Luego se realizó una HSGV con un tomógrafo de 256 cortes. Las imágenes fueron evaluadas por un radiólogo, y se determinaron la permeabilidad del cuello uterino, el ángulo cérvico-uterino y la presencia de patología cervical. Resultados: Se observó una buena correlación (r=0,92) en la evaluación de la permeabilidad del cuello uterino entre ambos métodos. En el 35 % de las pacientes la prueba del catéter cervical no fue exitosa, y la HSGV detectó pólipos, sinequias y trayectos sinuosos del canal cervical; mientras que en 23 pacientes el cuello uterino fue normal, pero el ángulo cérvico-uterino fue < 90°. Conclusiones: Hubo una buena correlación entre la HSGV y la prueba de catéter cervical en la evaluación de la permeabilidad del cuello uterino. La HSGV proporciona, además, información anatómica útil para identificar la causa probable del fracaso de la transferencia de embriones.

Objective: To compare cervical catheter test and virtual HSG in the evaluation of cervix before embryo transfer. Methods: We evaluated 100 patients with history of infertility. On the day of examination, a gynaecologist performed a cervical test with a Wallace catheter. Then, patients underwent Virtual HSG performed with a 256-slice CT scanner. CT images were evaluated by a radiologist, and the cervical patency, utero-cervical angle and the presence of cervical pathology were determined. Results: There was a good correlation (r=0,92) in cervical patency evaluation between both methods. Unsuccessful cervical catheter test was observed in 35% of patients. In these patients, Virtual HSG detected polyps, adhesions and sinuous cervical canal, while cervix was normal in 23 patients, but the utero-cervical angle was < 90°. Conclusions: There was a good correlation between HSG findings and the cervical catheter test in the evaluation of cervical patency. Moreover virtual HSG provides anatomic information useful to identify the probable causes of failure of embryo transfers.

Laparoscopic tube-preserving surgical procedures for ectopic tubal pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience with laparoscopic tube-preserving surgery for ectopic tubal pregnancy and evaluate its feasibility and efficacy. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 57 consecutive patients with ectopic tubal pregnancies undergoing laparoscopic tube-preserving procedures including salpingotomy, salpingostomy, segmental resection and reanastomosis, and fimbrial milking. The outcome measures were treatment success rates and homolateral patency rates. RESULTS: Of the 57 surgical procedures, 55 (96.4%) were performed successfully without any additional intervention. The number of patients receiving salpingotomy, salpingostomy, segmental resection and reanastomosis, and fimbrial milking were 24 (42.1%), 25 (43.9%), 4 (7.0%), and 2 (3.5%), respectively. Two case was switched to salpingectomy because excessive bipolar coagulation was required to obtain hemostasis at the tubal bleeding bed. Over a mean β-human chorionic gonadotropin resolution time of 18.3±5.9 days, no persistent trophoblast or postoperative complications occurred. A tubal patency test using hysterosalpingography was performed in 15 cases at 3 months postoperatively. Among these, the homolateral tubal patency rate was 75% (11 of 15) and the contralateral patency rate was 80% (12 of 15). CONCLUSION: Tube-preserving surgery is a feasible and safe treatment option for ectopic tubal pregnancy. However, considering that the optimal goal of tube-preserving surgical procedures is not the treatment success, some caution is warranted in interpreting results of this study.

Cromotubación histeroscópica: técnica alternativa para la evaluación de la permeabilidad tubárica y la cavidad uterina en un solo paso / Hysteroscopic chromotubation: an alternative technique for the evaluation of tubal patency and uterine cavity in a single step

La evaluación de la permeabilidad tubárica es un paso esencial en el estudio de la infertilidad femenina. Existen varios métodos que permiten realizar esta evaluación. La histerosalpingografía (HSG) se ha considerado el método estándar, sin embargo es conocida su limitación en la evaluación de la obstrucción proximal con alta tasa de falsos positivos. Presentamos una técnica alternativa para la evaluación por medio de cromotubación histeroscópica, que tiene entre otras, la ventaja de permitir la evaluacion del factor uterino y tubárico en un solo paso y además, supera la dificultad de los falsos positivos de la HSG, en cuanto a la obstrucción proximal.

