Xuezhikang alleviates lipid accumulation via AMPK activation in hepatocellular steatosis model

Abstract Xuezhikang (XZK) is an extract of Chinese red yeast rice. It has multiple protective effects in cardiovascular systems. However, the underlying mechanism by which XZK affects free fatty acid (FFA)-induced lipogenesis in hepatocellular steatosis model is still unknown. Herein, we investigated this mechanism in HepG2 cells. The HepG2 cells were treated with palmitate acid (PA) to induce lipogenesis. Then the PA-induced HepG2 cells were subsequently treated with XZK. After 24 h of treatment, we determined the intracellular triglyceride (TG) contents and average areas of lipid droplets. To study the involvement of AMPK signaling pathway, we pre-treated the PA-induced HepG2 cells with Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, before XZK treatment. Expressions of p-AMPK and AMPK were determined by Western blot. The results showed that XZK decreased TG content and lipid accumulation in hepatocellular steatosis model. Compound C abolished the effects of XZK. These results demonstrated for the first time that XZK protects hepatocytes against lipid accumulation induced by free fatty acids. Its effects may be mediated by the activation of AMPK pathway.

Influence of lipids and proteins amounts and pH values on the inhibitory effects of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium

Origanum vulgare L. (OVEO) essential oil has been considered a candidate antimicrobial for use in food conservation systems. However, studies on the influence of concomitant variations of different food components or physicochemical parameters on the antibacterial properties of OVEO are scarce. This study assessed the influence of concomitant variations in amounts of proteins - PTN (4.0, 6.0 or 8.0 g/100 mL) and lipids - LIP (3.75, 5.0 or 6.25 g/100 mL) and pH values (5.0, 5.5 or 6.0) in cultivation medium on the inhibitory effects of OVEO against Escherichia coli (EC) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Lowest minimum inhibitory concentration values of OVEO against EC and ST were observed in media with the highest LIP amounts regardless the PTN amount and pH value. In absorbance based microtiter plate assay (MPA), for both EC and ST, OVEO caused the lowest Grmax values in medium containing the highest LIP and PTN amounts and lowest pH value. Highest Grmax values for EC and ST were observed in medium containing the lowest LIP and PTN amount and highest pH value. Grmax values estimated from viable counts of EC and ST in tested media with OVEO confirmed bacterial growth behavior similar to that observed in MPA. Overall, the LIP amount in media was as the most influential factor to enhance the antibacterial effects of OVEO. These results indicate that the concomitant influence of LIP and PTN amounts and pH values on the antibacterial effects of OVEO should be considered for optimizing its antimicrobial efficacy in foods.

Lipid-rich fraction of the sclerotium of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerotis (Agaricomycetes) attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells via Nrf2 pathway

Lignosus rhinocerotis (tiger milk mushroom) is widely used by the indigenous people of Malaysia as a traditional remedy. The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of L. rhinocerotis extract on brain microglial cells (BV2). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) scavenging assays, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The FRAP, DPPH and ABTS•+ scavenging capacities of the TE3 fraction were 420.77 mg FE/g, 58.01%, and 7%, respectively. The cytotoxic activity was determined by MTS assay. The in vitro model of anti-neuroinflammatory property was evaluated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. The TE3 fraction showed a significant NO reduction at 1 to 100 µg/mL. The TE3 fraction down-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) genes while it upregulated heme oxygenase (HO-1) and NADPH quinone acceptor oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) genes. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription was also activated. The chemical component of the active fraction (TE3) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Overall, the BV2 in vitro model anti-neuroinflammatory activity of L. rhinocerotis may be caused by the lipid constituents identified in the fraction

Estado actual de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población general en Guatemala / Current status of cardiovascular risk factors in the general population in Guatemala

La globalización ha traído consigo, la transición epidemiológica de las enfermedades infecto contagiosas ycarenciales como protagonistas, en el final del siglo XX, hacia la enfermedad cardiovascular como la principalcausa de mortalidad, entre las enfermedades no notificables. En la primera década de los siglo XXI, inició elinterés de los investigadores nacionales, por conocer la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascularen Guatemala, actualmente sabemos que la prevalencia de Hipertensión en población general ronda el 13%sin embargo la prevalencia de la misma en >40 años se encuentra alrededor del 30% y se incrementa con laedad, además la población urbana tiene un mayor riesgo de padecerla y el promedio de presión en estegrupo es 3 mmHg mayor que la encontrada en área rural.

