Selenio y salud animal Importancia, deficiencia, suplementación y toxicidad / Selenium and animal health: importance, defficiency, supplementation and toxicity / Selênio e saúde animal importância, deficiência, suplementação e toxidez

El selenio (Se) es un mineral esencial en la nutrición animal y se considera su participación en diversos procesos asociados a la producción animal, tan diversos como la fertilidad de la especie y la prevención de enfermedades. Laglutatión-peroxidasa (GSH-Px), fue la primera enzima en que se demostró la presencia activa del selenio y su importancia al evitar el daño oxidativo de las membranas celulares. Con anterioridad se había demostrado que la conocida como “Enfermedad del músculo blanco” era consecuencia de la deficiencia de Se, determinando muerte en animales recién nacidos y ocasionalmente en animales en desarrollo y aún en adultos, en particular en rumiantes. Actualmente ha quedado claro que el Se también es crítico en la estructuración de las enzimas necesarias para la síntesis de la hormona tiroidea y para su activaciónen los tejidos periféricos, pasando de T4 a T3. La deficiencia de Se afecta seriamente la capacidad de respuesta inmune de los animales. El diagnóstico de la deficiencia debe fundamentarse en los niveles del elemento en los suelos, las plantas forrajeras y la condición del animal en sangre y tejidos. Se han instrumentado diversas formas de suplementación del elemento que pueden emplearse dependiendo de las condiciones productivas de los animales y sus niveles previos de Se. La intoxicación por Se (Selenosis) debe tenerse en cuenta en los programas de suplementación, y puede ocurrir en formas crónicas o agudas. Las formas crónicas ocurren en regiones con suelos ricos en el elemento y condiciones que favorecen su absorción por las plantas forrajeras. Las formas agudas generalmente ocurren por excesos del elemento en las dietas o las sales que se administran a los animales o por errores de dosificación en las formulaciones parenterales. La relación metabólica del Se entre la hembra gestante, el feto y el recién nacido, es un área que requiere mayor investigación.

O selênio (Se) é um mineral essencial na nutrição animal e se considera sua participação em diversos processos associados à produção animal, tão diversos como na fertilidade das espécies e prevenção de enfermidades. A glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px), foi a primeira enzima em que se demonstrou a presença ativa do selênio e sua importância para evitar o dano oxidativo nas membranas celulares. Anteriormente sabia-se que a “enfermidade do músculo branco” era conseqüência da deficiência de Se, determinando a morte em animais recém-nascidos e ocasionalmente em animais em desenvolvimento, animais adultos e em particular em ruminantes. Atualmente, está claro que o Se é crítico na estruturação das enzimas necessáriaspara a síntese de hormônios da tireóide e para sua ativação nos tecidos periféricos, passando de T3 a T4. A deficiência de Se afeta seriamente a capacidade da resposta imune dos animais. O diagnóstico da deficiência deve fundamentar-se nos níveis deste elemento no solo, nas plantas forrageiras e nas condições do animal. Indicam-se diversas formas de suplementação deste elemento, que podem ser empregadas dependendo das condições produtivas dos animais e seus níveis prévios de Se. As intoxicações por Se (selenose), devem ser consideradas nos programas de suplementação, que pode ocorrer de forma crônica ou aguda. As formas crônicas ocorrem em regiões com solos ricos no elemento e nas condições que favorecem a absorção pelas plantas forrageiras. As formas agudas geralmente ocorrem por excesso do elemento nas dietas, ou sais administrados aos animais ou por erros na dosagem das formulações parenterais. A relação metabólica do Se na fêmea gestante, o feto e orecém-nascido, é uma área que requer uma maior investigação.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animal nutrition and plays multiple actions related to animal production, fertility and prevention of diseases. Glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GSH-Px) was the first seleno enzyme to demonstrate the active presence of selenium and its importance to prevent cellular membrane oxidative damage. Formerly, White muscle disease (WMD) was recognized as resulting from Se deficiency, determining new born mortality and adult animals, especially in ruminants. Nowadays, it is clear that Se is critical for thyroid hormone synthesis and its activation in peripheral tissues – from T3 to T4. Lack of Se seriously affects the capacity of immune response by the animals. Se status in the soil, plants, animal blood and tissues can be used as a tool to diagnose Se deficiency. Several forms of Se supplementation are described which can be applied depending of the productive capacity of the animals and their previous levels of Se. Acute and chronic Se intoxication (Selenosis) should be considered in supplementation programs as it may occur in a chronic or acute way. Chronic forms are associated to regional seleniferous soils, with permanent or repeated consumption of seleniferous plants. Acute forms are associated with high ingestion of Se as a result of wrongly designed diets, salt provided to the animals or parenteral injection dosage mistakes. The metabolic relation among Se, the fetus, the newborn and the pregnant dam requires further investigations.