The evaluation of tubal patency is an essential step in the study of female infertility. There are several methods to perform this evaluation. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) has been considered the standard method, however it is known to limitations in the assessment of proximal obstruction with high false positive rate. We present an alternative technique for evaluation by hysteroscopic chromo tubation, which has among others, the advantage of allowing the evaluation of uterine and tubal factor in one step and also overcomes the difficulty of false-positive HSG, as to the proximal obstruction.

Evaluation of Tubal Patency with Transvaginal Three-dimensional Hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate diagnostic efficacy of transvaginal three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (3D-HyCoSy) in assessing tubal patency with chromolaporoscopy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 157 infertile women underwent 3D-HyCoSy to evaluate tubal patency. Among these patients, 39 patients were also examined by chromolaporoscopy. The concordance of the two clinical assessment methods was analyzed by the Kappa coefficient test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 306 oviducts examined by 3D-HyCoSy, 99 (32.4%) were patent, 126 (41.2%) partially obstructed, and 81 (26.5%) completely obstructed. Diagnostic results with 3D-HyCoSy were not statistically different from those obtained in the 39 women (78 oviducts) who also underwent chromolaporoscopy, and the two methods showed a high concordance (k=0.747, P=0.000). The 3D-HyCoSy procedure had a sensitivity of 84.8% (28/33), a specificity of 96.2% (25/26), and positive and negative predictive values of 93.3% (28/30) and 86.2% (25/29) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Transvaginal 3D-HyCoSy can accurately reveal the spatial path and morphology of the oviduct and is a safe and effective method to evaluate tubal patency.</p>

Portal vein embolization using an adapted hysterosalpingography catheter / Embolização portal utilizando cateter adaptado de histerossalpingografia

BACKGROUND: Portal vein embolization is an accepted procedure that provides hypertrophy of the future remnant liver in order to reduce post-hepatectomy complications. AIM: To present a series submitted to portal vein embolization using an adapted hysterosalpingography catheter via transileocolic route. METHODS: Were performed right portal branch embolization in 19 patients using hysterosalpingography catheter. For embolizing the vessel, was used Gelfoam(r) powder with absolute alcohol solution. Indications for hepatectomy were colorectal liver metastases in all cases. RESULTS: An adequate growth of the future remnant liver was achieved in 15 patients (78.9%) and second time hepatectomy could be done in 14 (73.7%). In one patient (5.2%), tumor progression prevented surgery. One patient presented acute renal failure after portal embolization. CONCLUSIONS: The hysterosalpingography catheter is easy to handle and can be introduced into the portal vein with a wire guide. There were no major post-embolization complication. Its use is safe, cheap and effective. .

RACIONAL: Embolização da veia porta é procedimento consagrado para estimular a hipertrofia do fígado remanescente, a fim de reduzir as complicações pós-hepatectomia. OBJETIVO: Apresentar série de casos submetidos à embolização da veia porta usando cateter adaptado de histerossalpingografia, por via transileocólica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada embolização do ramo portal direito em 19 pacientes utilizando cateter de histerossalpingografia. Foi usado Gelfoam(r) em pó com solução de álcool absoluto, como material embolizante. As indicações para hepatectomia foram metástases hepáticas colorretais em todos os casos. RESULTADOS: Hipertrofia adequada do fígado remanescente foi alcançada em 15 pacientes (78,9%) e a hepatectomia foi realizada em 14 (73,7 %). Em um (5,2 %), a progressão do tumor impediu a realização da operação. Um paciente apresentou insuficiência renal aguda após embolização portal. CONCLUSÕES: O cateter de histerossalpingografia é fácil de ser manuseado e pode ser introduzido na veia porta com um fio guia. Não houve complicação grave pós-embolização. Seu uso é seguro, barato e eficaz. .