Globalization has brought, the epidemiological transition from infectious and deficiency diseases asprotagonists, in the late twentieth century to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death to noncommunicable diseases. In the first decade of the XXI century initiated the interest of national researchers, toknow the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Guatemala, now we know that the prevalence ofhypertension in the general population is about 13% but the prevalence of it in >40 years old is around 30%and increases with age, the urban population also has a higher risk of suffering and the average pressure inthis group is 3 mmHg higher than that found in rural areas.

Síndrome hemofagocítico secundario: reporte de 5 casos / Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome: report of 5 cases

Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome (HFS) is an uncommon entity with a high mortality rate in adults, if no therapy is given. It is characterized by a severehipercytokinemia due to a highly stimulated but ineffective immune system. Theprincipal causes are infections, malignancy or autoimmune diseases. It appears asa serious illness, similar to a multiorgan failure. Treatment is not well defined. Wereport five patients with HFS, aged 17 to 51 years (three females). The etiology wasonco-hematological in three patients. In two patients, the diagnosis was performedduring necropsy. One case was due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a hepatictransplant patient and the other, due to parenteral lipid administration. All presentedfever, cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly and hemophagocytosis. Four of them requiredadmission in an Intensive Care Unit. All received different treatment modalities. Onlyone survived. Median survival time was 75 days. In conclusion, HFS has differentetiologies and a high mortality in adults.

Associação entre consumo de alimentos embutidos e obesidade em um estudo de base populacional de nipo-brasileiros / Association of processed meat intake and obesity in a population-based study of Japanese-Brazilians

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre consumo de alimentos embutidos e obesidade generalizada, abdominal e generalizada com abdominal em nipo-brasileiros de Bauru, SP. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Quatrocentos e quarenta e três mulheres e 329 homens nipo-brasileiros não miscigenados (≥ 30 anos) foram avaliados em estudo transversal de base populacional. Para o diagnóstico de obesidade, foram empregados os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde para asiáticos. A ingestão de alimentos foi avaliada por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar validado. A ingestão foi estratificada em terços para análise. RESULTADOS: Nos homens, a ingestão de colesterol e alimentos embutidos mostrou-se positivamente associada à obesidade generalizada com abdominal quando o primeiro terço de ingestão foi comparado ao último, após ajustes (OR 2,97; IC95% 1,13-7,78). Em mulheres, somente o grupo das carnes vermelhas associou-se à obesidade geral com abdominal após ajustes (OR 0,47; IC95% 0,23-0,96). CONCLUSÃO: Ingestão elevada de alimentos embutidos associou-se à obesidade generalizada com adiposidade abdominal em homens nipo-brasileiros, mas não em mulheres.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the consumption of processed meat with overall, abdominal, and overall with abdominal obesity in a Japanese-Brazilian population, which is known to be at cardiometabolic risk. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 329 men and 443 women aged ≥ 30 years were evaluated in a cross-sectional population-based survey. Diagnosis of overall obesity and abdominal obesity were based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for Asians. Food intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionaire. RESULTS: In men, processed meat intake was positively associated with overall with abdominal obesity (OR 2.97; 95%CI 1.13-7.78) after adjustment. In women, only the red meat group was associated with overall with abdominal obesity after adjustment (OR 0.47, 95%CI 0.23-0.96). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that high intakes of processed meats were associated with overall with abdominal obesity in male Japanese-Brazilians, but not in females.