Over-activation of the Drosophila melanogaster hsp83 gene by selenium intoxication

Selenium is an important dietary micronutrient and an essential component of selenoproteins and the active sites of some enzymes, although at high concentrations it is toxic. We investigated diphenyl diselenide ((C6H5)2Se2 ) for its effects on the developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster and found that in the larval and pupae stages the toxic threshold for this compound when added to the banana-agar medium on which the larva were fed was 350 µmol. In adult flies, fed on the same media, there were no observable toxic effects below 500 µmol but there were toxic effects above 600 µmol, indicating that adult flies were more resistant to selenium intoxication. In larvae, a when diphenyl diselenide was present above the toxic threshold there was increased activation of the hsp83 heat shock protein gene. Selenium promotes oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and affects the folding of proteins and this could explain the over-expression of hsp83 because the product of this gene is involved in protein folding and defense responses, including the response to heat shock.

Enfermidades associadas à intoxicação por selênio em animais / Diseases associated with selenium poisoning in animals

Por meio de revisão da literatura pertinente foram coligidos e são apresentados os principais dados relativos à intoxicação por selênio em animais domésticos. Foram abordados e discutidos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, anátomo e histopatológicos e patogenéticos atribuídos a Alkali Disease, Blind Staggers, intoxicação aguda e poliomielomalácia simétrica focal dos suínos. O trabalho tem como objetivo esclarecer pontos obscuros relativos à intoxicação por selênio, bem como alertar para os riscos que a suplementação com esse elemento pode representar.

Trough a critical literature review, the main data of selenium poisoning in domestic animals are presented. Epidemiological, clinical, anatomic and histopathological aspects attributed to Alkali Disease, Blind Staggers, acute poisoning and focal symmetrical poliomielomalacia of swine are discussed. The main objective of the paper is to clarify obscure points of selenium poisoning, as well to point out the risks that supplementation with this element can represent.

Influencia del hábito de fumar sobre las concentraciones séricas de zinc, cobre y selenio en adultos jóvenes / Influence of smoking on serum concentrations of zinc, copper and selenium in young adults

Zinc, cobre y selenio son cofactores de enzimas antioxidantes, por lo que una disminución de sus niveles séricos, compromete su papel preventivo de enfermedades degenerativas. En este estudio se planteó evaluar la influencia del hábito de fumar cigarrillo sobre las concentraciones séricas de estos cofactores en adultos jóvenes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 40 individuos sanos del sexo masculino, con edades entre 18 y 25 años, índice de masa corporal normal y consumo de nutrientes acorde con sus requerimientos nutricionales, divididos en grupo control (n=20) y grupo de fumadores crónicos (n=20), a los cuales se les cuantificó los niveles séricos de zinc, cobre, selenio y se les estimó la ingesta de nutrientes a través del recordatorio de 24 horas y la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. En los fumadores los niveles séricos de zinc se mostraron severamente disminuidos (0,36 + 0,10 mg/L) y significativamente inferiores a los encontrados en los controles (0,71 + 0,09 mg/L), mientras que los niveles sérico de cobre y selenio no mostraron diferencia significativa. Los resultados indican que aún cuando el consumo de minerales en los fumadores fue adecuado, la dieta habitual no logró mantener la concentración sérica de zinc en los rangos normales, haciéndolos más susceptibles al estrés oxidativo.

Protective effect of curcumin during selenium induced toxicity on dehydrogenases in hepatic tissue.