Pratique de l'hysterosalpingographie a l'hopital regional de Ngaoundere

OBJECTIFS:Decrire la pratique et les resultats de l'HSG dans le Service d'Imagerie Medicale de l'Hopital regional de N'Gaoundere.MeTHODES: Il s'agit d'une etude transversale descriptive. Les donnees ont ete collectees de janvier a decembre 2012 au travers d'un questionnaire. Les 120 hysterosalpingographies effectuees durant la periode d'etude ont ete incluses. Elles representaient 72;8 des examens radiologiques specialises et 3 de toutes les radiographies. L'age moyen des patientes etait de 33 ans. Les patientes avec une gestite de 0 a 1 representaient 80;5 et celles avec une parite de 0 a 1 representaient 90. Les antecedents etaient domines par les infections genitales (75); puis les avortements spontanes (10) et les avortements provoques (8). ReSULTATS L'indication principale de l'HSG etait l'infertilite (67;50); suivie du bilan tubaire apres myomectomie (16;90); des avortements a repetition (5;83); de la pelvialgie chronique (5) et des metrorragies (5). Le produit de contraste utilise etait iode hydrosoluble; et le volume moyen administre etait de 22 ml. En moyenne; six cliches ont ete realises par patiente. Dans 65;83 aucun effet indesirable n'a ete observe. Les effets indesirables observes etaient la douleur (26;3); l'hemorragie (5;30) et le malaise vagal (2;6). 89;47 des HSG avaient une lesion. Les pathologies observees etaient les obstructions tubaires (36; 66); les malformations uterines (12;5); les hydrosalpinx (8;35); les suspicions de myome (6;70); les beances du col (5;83); les synechies uterines (5;83) et les adherences peritoneales (5;83). CONCLUSION L'HSG est l'examen radiologique specialise le plus pratique dans le bilan de l'infertilite feminine a Ngaoundere. Ses resultats sont comparables aux autres series africaines. La douleur est le principal effet indesirable

Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: part I. fallopian tube

Female genital tuberculosis [TB] remains as a major cause of tubal obstruction leading to infertility, especially in developing countries. The global prevalence of genital tuberculosis has increased during the past two decades due to increasing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]. Genital TB is commonly asymptomatic, and it is diagnosed during infertility investigations. Despite of recent advances in imaging tools, such as computerized tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and ultrasongraphy, hysterosalpingography is still the standard screening test for evaluation of tubal infertility and a valuable tool for diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. Tuberculosis gives rise to various appearances on hysterosalpingography [HSG] from non-specific changes to specific findings. The present pictorial review illustrates and describes specific and non-specific radiographic features of female genital tuberculosis in two parts. Part I presents specific findings of tuberculosis related to tubes such as "beaded tube", "golf club tube", "pipestem tube", "cobble stone tube" and "leopard skin tube". Part II describes adverse effects of tuberculosis on structure of endometrium and radiological specific findings such as "dwarfed" uterus with lymphatic intravasation and occluded tubes, "T-shaped" tuberculosis uterus, "pseudounicornuate" uterus and "Collar-stud abscess", which have not been encountered in the majority of non-tuberculosis cases

Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: part II: uterus

Female genital tuberculosis remains as a major cause of tubal obstruction leading to infertility, especially in developing countries. The global prevalence of genital tuberculosis has increased during the past two decades due to increasing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Genital tuberculosis [TB] is commonly asymptomatic and it is diagnosed during infertility investigations. Despite of recent advances in imaging tools such as computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and ultrasongraphy, hysterosalpingography has been considered as the standard screening test for evaluation of tubal infertility and as a valuable tool for diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. Tuberculosis gives rise to various appearances on hysterosalpingography [HSG] from non-specific changes to specific findings. The present pictorial review illustrates and describes specific and non-specific radiographic features of female genital tuberculosis in two parts. Part I presents specific findings of tuberculosis related to tubes such as "beaded tube", "golf club tube", "pipestem tube", "cobble stone tube" and the "leopard skin tube". Part II will describe adverse effects of tuberculosis on structure of endometrium and radiological specific findings, such as "T-shaped" tuberculosis uterus, "pseudo-unicornuate "uterus, "collar-stud abscess" and "dwarfed" uterus with lymphatic intravasation and occluded tubes which have not been encountered in the majority of non-tuberculosis cases

