Risk factors for complications of endoscopic full-thickness resection of upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To analyze the risk factors for complications of endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) of upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs). Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. The indications for EFTR included: (1) SMTs originating from the muscularis propria layer and growing out of the cavity or infiltrating the deep part of the muscularis propria layer; (2) SMTs diameter <5 cm; and (3) tumor identified as closely adherent to the serous layer during endoscopic submucosal dissection or endoscopic mucosal resection. This study included patients with SMTs originating from the muscularis propria layer in upper digestive tract, diagnosed preoperatively by endoscopic ultrasonography or computed tomography, who were successfully treated with EFTR. Those with incomplete clinical data were excluded. The clinical data of 154 patients with upper gastrointestinal SMTs who underwent EFTR at the Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2016 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Post-EFTR complications (such as delayed perforation, delayed bleeding, and postoperative infection, including electrocoagulation syndrome) were monitored and the risk factors for them were analyzed. Results: Among the 154 study patients, 33 (21.4%) developed complications, including delayed bleeding in three (1.9%), delayed perforation in two (1.3%), and postoperative infection in 28 (18.2%). One patient with bleeding was classified as having a major complication (hospitalized for more than 10 days because of complication). According to univariate analysis, complication was associated with tumor diameter >15 mm, operation time >90 minutes, defect closure method(purse string suture), and diameter of resected specimen ≥20 mm (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that operation time >90 minutes (OR=6.252, 95%CI: 2.530-15.446, P<0.001) and tumor diameter >15 mm (OR=4.843, 95%CI: 1.985-11.817, P=0.001) were independent risk factors for complications after EFTR in patients with upper gastrointestinal SMTs. The independent risk factors for postoperative infection in these patients were operation time>90 minutes (OR=4.993, 95%CI:1.964-12.694, P=0.001) and purse string suture (OR=7.142, 95%CI: 1.953-26.123, P=0.003). Conclusion: Patients with upper gastrointestinal SMTs undergoing EFTR with tumor diameter >15 mm or operation time >90 minutes have a significantly increased risk of postoperative complications. Postoperative monitoring is important for these patients with SMTs.

Disección endoscópica submucosa para el tratamiento del cáncer esofágico / Endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of esophageal cancer

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de esófago (CE) constituye la sexta causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo. La disección endoscópica submucosa (DES) es una técnica que permite la resección en bloque de lesiones del tubo digestivo. Tiene rol curativo en pacientes seleccionados y potenciales ventajas sobre la esofagectomía. Objetivo: Describir los resultados perioperatorios y oncológicos de la DES como tratamiento del CE en nuestro centro. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a DES por CE entre los años 2010-2020. Resultados: Diez pacientes fueron tratados con DES por CE entre los años 2010 y 2020. El 80% eran hombres y la edad promedio fue de 72 años (63-84). La resección en bloque fue lograda en todos los casos y no se presentó morbimortalidad perioperatoria. Todas las disecciones fueron R0 y el 90% cumplió con estándares de curación. El seguimiento promedio fue de 38 meses (3,5-123). La sobrevida global fue de 90%. La sobrevida específica por cáncer y libre de recurrencia fue de 100%. Discusión: La morbimortalidad asociada a la esofagectomía es alta. La DES sería una alternativa más segura, que permite lograr un R0 y eventualmente la curación en pacientes seleccionados con CE limitado a la mucosa o submucosa. Conclusión: La presente constituye la primera serie reportada de pacientes con cáncer esofágico sometidos a DES en nuestro país. Muestra excelentes resultados oncológicos y seguridad del procedimiento, comparables a las grandes series descritas en la literatura internacional.

Introduction: Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a technique that allows en bloc resection of early lesions of the digestive tract. It has curative potential in selected patients and potential benefits over esophagectomy for the treatment of esophageal cancer (EC). Aim: To report the results of ESD for EC in a high-volume center in Chile. Materials and Method: Retrospective descriptive study of patients who underwent ESD for EC at our center. Results: A total of 10 patients were treated with ESD for EC between 2010 and 2020. Eighty percent were male patients, the average age was 72 years (63-84). En bloc resection was achieved in all cases and there were no complications or mortality. All of the dissections were classified as R0 and 90% met curative standards. The mean follow-up was 38 months (3.5-123). Overall survival was 90%. Cancer-specific survival was 100% and recurrence-free survival was 100%. Discussion: The rate of morbidity and mortality of esophagectomy is high. ESD would be a safer technique, which allows R0 resections and eventually curation in selected patients with EC limited to the mucosa or submucosa. Conclusion: This is the first report of ESD for the treatment of EC in our country, it shows excellent oncologic results and safety of the procedure, comparable to those reported in the larger series published to date.