Efeito da relação de calorias glicídicas/lipídicas da dieta sobre o balanço nitrogenado e composição corpórea de praticantes de musculação em treinamento / Effect of the dietary glycid/lipid calorie ratio on the nitrogen balance and body composition of bodybuilders

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the carbohydrate/fat ratio on body composition, body weight, muscle mass and nitrogen retention in young bodybuilders. This was a prospective, randomized cross-over study with eleven voluntary males undergoing bodybuilding training. The volunteers were randomly divided in two groups; one receiving a dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio of 4.0 (D1) and the other one receiving a dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio of 8.0 (D2); both groups receiving a high-protein diet (1.5g protein/kg/d). Muscle mass, fat mass, nitrogen retention and biochemical analyses were assessed. Both diets promoted weight and fat mass gain and positive nitrogen retention. However, D2 showed a higher muscle mass gain. Thus,the higher carbohydrate/fat ratio resulted in a greater muscle mass gain.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los efectos dedos dietas isoproteicas e isocalóricas, con diversas proporciones de carbohidratos y lípidos, sobre la composición corporal y retención de nitrógeno en jóvenes practicantes de entrenamiento de fuerza. El estudio fue prospectivo, randomizado cruzado, con 11 culturistas jóvenes del sexo masculino. Fueron formados dos grupos diferenciados por recibir relación calorías glúcidos/lípidos de valor 4,0 (D1) o 8,0 (D2), ambos con dieta hiperproteica (1,5g/kg/d). Se evaluaron masa muscular, masa gorda, retención de nitrógeno y análisis bioquímico. Ambas dietas promovieron aumento de peso y de masa adiposa y el balance nitrogenado positivo, sin embargo, la dieta D2 provocó mayor aumento de masa muscular. Se concluye que la mayor relación calórica glúcidos/lípidos promovió un mayor aumento de masa muscular.

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os efeitos de duas dietas isoproteica-isocalóricas diversificadas na proporção carboidratose lipídios sobre a composição corporal e retenção nitrogenada de jovens praticantes de treinamento de força. O estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado cruzado, com 11 culturistas jovens do sexo masculino. Foram formados dois grupos diferenciados por receberem relação calorias glicídicas/lipídicas de valor 4,0 (D1) ou 8,0 (D2), ambos com dieta hiperproteica (1,5g/kg/d). Massa muscular, massa gorda, retenção nitrogenada e análise bioquímica foram avaliadas. Ambas as dietas promoveram ganho de peso e massa adiposa e positivação do balanço nitrogenado, no entanto, a dieta D2 resultou em maior ganho de massa muscular. Conclui-se que a maior relação calórica glicídica/lipídica promoveu maior ganho de massa muscular.

Análise dos efeitos da terapia por ultra-som 3 MHz sobre a concentração sangüínea de lipídeos de ratas Wistar / Analysis of 3 MHz ultrasound therapy effects on sanguineous concentration of Wistar rats lipids

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipídeos totais após terapia por ultra-som pulsado de 3 MHz, em ratas Wistar. As ratas foram divididas em grupo experimental e placebo e subdivididas conforme o tempo de retirada do sangue. O ultra-som foi aplicado na região abdominal, com potência de 1 W/cm2 e 2 min/cm2 ou com o aparelho desligado, respectivamente. Os níveis de colesterol foram significativamente (p < 0,05) superiores no grupo ultra-som imediatamente e 30 minutos após uma sessão e após dez sessões. As concentrações de lipídeos totais foram significativamente (p < 0,05) superiores imediatamente, 10 e 30 minutos após uma sessão e (p < 0,01) após dez sessões. Triglicerídeos séricos diminuíram significativamente no grupo ultra-som após dez sessões. As concentrações de triglicerídeos e lipídeos totais foram inversamente proporcionais após uma e dez sessões de ultra-som. Conclui-se que o ultra-som atua na liberação e quebra de gordura para o plasma sanguíneo após uma e dez sessões de terapia.