Propedêutica básica da infertilidade conjugal / Basic propedeutics of conjugal infertility

A infertilidade é um problema que afeta cerca de 10%-20% da população, com incidência variável em todo o mundo. A avaliação do casal infértil é geralmente indicada depois de um ano, tempo em que a maioria dos casais normais teria sido bem sucedida na tentativa de concepção. Algumas investigações são controversas, e, na presença de múltiplos métodos, o custo, a segurança e a conveniência deveriam ajudar a decidir o mais apropriado.

Infertility is a problem affecting approximately 10%-20% of the population with variable incidences across the world. Evaluation of a couple is generally indicated after one year, by which time most normal couples attemptiong conception would have been successful. Some of the investigations are controversial and in the presence of multiple methods of investigating one aspect, the cost, safety, convenience and evidence-base should help in deciding on the appropriate method.

Infertilidad: histeroscopia versus ultrasonografía transvaginal e histerosalpingografía / Infertility: hysteroscopy versus ultrasonography transvaginal and hysterosalpingography

Objetivo: Comparar la histeroscopia con el ultrasonido transvaginal y la histerosalpingografía para el estudio de la cavidad uterina en la paciente infértil. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo descriptivo, comparativo de las pacientes de la Unidad de Fertilidad del Servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas entre marzo y noviembre de 2011. Resultados: Se evaluaron 33 pacientes con diagnóstico de infertilidad primaria y secundaria. La histeroscopia mostró alteraciones en 66,6 % predominando la sinequia uterina y el pólipo endometrial. La histerosalpingografía reportó una sensibilidad de 40,9 % y una especificidad de 81,8 % en comparación con la histeroscopia, con un valor predictivo positivo de 81,8 % y un valor predictivo negativo de 40,9.%. La tasa de concordancia entre los dos procedimientos fue de 50,4 %. El ultrasonido transvaginal reportó una sensibilidad de 45,5 % y una especificidad de 90,9 % en comparación con la histeroscopia, la concordancia entre estos dos procedimientos fue de 60,65 %. No hubo complicaciones durante la histeroscopia. Conclusiones: Consideramos que el ultrasonido transvaginal, la histerosalpingografía y la histeroscopia son complementarios en la evaluación de la paciente infértil, pero en vista de la baja tasa de sensibilidad y concordancia de los dos primeros, consideramos que la histeroscopia debe incluirse de rutina en el estudio de la pareja infértil.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the hysteroscopy, transvaginal ultrasound and hysterosalpingography in the study of uterine cavity in infertile patients. Methods: Descriptive, comparative study of patients from the Fertility Unit of Gynecology Service of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas between March and November 2011. Results: We evaluated 33 patients with primary and secundary infertility. Abnormal hysteroscopic findings were observed in 66, 6 %, in wich intrauterine adhesions and endometrial polyp were the most common findings. Hysterosalpingography reported a sensitivity of 40.9 % and specificity of 81.8 % compared with hysteroscopy, with a positive predictive value of 81.8 % and a negative predictive value of 40.9 %. Overall agreement between these two procedures was 50.4 %. Transvaginal ultrasound reported a sensitivity of 45.5 % and specificity of 90.9 % compared with hysteroscopy, with a positive predictive value of 90.9 % and negative predictive value of 45.5 %. Overall agreement between between these two procedures was 60.65 %. There were no complications during hysteroscopy. Conclusions: We believe that transvaginal ultrasound, hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy are complementary in the evaluation of the infertile patient but given the low rate of sensitivity and consistency of the first two, we believe that routine hysteroscopy should be included in the study of the infertile couple.