Desarrollo de la técnica de disección submucosa endoscópica en cáncer gástrico incipiente: primeros cincuenta casos de un cirujano / Development of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: fifty first cases of a surgeon

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es un problema de salud en Chile y su mal pronóstico global se explica por un diagnóstico en etapas avanzadas. El cáncer gástrico incipiente (CGI) se asocia a buen pronóstico oncológico y la disección submucosa endoscópica (DSE) como alternativa de tratamiento ha demostrado ser comparable al estándar quirúrgico. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia y resultados de un cirujano en pacientes con CGI sometidos a DSE. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a los pacientes sometidos a DSE por CGI entre mayo de 2015 y marzo de 2019. Se tabuló información demográfica, datos perioperatorios y del seguimiento obtenidos del registro institucional. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se realizaron 52 DSE por CGI en el período analizado. La resección en bloque se logró en un 96% de los casos. La morbilidad alcanzó el 2%, no se registró mortalidad postoperatoria. 98% de las resecciones en bloque fueron consideradas R0 y un 86% de ellas cumplieron estándares de curación. La mediana de seguimiento es de 19 meses y la sobrevida específica por cáncer gástrico y libre de recurrencia alcanza el 100%. Discusión: La DSE es una técnica con potencial curativo en pacientes con CGI, presentando mejores resultados en términos de morbimortalidad, calidad de vida y es comparable a la cirugía en el pronóstico oncológico. Los resultados presentados son concordantes con la literatura y apoyan la implementación de la técnica para el tratamiento del CGI.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is a serious health problem in Chile and its poor prognosis is explained by usual diagnosis in advanced stages. Early gastric cancer (EGC) is associated with good oncological prognosis and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as its treatment has shown to be comparable to the surgical standard. Aim: Describe the experience and results of a surgeon in patients with EGC undergoing ESD. Materials and Method: Retrospective study including patients undergoing ESD for EGC between May 2015 and March 2019. Demographic information, perioperative and follow-up data obtained from the institutional registry were tabulated. Descriptive statistics was used. Results: 52 ESD were performed per EGC in the analyzed period. En bloc resection was achieved in 96% of cases. Morbidity reached 2% and no postoperative mortality was recorded. 98% of the en bloc resections were considered R0 and 86% of them met healing standards. The median follow-up is 19 months and the specific survival due to gastric cancer and recurrence-free rates reach 100%. Discussion: ESD is a technique with curative potential in patients with EGC, presenting better results in terms of morbidity and mortality, quality of life and is comparable to surgery in the oncological prognosis. The results presented are consistent with the literature and support the implementation of the technique for the treatment of EGC.

Ressecção da mucosa endoscópica sob imersão dágua para lesões colorretais não pediculadas. Um estudo prospectivo de braço único / Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for non-pedunculated colorectal lesions. a prospective single-arm study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) has emerged as a revolutionary method allowing resection of colorectal lesions without submucosal injection. Brazilian literature about this technique is sparse. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was evaluate the efficacy and safety of UEMR technique for removing non-pedunculated colorectal lesions in two Brazilian tertiary centers. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted between June 2016 and May 2017. Naïve and non-pedunculated lesions without signs of submucosal invasion were resected using UEMR technique. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients with 65 lesions were included. All lesions, except one, were successfully and completely removed by UEMR (success rate 98.5%). During UEMR, two cases of bleeding were observed (3.0%). One patient had abdominal pain on the day after resection without pneumoperitoneum. There was no perforation or delayed bleeding. CONCLUSION: This study supports the existing data indicating acceptable rates of technical success, and low incidence of adverse events with UEMR. The results of this Brazilian study were consistent with previous abroad studies.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A ressecção endoscópica da mucosa sob imersão d'água (REMS) surgiu como um método revolucionário que permite a ressecção de lesões colorretais sem injeção submucosa. A literatura brasileira sobre essa técnica é escassa. OBJETIVO: A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e segurança da técnica REMS na remoção de lesões colorretais não pediculadas em dois centros terciários brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Este estudo prospectivo foi realizado entre junho de 2016 e maio de 2017. As lesões sem tentativa de ressecção prévia, não pediculadas e sem sinais de invasão submucosa foram ressecadas pela técnica REMS. RESULTADOS: Um total de 55 pacientes com 65 lesões foram incluídos. Todas as lesões, exceto uma, foram removidas com sucesso e completamente por REMS (taxa de sucesso de 98,5%). Durante a REMS, foram observados dois casos de sangramento (3,0%). Uma paciente apresentou dor abdominal no dia seguinte à ressecção sem pneumoperitônio. Não houve perfuração ou sangramento tardio. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo apoia os dados existentes, indicando taxas aceitáveis de sucesso técnico e baixa incidência de eventos adversos com a REMS. Os resultados deste estudo brasileiro foram consistentes com estudos internacionais prévios.

Robotic endoscopy. A review of the literature

Abstract Purpose To present new endoscopic robotic devices in the context of minimally invasive procedures with high precision and automation. Methods Review of the literature by December 2018 on robotic endoscopy. Results We present the studies and investments for robotic implementation and flexible endoscopy evolution. We divided them into forceps manipulation platforms, active endoscopy and endoscopic capsule. They try to improve forceps handling and stability and to promote active movement. Conclusion The implementation and propagation of robotic models depend on doing what the endoscopist is unable to. The new devices are moving forward in this direction.