Selenium administration resulted in a marked decrease in the activity levels of the liver succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase while pyruvate dehydrogenase increased significantly (P<0.001) in the wistar rat. The degree of decrease of these enzymes was significantly less (P<0.001) when rats were treated with curcumin, a natural constituent Curcuma longa. Curcumin seems to prevent oxidative damage mediated through selenium and protect the dehydrogenases possibly through its anti-oxidative property.

Effects of selenium toxicity on oestrous cyclicity, ovarian follicles, ovulation and foetal survival in rats.

Effects of intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite (2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg body weight) to normally cycling female albino Wistar rats daily for 30 days, and of single injection either during proestrous or oestrous and at each stage of the 4-day oestrous cycle were determined on oestrous cyclicity, ovarian follicles, ovulation, implantation and pregnancy outcome on day 14 of gestation. Administration of selenite for 30 days had no effect on the duration of first two oestrous cycles but afterwards the rats remained at the dioestrus stage. Their ovaries developed cystic follicles. Selenite treatments during the oestrous cycle preceding mating affects the implantation and pregnancy outcome in a dose-related manner. Its single dose containing 2.0 mg/kg body weight administered either at proestrous or oestrous, though had no effect on different reproductive parameters investigated in this study but its daily dose during the 4 day oestrous cycle reduced the number of corpora lutea and implantations as compared to saline injected control female rats. Similar effects of a single dose of selenite (4.0 mg/kg body weight) when injected at proestrous were recorded. Higher dose of selenite at oestrous or throughout the cycle decreased the number of implantations, but in addition, also increased the resorption rate/litter on day 14 of gestation. The present studies clearly show that high selenium levels in the body during the oestrous cycle preceding mating affects the number of ovulations, implantations and live embryos depending upon its dose and stage of administration.

Influence of different dietary carbohydrates levels on some nutritional physiological parameters and selenium metabolism in nile-catfish [clarious lazara]

Effect of dietary carbohydrate [CHO] on hematology, blood chemistry, hormone and immunity was studied in Nile catfish. Nonsignificant decrease in body weight and growth of catfish fed high levels of CHO and no significant decrease in Hb and HCT% were observed. Concerning serum cortisol, glucose and cholesterol had a positive correlation with increase of CHO in diet. On the other hand, serum calcium, phosphorus, total protein and immunoglobulin M [IgM] were negatively correlated with dietary levels of CHO. Catfish reared on high CHO diet with 10 Ug selenium per gram diet had a significantly high liver and kidney selenium content than those reared on selenium free CHO after six weeks, indicating that excess dietary CHO enhances dietary selenium toxicity. In addition, liver copper levels were significantly affected with increased incidence of renal calcinosis, suggesting a variety of toxic effects of selenium on catfish

Histological and biochemical study of the effects of cadmium alone or associated with selenium in the rat

This work was carried out to investigate the effect of cadmium [Cd] given alone in a subacute dose or in association with selenium [Se] on the structure of the rat liver, kidney, heart and cerebellum. In addition, the levels of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase [GBH-Px] and reduced glutathione [GSH]as lipid peroxidation were assessed biochemically in both cases. Ten days after Cd treatments, the effect extended to involve all the investigated organs. However, the liver was the least affected one. It showed clumping of the cellular organelles mitochondrial inclusions and accumulation of cytoplasmic fibrillar material. The effect on the kidney was highly destructive mainly involving the proximal convoluted tubules and to a lesser extent the distal convoluted tubules. The heart showed mitochondrial destruction and degeneration of the myofilaments. In the cerebellar cortex, there was loss of the organelles particularly in the peripheral part. These changes were correlated with the oxidative stress induced by Cd. This was confirmed by the marked depletion of GSH, reduction of GSH-Px and increased lipid peroxidation detected biochemically

Effect of selenium dioxide on the testes of rat.

Selenium dioxide was administered (ip) to albino male rats (200 +/- 5 g) in increasing doses (2, 6 and 10 micrograms/rat, daily) for 90 days. Histologic and histometric study showed that there was dose dependent injury to testes. No cellular deformation was observed following 2 micrograms-dose; whereas 6 micrograms-dose caused significant damage of gametogenic cells. At a dose of 10 micrograms, there was a significant testicular degeneration along with testicular atrophy.