The purpose of this study was to verify plasmatic concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids in Wistar rats after 3 MHz pulsed ultrasound therapy. Rats were divided into experimental and placebo groups and subdivided depending on the blood collecting time. Ultrasound was applied in abdominal area at 1 W/cm2 potency and 2 min/cm2 or with the equipment off, respectively. Cholesterol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in ultrasound group immediately and 30 minutes after one and ten sessions. Total lipids concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) immediately, 10 and 30 minutes after one session and (p < 0.01) after ten sessions. Serum triglycerides decreased significantly in the ultrasound group after ten sessions. It was observed that triglycerides and total lipid concentrations were in inverse proportion after the first and the tenth session of ultrasound. Thus, it was concluded that ultrasound act on fat release and the break down of fat to blood plasma after one and ten sessions of therapy.

effect of the contrast of fat percentage on risk factors cardiovascular diseases in [12-15] year old Jordanian Children

This study aimed to identify the effect of the contrast of fat rate on the Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors: T-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, Tg, T-c/HDL-c Ratio, and blood Pressure and the drop of Cardiorespiratory fitness, and the rates of their occurrence to the Jordanian children in the ages between 12 - 15, and the relation between the variables of the body composition and cardiovascular diseases risk factors for in [12-15] year old Jordanian children. The study sample consisted of [102] children of those who don't practice specialized physical activity and suffer from any manifest diseases. They were chosen randomly and the two homogeneous of the age variables are [13.77 +/- 1.91] y, weight [54.26 +/- 16.25] kg, height [1.59 +/- 13.18] m, BMI [21.01 +/- 4.92] kg/m2, BSA [1.54 +/- 0.26] m2, HRrest [73 +/- 7.35] b/m, Data has been statistically analyzed by using One-way ANOVA followed Scheffe Tests, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients. The findings indicated statistic variances that show all the variables of blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness and to the advantage to children who have low rate of fat in their bodies [>15%]. They also indicated that there is no difference in the variables of SBP and DBP, and there is a rise in the susceptible risk factors cardiovascular diseases for children who have high rate of fat in their bodies [>/= 25%], and they indicated that there are correlations between the variables of body composition and risk factors cardiovascular diseases; especially regarding the rate of fat in the body and BMI. The researcher recommended doing studies in order to identify which of the areas, which store more fat, in children bodies affect the rise of the blood lipids level rate and the relation of that with the indicators of the health-related physical fitness

Recurrence of bilateral herpes simplex virus keratitis following bimatoprost use.

A 76-year-old man presented with features of bilateral herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. It was found to be recurrence of bilateral HSV keratitis following the use of Bimatoprost eye drops for uncontrolled intraocular pressure in a case of bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma.

Lipídio: fator de risco e prevenção do câncer de mama / Lipid: risk factor and breast cancer prevention

A hipótese de que uma dieta rica em gordura promova o desenvolvimento do câncer de mama na menopausa é fortalecida por estudos caso-controle, que mostram forte associação positiva entre uma dieta rica em lipídios e as taxas de incidência de câncer de mama. Por outro lado, a ingestão dietética de gordura não parece estar relacionada com o risco de câncer de mama em estudos de coorte. Em vista desses achados conflitantes, tem sido difícil propor qualquer recomendação nutricional para a prevenção do câncer de mama. Estudos com animais e observações recentes em humanos, entretanto, têm mostrado evidências de que a dieta rica em ácido graxo linoléico estimula vários estágios no desenvolvimento de câncer mamário. Alguns estudos ainda mostram que o óleo de peixe, constituído de ácidos graxos mega-3, parece prevenir o câncer pela influência sobre a atividade de enzimas e proteínas relacionadas à proliferação celular. Assim, são necessários estudos epidemiológicos que integrem as interações de ácidos graxos específicos com o catabolismo hormonal, fatores nutricionais protetores e de risco relacionados com o câncer de mama. Nesse trabalho, abordaremos os fatores protetores, de risco e as implicações quali e quantitativas dos ácidos graxos da dieta sobre o câncer de mama.

lipid and flavonoidal constituents of Herniaria nemistemon J.gay and their biological activity