Aumento do risco de lesões colorretais síncronas em pacientes encaminhados para ressecção endoscópica da mucosa de tumores de propagação lateral / Increased risk of synchronous colorectal lesions in patients referred for endoscopic mucosal resection of lateral spreading tumors

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection is one of the most frequent therapeutic alternatives for large colorectal lateral spreading tumors. There are few data on the prevalence of synchronous lesions on these patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of synchronous colorectal lesions in patients referred for endoscopic mucosal resection of lateral spreading tumors >20 mm. METHODS: We reviewed the endoscopic database of our Department and identified adult patients who were referred for the resection of a colorectal lateral spreading tumor >20 mm and had a diagnostic colonoscopy performed up to six months before. The proportion of patients with at least one synchronous lesion was estimated. The following features were compared between patients with and without synchronous lesions: age, gender, bowel preparation quality and cecal intubation on index colonoscopy and therapeutic colonoscopy, serrated adenoma as index lesion. RESULTS: From December 2016 to November 2017, we identified 70 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Median size of lesions was 25 mm (20-45). Eighty percent were located in the right colon and 35.71% were serrated adenomas. Synchronous lesion rate was 38.57%. Bowel preparation quality was similar in both groups when comparing both index and therapeutic colonoscopies. Patients with synchronous lesions had a higher proportion of serrated adenoma as index lesion than patients without synchronous lesions [51.85% vs 25.58%, OR 3.13 (1.13-8.68), P=0.03]. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of synchronous lesions among patients with a large colorectal lateral spreading tumor. This risk seems to be increased if index lesions are serrated adenomas.

DESCRITORES CONTEXTO: A ressecção endoscópica de mucosa é uma das alternativas terapêuticas frequentes para grandes tumores colorretais de propagação lateral. Há poucos dados sobre a prevalência de lesões síncronas nesses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de lesões colorretais síncronas em pacientes encaminhados para ressecção endoscópica da mucosa de tumores de disseminação lateral >20 mm. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se a revisão de banco de dados endoscópicos de nosso departamento e foram identificados pacientes adultos encaminhados para a ressecção de um tumor colorretal com propagação lateral >20 mm e que tiveram colonoscopia diagnóstica realizada até seis meses antes. Estimou-se a proporção de pacientes com pelo menos uma lesão síncrona. As seguintes características foram comparadas entre pacientes com e sem lesões síncronas: idade, sexo, qualidade da preparação intestinal e intubação cecal pelo índice de colonoscopia e adenoma serrilhado como lesão índice. RESULTADOS: De dezembro de 2016 a novembro de 2017, identificamos 70 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O tamanho mediano das lesões foi de 25 mm (20-45). Foram 80% situados no cólon direito e 35,71% eram adenomas serrilhados. A taxa de lesão síncrona foi de 38,57%. A qualidade da preparação intestinal foi semelhante em ambos os grupos comparando-se os índices e colonoscopia terapêutica. Pacientes com lesões síncronas apresentaram maior proporção de adenoma serrilhado como lesão índice do que pacientes sem lesões síncronas [51,85% vs 25,58%, or 3,13 (1,13-8,68), P=0,03]. CONCLUSÃO: Encontramos alta prevalência de lesões síncronas entre pacientes com grande tumor de propagação lateral colorretal. Este risco parece ser aumentado se as lesões índice forem adenomas serrilhados.

Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor originating from the muscularis propria

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study retrospectively reviewed 46 cases of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated by endoluminal endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) microsurgery in our gastrointestinal endoscopy center. We aimed to evaluate the EFR for the treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria. METHODS: A total of 46 patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from the muscularis propria layer from January 2012 to June 2015 were treated with EFR. The patients were followed up with gastroscope and computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of therapeutic effect and safety. RESULTS: EFR was successfully accomplished to remove all tumors in 46 patients. The mean procedure time was 82.5±39.8min (56-188min). Except in 3 leiomyomas, pathological examination confirmed gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in 43 cases. None of the patients had occurred bleeding, peritonitis and other complications after EFR. Thereafter, all patients were followed up with gastro-scope after 1, 6,12 months. CONCLUSIONS: EFR is effective and safe for patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from muscularis propria layer and has the advantage of less invasive treatment and higher tumor resection rate. It should be considered for further application.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Este estudo revisou retrospectivamente 46 casos de tumores gástricos estromáticos gastrointestinais tratados por microcirurgia endoluminal endoscópica de ressecção completa (EFR) em nosso centro de endoscopia gastrointestinal. Pretendemos avaliar a EFR para o tratamento de tumores gastrointestinais estromáticos originários da muscularis própria. MÉTODOS: Um total de 46 pacientes com tumores gástricos estromáticos gastrointestinais originários da camada muscular própria, de janeiro de 2012 a junho de 2015, foi tratado com EFR. Os pacientes foram acompanhados com gastroscópio e tomografia computadorizada (TC) para avaliação de efeitos terapêuticos e segurança. RESULTADOS: A EFR foi realizada com sucesso para remover todos os tumores em 46 pacientes. O tempo médio de procedimento foi de 82,5±39,8 min (56-188 min). Exceto em três leiomiomas, exame patológico confirmou tumor estromal gastrointestinal (Gist) em 43 casos. Em nenhum paciente ocorreu sangramento, peritonite e outras complicações após EFR. Posteriormente, todos os pacientes foram acompanhados com gastroscópio após um, seis e 12 meses. CONCLUSÕES: A EFR é eficaz e segura para pacientes com tumores gastrointestinais originários da camada muscular própria e tem a vantagem de ser um tratamento menos invasivo e com maior taxa de ressecção tumoral. Deve ser considerada para posterior aplicação.