Infertilidad tubárica e infección genital por Chlamydia trachomatis-Ureaplasma urealyticum / Genital infection and tubal infertility by Chlamydia tra-chomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum

Objetivo: establecer la asociación entre la infertilidad tubarica y la infección cervical por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) o Ureaplasma urealiticum (UU), en mujeres infértiles. Métodos: investigación comparativa y aplicada, con diseño de tipo no experimental, de casos y controles, contemporáneo transeccional y de campo, que incluyó 60 mujeres, separadas en dos grupos pareados de acuerdo si eran infértiles (casos) o fértiles (controles), a las cuales se les tomó una muestra de hisopado endocervical para el diagnóstico molecular de CT o UU y se les realizó una histerosalpingografía para evaluar la permeabilidad de las trompas uterinas. Resultados: se detectó una prevalencia en mujeres infértiles y fértiles de infección por CT o UU del 18 por ciento y 35 por ciento, respectivamente; siendo mayor entre las mujeres infértiles, diferencia significativa solo para UU (p<0,05). Se detectó una mayor permeabilidad tubárica en las pacientes fértiles que en las infértiles (80 por ciento vs. 40 por ciento), siendo el compromiso tubárico mayor en las pacientes infértiles (p<0,05). Al asociar el diagnóstico de CT o UU con los resultados de la histerosalpingografía se constató que la detección de uno de estos microorganismos aumentaba casi 3 o 5 veces más la probabilidad de presentar obstrucción tubárica, respectivamente, diferencias no significativas (p>0,05). Conclusión: una gran parte de las mujeres infértiles presentan infección por CT o UU, patógenos de transmisión sexual que pudiesen tener responsabilidad en el daño tubárico.

Objective: to establish the association between tubal infertility and cervical infection by Chlamydia tra-chomatis (CT) or Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) in infertile women. Methods: a comparative, and applied research with a non-experimental, case-control, contemporary-transactional and field design, including 60 women, separated into two groups matched according whether they were infertile (cases) or fertile (controls), in which was took a sample of endocervical swabs for molecular diagnosis of cT or UU and underwent hysterosalpingography to assess the permeability of the fallopian tubes. Results: it was detected in infertile and fertile women a prevalence of CT or UU infection of 18 percent and 35 percent, respectively; being higher detection among infertile women, although this difference was significant only for UU (p <0.05). Also detected more tubal permeability in fertile patients that in infertile (80 percent vs. 40 percent), being higher in engagement tubal in infertility patients (p<0.05). By associating the diagnosis of both CT and UU with hysterosalpingography'sresults found that the diagnosis of one of these microorganisms increased almost 3 to 5 times more likely to have obstruction of the fallopian tubes, respectively; although this higher risk doesn't showed significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: a large proportion of infertile women have CT or UU infection, sexually transmitted pathogens that might have tubal damage liability.

Hallazgos radiológicos en la histerosalpingografía en mujeres con diagnóstico de infertilidad primaria en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza / Radiological findings in the hysterosalpingography in women with diagnosis of primary infertility in the National Hospital Arzobispo Loayza

Objetivos: Determinar cuáles son los principales hallazgos radiológicos de la histerosalpingografía en mujeres con diagnóstico de infertilidad primaria que acuden al servicio de radiología del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza de Enero a Diciembre de 2010. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal. Se revisaron 114 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de infertilidad primaria a las cuales se les realizó histerosalpingografía; en el periodo que correspondió al estudio. Resultados: la media de la edad de las pacientes fue de 36.09+/-6.02 años. La mayoría de pacientes tenían edades que fluctuaban entre los 30 y 39 años en el 68.4 por ciento. El 91.2 por ciento tenían un tiempo de convivencia mayor de un año. La molestia ginecológica más frecuente fue la dismenorrea en el 25.4 por ciento. El 21.1 por ciento de las pacientes tuvieron el antecedente de cirugía. El tiempo transcurrido desde el diagnóstico de infertilidad fue de más de un año en el 71.9 por ciento de las pacientes. El 75 por ciento de las histerosalpingografías fueron anormales. Conclusiones: El 75.4 por ciento de las histerosalpingografías fueron anormales. El 5.3 por ciento de las pacientes tuvieron hallazgos anormales en el canal cervical; siendo estos la presencia de bordes irregulares (1.8 por ciento); reflujo con diámetro transverso amplio (1.8 por ciento); e imagen por defecto (1.8 por ciento). El 64.9 por ciento de las pacientes tuvieron hallazgos anormales en las trompas uterinas; siendo los más frecuentes el hallazgo de trompa uterina aglutinada unilateral (14 por ciento); seguida de dilatación tubaria unilateral (8.8 por ciento). El 52.6 por ciento de las pacientes tuvieron hallazgos anormales en cavidad uterina; siendo los más frecuentes el hallazgo de bordes irregulares (17.5 por ciento); seguida de aumento de tamaño (15.8 por ciento) y defectos de relleno (14 por ciento).