The LIPID content of Herniaria nemistemon grown in Egypt was studied. The unsaponifiable fraction was identified by GLC. A series of hydrocarbons ranging from C[20]-C[32], in addition to cholesterol, campasterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and the triterpenoid alpha-amyrin, as well as fatty alcohol fraction ranging from C[31]-C[38] were identified. The fatty acid fraction revealed the presence of the 14 fatty acids in which palmitic acid [21.62%] represented the major constituent. The flavonoidal constituents isolated from the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of aqueous alcoholic extract of H. nemistemon were identified as kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoglucosyl, vitexin and kaempferol 4'-methyl ether, using PC, TLC, UV,[1] H-NMR and MS analysis. The different extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity against [DPPH]. The ethyl acetate extract possessed the highest antioxidant activity followed by chloroform extract, and the fraction containing triterpene and sterols presented a relatively strong antioxidant effect, also it was found that all the isolated flavonoidal compounds showed high activity. The different extracts and isolated compounds of the plant exhibited no cytotoxic activity against Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma cell line at the tested concentrations

phytochemical investigation of asteropterus leyseroides [Desf] and their biological activity

The flavonoidal constituents isolated from the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of aqueous alcoholic extract of Asteropterus leyseroides [Desf] were identified as quercetin, Jaceidin, jacein and a phenolic acid, caffeic acid using PC, TLC, uv,[1-]H-NMR and MS analysis. Also, the lipid content was studied. GLC analysis of the unsaponifiable fraction revealed the presence of a series of hydrocarbons ranging from C[I2]-C[29] in addition to cholesterol, stigmasterol and alpha-amyrin, as well as fatty alcohol fraction ranging from C[24]-C[39] were identified. The fatty acid fraction revealed the presence of 10 fatty acids in which linoliec acid [35.99%] represented the major constituent. The crude protein of the plant was found to be [12.71%]. The analysis of the amino acids using the amino acid analyzer revealed the presence of 15 amino acids. The mucilage hydrolysate of the aerial parts of Asteropterus leyseroides was found to contain glucouronic acid, xylose, rhamnose and glucose using PC. The radical scavenging effects of the tested extracts and isolated compounds on 1, 1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] free radical were observed. The ethyl acetate fraction and the isolated flavonoidal compounds showed high antioxidant activity. The different extracts and isolated compounds of the plant exhibited no cytotoxic activity against Ehrlich-ascitis carcinoma cell line at the tested concentrations

Hypolipidemic polysaccharides from Hyphaene thebaica fruits

The effect of oral consumption of polysawharides isolated from Hyphaene thebaica [L.] Mart fruits on lipid profile of female and male Sprague - Dawley hyperlipidemic rats was investigated. The animals were orally treated with isolated pectin in two different doses [130 and 260 mg/ kg.b.w.]. Lipid profile of the treated animals was obtained and compared with the untreated hyperlipidemic ones. This experiment showed decreasing of total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG] and nonhigh density lipoprotein -cholesterol [non HDL-C] in the animals treated with the polysaccharides by 47%, 32% and 72.6% respectively for the 1[st] dose, and by 56%, 44% and 77% respectively for the 2[nd] dose. The percentage of increase in high density lipoprotein [HDL - C] is 24.8% and 47.7% for the 1[st] and 2[nd] dose respectively. It can be concluded that polyiaccharides [pectin] of Hyphaene thebaica produced significant improvements in level of non HDL-C and other lipid parameters when used as monotherapy. The used doses were effectives, but action of the higher dose was more prominent

Efeito de fontes lipídicas sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte / Effect of lipid sources of diets on broiler performance

Avaliou-se O efeito de fontes lipídicas (óleo degomado de soja, óleo de vísceras de aves, óleo ácido de soja, mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo de vísceras e mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo ácido de soja) adicionadas às rações sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Ross. Os tratamentos foram definidos de acordo com a fonte de lipídio, e o período de criação foi de 1 a 45 dias de idade. As rações, para cada fase de criação, foram isonutritivas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições com 30 aves cada. As aves que receberam óleo de soja ganharam mais peso quando comparadas com as que receberam óleo ácido de soja (P<0,05). O consumo de ração das aves alimentadas com óleo de soja foi maior em relação ao das alimentadas com rações contendo óleo ácido de soja e mistura de óleo de soja com óleo ácido de soja. Quanto à conversão alimentar e à viabilidade, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). A utilização do óleo de soja nas rações melhorou o desempenho de frangos de corte quando comparado com o uso do óleo ácido de soja.

Dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes / Dyslipidemia in children and adolscents

A prevalência da dislipidemia, em associação ou não à obesidade infantil, tem apresentado aumento nos últimos anos, atingindo valores que variam entre 2 por cento e 40 por cento e sendo mais frequente com o aumento da idade e entre as meninas. Há fortes evidências funcionais e anatômicas da presença de aterosclerose já na infância. sendo a dislipidemia o fator de risco de maior impacto em sua gênese. Além disso determinadas doenças e medicamentos modificam o metabolismo lipídico nessa população em direção a um perfil mais aterogênico. Critérios e valores de referência já foram propostos para caracterização dessas alterações metabólicas. O tratamento baseia-se inicialmente em dieta, atividade física e controle do peso, e quando indicado, pode-se utilizar medicamentos como estatinas, resinas, ezetimiba e nutracêuticos.

Choroidal detachment after topical prostaglandin analogs: case report.

OBJECTIVE: To report three cases of delayed choroidal detachment after treatment with topical prostaglandin analogs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Intervention three case reports. Four eyes of three patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma developed choroidal detachment after using topical prostaglandin analogs. RESULTS: Three patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma developed chroidal detachment in one week, three weeks and two years after using travoprost, bimatoprost and latanoprost respectively. All of them resolved after discontinuation of these medications. All of the eyes that developed chroidal detachment were pseudophakic. CONCLUSION: Travoprost, bimatoprost and latanoprost may lead to choroidal detachment and hypotony. Pseudophakic patients may be at high risk of the development of chroidal detachment. Topical prostaglandin analogs should be used cautiously in these patients.

Efeitos de fontes lipídicas e níveis de energia digestível sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de marrãs / Effect of lipid sources and digestible energy levels on the productive and reproductive performance of gilts

Avaliaram-se os efeitos das fontes lipídicas (gordura de coco e óleo de soja) e dos níveis de energia digestível (3350; 3450; 3550 e 3650kcal de ED/kg de ração) sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de 64 marrãs da raça Landrace, com peso médio inicial de 58,703±0,26kg. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 4 e quatro repetições. Não houve interação entre as fontes e os níveis de energia digestível (ED). Ganho diário de peso (GDP), consumo diário de energia (CED) e conversão alimentar (CA) aumentaram de maneira linear (P<0,01) com os níveis de ED das rações. A espessura de toucinho (ET) aumentou (P<0,01), de forma quadrática, em função dos níveis de ED das rações. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo diário de ração e consumo diário de lisina. Observou-se aumento linear (P<0,01) na idade à puberdade e no número de corpos lúteos em função dos níveis de ED utilizados. O nível de energia digestível não influenciou (P>0,10) o peso à puberdade, número de embriões viáveis, taxa de fertilização e mortalidade embrionária. A utilização de gordura de coco como fonte de energia proporcionou melhores resultados de GDP, enquanto que o óleo de soja foi mais eficiente para aumentar a ET. Marrãs de reposição puras da raça Landrace, que receberam ração controlada dos 60kg de peso à época da primeira cobrição, exigem o nível de 3650kcal de ED/kg de ração, para melhores resultados de desempenho e características reprodutivas, independentemente da fonte de energia utilizada.

Uso parenteral de lipídios no período neonatal: controvérsias / Prenteral use of lipid in neonatal period: contrversies

Em recém-nascidos que näo podem receber dieta enteral por dias ou semanas, o uso p[arenteral de lipídios tem sido considerado de grande importância parase obter uma nutriçq2o adequada. As soluçöes lipídicas garantem a oferta de acidos glaxos essenciais, apresentam alto valor energético em volume pequeno com baixa osmolaridade, além de reduzirem a produçäo de CO 2 associada ao excesso de glicose. O uso rotineiro ainda gera controvérsias tais como: o momento do início,o tipo de soluçäo mais adequada, o modo de administraçäo e sua influência em condiçöes clínicas relacionadas ao período neonatal (insuficiencia respiratória, hiperbilirrubinemia, displasia broncopulmonar, disfunçäo imunológica e formaçäo de radicais livres). Este artigo apresenta uma revisäo da literatura, uma análise crítica das controvérsias do uso parenteral de lipídios no recém-nascido e, a partir disto, recomendaçöes para seu uso no período neonatal.(au)