A aplicação da profundidade de dissecção da submucosa gástrica na avaliação do aprendizado em ESD: um estudo experimental / Usefulness of gastric submucosal dissection depth to evaluate skill acquirement in short term training courses in esd: an experimental study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a complex endoscopic procedure, with high rates of adverse events and technical difficulties. To overcome that problem, many training centers published the importance of animal models for skill acquirement in ESD. However, no study has used the submucosal dissection depth (DSUB) as a parameter to evaluate the learning curve in ESD, which might be a relevant factor since an optimal resection plane is important to achieve a curative resection and avoid intraoperative complications. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess ESD skill acquirement after short-term training sessions by evaluating the submucosal dissection depth (DSUB) and the association with adverse events. METHODS: This experimental study included 25 experienced endoscopists in therapeuthic procedures (>5years) and 75 specimens resected by ESD (three resections / endoscopist). Learning parameters (resection time, size, en bloc resection rate, bleeding, perforation and submucosal dissection depth) were prospectively evaluated. The percentages of DSUB of all specimens resected were calculated. RESULTS: All specimens were resected from the gastric body (n=75). The mean size of the resected specimens was 23.97±7.2 mm. The number of adverse events, including bleeding, perforation, and death, were 17 (22.67%), 3 (4%), and 0 cases, respectively. The average mean time by the third dissection decreased from 28.44±9.73 to 18.72±8.81 min (P<0.001). The proportion of DSUB in the bleeding and non-bleeding group were respectively 37.97%±21.13% and 68.66%±23.99%, indicating a significant association between DSUB and bleeding incidence (P<0.001). The ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off point of 61% (sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 94%) of submucosal dissection depth associated with bleeding. Therefore, when ESD was performed at a depth of >61% of the submucosal layer, the risk for bleeding during the procedure decreased (PPV, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99). CONCLUSION: Improvement in the learning curve in ESD and a better cognitive ability were seen by the third dissection in these short term training courses. And a significant association between DSUB and the risk of bleeding.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A técnica de ESD (Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection) é um procedimento endoscópico de grande complexidade, com alto índice de complicações e dificuldades técnicas. Para superar este problema, muitos centros de treinamento em endoscopia vêm publicando a aplicabilidade dos modelos animais para a aquisição de competência em ESD. Entretanto, a profundidade de ressecção nunca foi utilizada como parâmetro de aprendizagem, o que pode ser um fator relevante a ser ensinado, dado que atingir o plano de dissecção ideal é de suma importância para uma ressecção curativa e na prevenção de complicações intraoperatórias. OBJETIVO: Analisar o aprendizado em ESD em treinamentos de curta duração através da avaliação da profundidade de submucosa ressecada; e sua associação com complicações. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental; incluídos 25 endoscopistas com experiência em procedimentos terapêuticos (> 5anos) e 75 peças ressecadas por ESD sendo uma média de três resseções por endoscopista. Os parâmetros de aprendizagem (tempo de ressecção, tamanho, taxa de ressecção em bloco, sangramento, perfuração e análise histológica da camada submucosa) foram prospectivamente avaliados. A percentagem de profundidade de submucosa ressecada foi calculada. RESULTADOS: Todas as ressecções foram realizadas no corpo gástrico (n=75). O tamanho médio das peças ressecadas foi de 23,97±7,2 mm. O número de complicações como sangramento, perfuração e morte foram respectivamente, 17 (22,67%), 3 (4%) e 0 casos. Na terceira dissecção, tempo médio do procedimento diminuiu de 28,44±9,73 para 18,72±8,81 minutos (P<0,001). O grupo que teve sangramento durante o procedimento ressecou 37,97%±21,13% da camada submucosa e o grupo sem sangramento ressecou 68,66%±23,99%, demonstrando uma associação significante entre a profundidade de dissecção submucosa e a incidência de sangramento (P<0,001). De acordo com a análise de curva ROC, o valor de corte da profundidade de submucosa ressecada para a ocorrência de sangramento é de 61% (64% sensibilidade, 94% especificidade), logo quando o ESD é realizado em uma profundidade maior do que 61% da camada submucosa o risco de sangramento durante o procedimento diminui (VPP=0,97; IC95%:0,85-0,99). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de treinamento de curta duração possibilitou um aprendizado da técnica de ESD mostrando uma melhora cognitiva dos alunos já na terceira dissecção. Existe uma associação significativa entre a profundidade de ressecção da submucosa com o risco de sangramento.