Predictive factors influencing pregnancy rates after intrauterine insemination

So far, many studies investigated factors that affect pregnancy rates after intrauterine insemination [IUI]. Various investigators have not agreed on the nature and ranking of these criteria. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive factors for pregnancy rate after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation [COH]/ IUI. Retrospective study of all patients undergoing IUI at Zeynep Kamil Gynecologic and Pediatric Training and Research Hospital from January 2006 to December 2009. In total 980 IUI cycles in 569 couples were analyzed. All women in the study underwent ovarian stimulation using gonadotropin and IUI was performed 36 h after triggering ovulation. The primary outcome measure was clinical pregnancy rates. Predictive factors evaluated were female age, body mass index [BMI], duration of infertility, type of infertility, follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] level and estradiol [E[2]] on third day of the cycle, number of preovulatory follicles, endometrial thichness, total motil sperm [TMS] count, and ratio of progressive motile sperm. The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 4.7%. Among the predictive factors after multivariate logistic regression analysis level of BMI [<25 kg/m[2]], number of preovulatory follicles [> =2], level of FSH [<9.4 IU/L], level of E2 [<80 pg/ml] and the ratio of progressive motile sperm [>50%] significantly influenced the clinical pregnancy rate. Level of BMI, FSH, estradiol, number of preovulatory follicles and the ratio of progressive motile sperm may determine IUI procedure as optimum treatment model

Prevalence of tubal obstruction in the hysterosalpingogram of women with primary and secondary infertility

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fallopian tube of women with infertility and to observe whether there are any significant differences in the Hysterosalpingogram findings with regard to prevalence of tubal block in women with primary and secondary infertility. A retrospective study of unilateral and bilateral tubal obstruction in Hysterosalpingogram of women with primary and secondary infertility was carried out. The frequencies of tubal obstruction were about 19% in women with primary infertility and 29% in secondary infertility. Chlamydia antigen positivity rate was similar in both groups. Ectopic pregnancy [p<0.01] and previous pelvic surgery [p<0.001] were higher in women with secondary infertility. Tubal obstruction is a cause of female infertility according to this study. Bilateral tubal obstruction was similar in primary and secondary infertility groups and previous pelvic surgery may be the cause of tubal obstruction in the secondary infertility group

Útero didelfo y asociación con agenesia renal: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Uterus didelphys and association with renal agenesis: case report and literature review

Las malformaciones uterinas son hallazgos inusuales en la práctica diaria ginecológica. El útero didelfo corresponde a la clase III o Trastornos de la Fusión Lateral de los Conductos de Müller, según la clasificación de las Anomalías Uterovaginales de la American Fertility Society, con una prevalencia del 5%. Se presenta un caso de útero didelfo con revisión bibliográfica. Caso reportado: paciente monorrea, que consulta por dificultad para quedar embarazada. Se realiza una histerosalpingografía con doble canulación e inyección del contraste iodado en forma simultánea. Se observó un útero de aspecto didelfo (dos cuernos independientes) con Cotte positivo del lado izquierdo. Al finalizar la histerosalpingografía se realizan ecografía ginecológica transabdominal con vejiga vacía y ecografía transvaginal confirmando el diagnóstico. Conclusión: resulta imprescindible realizar un barrido amplio con la sonda transvaginal ya que esta entidad al no presentar comunicación entre las cavidades, puede ser subdiagnosticada al no existir sospecha de la misma.