Disección submucosa endoscópica de cáncer gástrico temprano transpilórico: Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Endoscopic submucosal dissection of a transpyloric early gastric cáncer: A case report and literature review

La disección submucosa endoscópica (DSE) es una técnica endoscópica avanzada que logra la resección curativa de neoplasias superficiales del tracto gastrointestinal, consiguiendo exéresis en bloque con márgenes libres de neoplasia evitando una cirugía. Sin embargo, los tumores localizados en la unión esófago gástrica, o pilórica son técnicamente más complejos para resecar por DSE. Cuando una neoplasia asienta en el píloro las características anatómicas de esta región pueden afectar la adecuada valoración de los márgenes y la realización del procedimiento. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 70 años a quien en una endoscopia digestiva alta se le evidencia una lesión plana elevada multilobulada de 18 mm x 10 mm, situada mayoritariamente en los 2 cuadrantes inferiores del canal pilórico y compromiso mínimo del cuadrante supero-posterior, abarca principalmente la vertiente gástrica del canal pilórico y se extiende hacia el duodeno. Por todo ello se decide realizar resección en bloque de la lesión con la técnica de disección submucosa endoscópica. Se empleó el sistema ERBEJET con una cuchilla de tipo Hybrid knife, inyección salina con azul de metileno diluido al 0,04% sobre el margen distal, complementándose la inyección submucosa con ácido hialurónico al 0,4%. Se utilizó un "capuchón" o dispositivo plástico distal transparente recto para poder traccionar la lesión y permitir visualizar anterógradamente los márgenes de resección, incluso de la porción intraduodenal, permitiendo una adecuada disección submucosa. Luego de comprobar hemostasia se constató la resección en bloque. La histopatología mostró un adenocarcinoma tubular medianamente diferenciado con bordes quirúrgicos libres de lesión. Gracias a la estrategia de DSE utilizada, nuestro paciente pudo beneficiarse de la resección curativa de su cáncer gástrico con preservación del órgano y con perfecta funcionalidad. Este caso, el primero descrito en el país, muestra el avance de la endoscopía terapéutica nacional.

The endoscopic sumucosal disection (ESD) is an advanced endoscopic technique that achieves the curative resection of superficial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, getting block exeresis with margins free of neoplasia avoiding surgery. However, tumors located in the esophagogastric junction, or pylorus, are technically more complex to resect by ESD. When a neoplasm settles in the pylorus, the anatomical characteristics of this region can affect the adequate assessment of the margins and the performance of the procedure. We present the case of a 70-year-old male patient who, in a high digestive endoscopy, showed a flat multilobulated lesion of 18 mm x 10 mm, located mostly in the lower 2 quadrants of the pyloric canal and minimal compromise of the upper-posterior quadrant, it mainly covers the gastric side of the pyloric channel and extends into the duodenum. Therefore, it was decided to perform en bloc resection of the lesion with the endoscopic submucosal dissection technique. The ERBEJET system was used with a knife type Hybrid knife, saline injection with methylene blue diluted 0.04% on the distal margin, submucosal injection being complemented with 0.4% hyaluronic acid. A "capsule" or straight transparent distal plastic device was used to be able to pull the lesion and allow anterograde visualization of the margins of resection, including the intraduodenal portion, allowing adequate submucosal dissection. Histopathology showed a moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma with surgical edges free of injury. Thanks to the DSE strategy used, our patient could benefit from the curative resection of his gastric cancer with preservation of the organ and with perfect functionality. This case, the first described in the country, shows the progress of national therapeutic endoscopy.

Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection of serrated adenomas

OBJECTIVES: Serrated polyps, which are considered to be precursors of colorectal carcinoma, include hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas and traditional serrated adenomas. With the exception of hyperplastic polyps, all of these lesions must be removed. This study sought to examine whether underwater endoscopic mucosal resection is a safe and effective technique for treating serrated polyps. METHODS: Cases in which patients were submitted for underwater endoscopic mucosal resection and histologically diagnosed with sessile serrated adenoma were prospectively registered. RESULTS: The median patient age was 54.5 years (range, 48 to 72 years), and the patients included 4 men (28.5%) and 10 women (71.5%). One lesion (6.2%), 10 lesions (62.5%), 1 lesion (6.2%), 3 lesions (18.8%) and 1 lesion (6.2%) were found in the cecum, the ascending colon, the hepatic flexure, the transverse colon and the descending colon, respectively. The median lesion size was 20 mm (range, 10 to 35 mm). Eight lesions (50%) were removed en bloc, and the remaining eight lesions (50%) were removed using a piecemeal technique. None of the cases were complicated by perforation or delayed bleeding. CONCLUSION: Underwater resection could be a feasible, safe and effective alternative for the resection of sessile serrated adenomas.

Resección endoscópica por tunelización submucosa de un leiomioma de la unión gastroesofágica: reporte de un caso / Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection of a gastroesophageal junction leiomyoma: report of a case

Resumen Introducción Los tumores submucosos del tracto gastrointestinal alto tienen potencial de malignidad y también pueden ser una carga para el paciente, por lo que se requiere disponer de un tratamiento seguro y eficaz. El surgimiento de la técnica de resección endoscópica por tunelización submucosa (STER) en los últimos años ha mostrado resultados prometedores. Caso clínico Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 47 años asintomático, en quien, en el contexto de un estudio preoperatorio de cirugía bariátrica, se pesquisa una lesión subepitelial en la unión gastroesofágica. La endosonografía alta es compatible con un leiomioma esofágico. Se realiza STER con éxito y sin complicaciones; a las 48 h es dado de alta. El estudio histopatológico confirmó un leiomioma esofágico. Discusión La técnica STER ha demostrado consistentemente ser segura y eficaz en el tratamiento de los tumores submucosos de la unión gastroesofágica. El desafío es difundir la técnica por el resto del país, para mayor beneficio de los pacientes.

Introduction Upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors are potentially malignant lesions; so safe and efficient treatments are needed. In recent years, submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) has emerged as a novel therapeutic technique, with promising results. Case report 47-year-old male patient, previously asymptomatic, who was found to have a subepithelial lesion at the gastroesophageal junction. Upper endoscopic ultrasound was compatible with a leiomyoma. He underwent STER to remove the tumor and recovered with any complications. The biopsy confirmed an esophageal leiomyoma. Discussion STER has become a highly feasible and safe therapeutic option for submucosal tumors of the gastroesophageal junction. The challenge is to spread knowledge about this technique, to maximize patient's benefit.

Validation of classic and expanded criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer: 7 years of experience in a Western tertiary cancer center

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society criteria for endoscopic submucosal resection of early gastric cancer (EGC) based on the experience in a Brazilian cancer center. METHODS: We included all patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal resection for gastric lesions between February 2009 and October 2016. Demographic data and information regarding the endoscopic resection, pathological report and follow-up were obtained. Statistical calculations were performed with Fisher's exact test and chi-square tests, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: In total, 76% of the 51 lesions were adenocarcinomas, 16% were adenomas, and 8% had other diagnoses. The average size was 19.9 mm (±11.7). The average procedure length was 113.9 minutes (±71.4). The complication rate was 21.3%, with only one patient who needed surgical treatment (transmural perforation). Among the adenocarcinomas, 39.5% met the classic criteria for curability, 31.6% met the expanded criteria and 28.9% met the criteria for noncurative resection. Analysis of the indication criteria and curability revealed differences among cases with "only-by-size" expanded criteria (64.28%), other expanded criteria (40%) and classic criteria (89.47%), with a p-value of 0.049. During follow-up (15.8 months; ±14.3), 86.1% of the EGC patients had no recurrence. When well-differentiated and poorly differentiated lesions or lesions included in the classic and expanded criteria were compared, there were no differences in recurrence. The noncurative group presented a higher recurrence rate than the classic group (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the Japanese endoscopic submucosal resection criteria might be useful for endoscopic treatment of EGC in Western countries.

Mechanical technology effect in the treatment of anorectocele using transanal repair of rectocele and full rectal mucosectomy with one circular stapler procedure / Efeito mecânico da tecnologia no tratamento da anorretocele com o uso do procedimento TRREMS

ABSTRACT Objective: Transanal repair of rectocele and full rectal mucosectomy with one circular stapler is a procedure designed for the treatment of Obstructive Defecation Syndrome by doctor Fco. Sergio Regadas in 2005. We compare the use of multiple instruments and their mechanical technology effect in the treatment of anorectocele. Patients and methods: Female patients complaining about sensation of incomplete evacuation, ages between 40 and 55. The evaluation was made with the function of evacuation protocol: colonic transit time, colon radiology, ecodefecography, anorectal manometry and psychological test. The technique used was transanal repair of rectocele and full rectal mucosectomy with one circular stapler, using staplers CPH-34, CPH-34HV and EEA-3135-HEM, with measurement of the rectal wall resected: vertical length in centimetres, horizontal length in centimetres, weight in grams and volume in cubic centimetres; afterwards histological study of the tissue thickness, and applied the ANOVA and SPSS 12 tests for the statistical analysis. Results: The results obtained by comparing the resections made with the CPH-34, the CPH-34HV and the EEA-3135-HEM in respect of vertical length, horizontal length, weight and volume, were found to have no significant differences; neither in the histological study of the tissue thickness in respect of characteristics and structure. Conclusion: The effect of mechanical technology in the treatment of anorectocele with transanal repair of rectocele and full rectal mucosectomy with one circular stapler procedure using the CPH-34, the CPH-34HV and the EEA-3135-HEM, does not show any difference. Leaving the application of each to the operator competencies.

RESUMO Objetivo: TRREMS (Transanal Repair of Rectocele and full rectal Mucosectomy with one circular Stapler, Reparo transanal de retocele e mucosectomia retal total com um grampo circular) é um procedimento que visa o tratamento da Síndrome da Defecação Obstrutiva pelo Dr. Francisco Sergio Regadas em 2005. Comparamos o uso de diversos instrumentos e o efeito mecânico da tecnologia no tratamento da anorretocele. Pacientes e métodos: Pacientes do gênero feminino com queixa de sensação de evacuação incompleta (SEI), com idades entre 40 e 55 anos. A avaliação foi efetuada com o protocolo de função de evacuação: tempo de trânsito colônico, radiologia do cólon, ecodefecografia, manometria anorretal e teste psicológico. A técnica empregada foi TRREMS, com o uso de grampeadores CPH-34, CPH-34HV e EEA-3135-HEM, com medição da parede retal ressecada: comprimento vertical em centímetros, comprimento horizontal em centímetros, peso em gramas e volume em centímetros cúbicos; subsequentemente, foi realizado estudo histológico da espessura do tecido, com aplicação de ANOVA e do programa SPSS 12 para a análise estatística. Resultados: Observamos que os resultados obtidos com a comparação das ressecções realizadas com CPH-34, CPH-34HV e EEA-3135-HEM com relação ao comprimento vertical, comprimento horizontal, peso e volume, bem como os resultados do estudo histológico da espessura do tecido com relação às características e estrutura, não apresentavam diferenças significativas.

Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy Choice of Esophageal Leiomyoma

OBJECTIVES: Esophageal leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of the esophagus, and it originates from mesenchymal tissue. This study analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics of esophageal leiomyoma and aimed to evaluate the role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and treatment selection for these lesions. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-five patients who had suspected esophageal leiomyomas in endoscopic ultrasonography were enrolled at the Endoscopy Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University from January 1st, 2009 to May 31th, 2015. The main outcomes included the demographic and morphological characteristics, symptoms, comparisons of diagnosis and treatment methods, adverse events, and prognosis. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-seven patients were diagnosed as having an esophageal leiomyoma by pathological examination. The mean patient age was 50.57±9.983 years. In total, 62.9% of the lesions originated from the muscularis mucosa, and the others originated from the muscularis propria. The median distance to the incisors was 30±12 cm. The median diameter was 0.72±0.99 cm. As determined by endoscopic ultrasonography, most existing leiomyomas were homogeneous, endophytic, and spherical. The leiomyomas from the muscularis mucosa were smaller than those from the muscularis propria and much closer to the incisors (p<0.05). SMA (smooth muscle antibody) (97.2%) and desmin (94.5%) were positive in the majority of patients. In terms of treatments, patients preferred endoscopic therapies, which led to less adverse events (e.g., intraoperative bleeding, local infection, pleural effusion) than surgical operations (p<0.05). The superficial leiomyomas presented less adverse events and better recovery (p<0.05) than deep leiomyomas. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic ultrasonography has demonstrated high accuracy in the diagnosis of esophageal leiomyomas and provides great support in selecting treatments; however, EUS cannot completely avoid misdiagnosis, so combining it with other examinations may be a good strategy to solve this problem.

Displasia de alto grado en esófago de Barrett: ¿ablación, mucosectomía o cirugía? / High-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: ablation, mucosectomy or surgery?

Barrett's esophagus has a risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma and it increases when dysplasia is present. For this reason, its diagnosis requires endoscopic surveillance or eradication if dysplasia or cancer appears. In the past, high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma were routinely treated with esophagectomy, but with considerable morbidity and mortality. This has led to the development of new alternatives as less invasive endoscopic treatments for both dysplastic lesion and total eradication of the remaining metaplastic mucosa. The most commonly used treatment options include cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, endoscopic resection (mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection) or a combination of these (multimodal endoscopic eradication). For patients with low-grade dysplasia still some international guides suggest keeping endoscopic follow up; however, considering the good results of endoscopic ablation and new evidence about the course of this disease, this concept has changed towards the therapeutic approach. For Barrett´s esophagus without any complication, endoscopic therapy is not recommended, but endoscopic surveillance. In this article we will review the endoscopic therapeutic alternatives to Barrett's esophagus, its scientific basis and how they have evolved in recent times.

El Esófago de Barrett es una lesión adquirida que tiene riesgo de desarrollar adenocarcinoma esofágico. Su presencia obliga, por lo tanto, a la vigilancia endoscópica y erradicación cuando aparece displasia sobre este epitelio, pues aumenta la probabilidad de progresar a cáncer. Antes de la aparición de la terapia endoscópica estos casos con displasia de alto grado y adenocarcinoma esofágico independiente de su estadío, eran sometidos a una esofagectomía. Sin embargo, esta intervención se asocia a una morbimortalidad importante. De esta manera, los avances en la cirugía endoscópica también han sido traspasados al manejo del Esófago de Barrett con displasia o cáncer intramucoso, que incluyen en estos casos la erradicación del epitelio columnar en su totalidad. Las alternativas terapéuticas más utilizadas son la crioterapia, ablación por radiofrecuencia, resección endoscópica (mucosectomía o disección submucosa endoscópica) o una combinación de éstas (erradicación endoscópica multimodal). Para pacientes portadores de Barrett con displasia de bajo grado, la recomendación de la mayoría de las guías internacionales sigue siendo la vigilancia endoscópica. Sin embargo, dado los buenos resultados de la ablación endoscópica y nuevas evidencias respecto al curso de esta patología, este concepto ha ido cambiando hacia tomar una conducta terapéutica. En caso de ausencia de displasia no se recomienda la terapia endoscópica de regla sino la vigilancia endoscópica. En el presente artículo revisaremos las alternativas terapéuticas endoscópicas frente al esófago de Barrett, su sustento científico y cómo han evolucionado en el último tiempo.

Endoscopic gastric submucosal dissection: experimental comparative protocol between standard technique and Hybrid-Knife(r) / Dissecção endoscópica submucosa gástrica: protocolo experimental comparativo entre a técnica convencional e o Hybrid-Knife(r)

ABSTRACT Background Endoscopic treatment of superficial gastrointestinal tumors is routinely performed, however the advantages and shortcomings of submucosal pressure-jet dissection is still debated. Objective - Aiming to compare this technique with conventional submucosal dissection, a study was designed in pigs. Methods - Areas of the antral mucosa of the stomach with a diameter of 2 cm2 (6 per animal) were marked, and resected by means of the hybrid-knife (experimental technique), and Flush-knife or IT-knife (controls). An ERBE ICC 300 electrosurgical unit was adopted. End-points were procedural time, complications, and quality of the resected specimen. Results - A total of 27 interventions were conducted in five animals. Time spent with the two options was quite short, and similar: 9.5±3.1 vs 8.0±3.0 minutes (P=0.21). Complications didn't differ (three per group, not significant), and removed specimen looked adequate in both circumstances. Conclusion - The hybrid-knife technique is an acceptable alternative to submucosal dissection, showing no difference compared to the standard technique taking into consideration the procedure, the presence of complications and the quality of the resected specimen.

RESUMO Contexto O tratamento endoscópico de tumores gastrointestinais superficiais é realizado rotineiramente, no entanto as vantagens e deficiências da dissecção submucosa com jato de pressão ainda é debatido. Objetivo - Visando comparar esta técnica com dissecção submucosa convencional, um estudo foi realizado em suínos. Métodos - Áreas da mucosa antral do estômago com um diâmetro de 2 cm2 (um total de 6 por animal) foram marcadas, e a ressecção através do hybrid-knife (técnica experimental), e do Flush-knife ou IT-knife (controles). Uma unidade eletro cirúrgica ERBE ICC 300 foi adotada. Os desfechos foram: tempo do procedimento, complicações e qualidade da amostra ressecada. Resultados - Um total de 27 intervenções foram realizadas em cinco animais. O tempo gasto com as duas técnicas foi curto e semelhante: 9,5±3,1 vs 8,0±3,0 minutos (P=0,21). As complicações não diferiram (três por grupo, não significativas), e amostras retiradas foram adequadas em ambas as circunstâncias. Conclusão - A técnica de hybrid-knife é uma alternativa aceitável para dissecção submucosa, demonstrando não haver diferença em comparação à técnica convencional levando em consideração o tempo de procedimento, a presença de complicações e a qualidade da amostra ressecada.

Disección endoscópica de submucosa en el tratamiento del cáncer precoz de esófago / Endoscopic submucosal dissection in the treatment of early esophageal cancer

Las nuevas tecnologías de imagen con endoscopios de alta resolución y el uso de la cromoscopia asociado al entrenamiento de los endoscopistas han permitido detectar lesiones neoplásicas de esófago en estadios iniciales. Estos avances resultaron en la expansión de las indicaciones del tratamiento endoscópico curativo en pacientes con carcinoma de células escamosas de esófago. En los últimos años se han desarrollado técnicas para la resección endoluminal en bloque de los tumores gastrointestinales precoces, procedimiento denominado disección endoscópica de la submucosa (DES). Inicialmente la DES fue utilizada para tratamiento de tumores gástricos, y posteriormente esta técnica pasó a ser aplicada para tumores de esófago y colorectales. El presente artículo de revisión presenta una descripción de la DES en el manejo de las neoplasias superficiales de esófago, a fin de contribuir para la difusión de este concepto y la incorporación de este procedimiento en Latinoamérica.

The development of high-resolution endoscopes with chromoendoscopy and the education of endoscopists have enabled the detection of early stage esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC). Moreover, in recent years there has been an important progress in the management of early gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions after the development in Japan of endoluminal techniques for en-block tumor resection, namely endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The combination of these factors facilitated the expansion of indications for endoscopic minimally invasive curative interventions in selected patients with superficial ESCC. This review article presents a comprehensive overview and detailed description of the ESD procedure for treatment of ESCC in order to facilitate the dissemination of this concept and the incorporation of this new technique in Latin-America.