Comprehensive Application of the International Classification of Headache Disorders Third Edition, Beta Version

The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and usefulness of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition, beta version (ICHD-3beta), and compare the differences with the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition (ICHD-2). Consecutive first-visit patients were recruited from 11 headache clinics in Korea. Headache classification was performed in accordance with ICHD-3beta. The characteristics of headaches were analyzed and the feasibility and usefulness of this version was assessed by the proportion of unclassified headache disorders compared with ICHD-2. A total of 1,627 patients were enrolled (mean age, 47.4±14.7 yr; 62.8% female). Classification by ICHD-3beta was achieved in 97.8% of headache patients, whereas 90.0% could be classified by ICHD-2. Primary headaches (n=1,429, 87.8%) were classified as follows: 697 migraines, 445 tension-type headaches, 22 cluster headaches, and 265 other primary headache disorders. Secondary headache or painful cranial neuropathies/other facial pains were diagnosed in 163 patients (10.0%). Only 2.2% were not classified by ICHD-3beta. The main reasons for missing classifications were insufficient information (1.6%) or absence of suitable classification (0.6%). The diagnoses differed from those using ICHD-2 in 243 patients (14.9%). Among them, 165 patients were newly classified from unclassified with ICHD-2 because of the relaxation of the previous strict criteria or the introduction of a new diagnostic category. ICHD-3beta would yield a higher classification rate than its previous version, ICHD-2. ICHD-3beta is applicable in clinical practice for first-visit headache patients of a referral hospital.

Headache-related disability among medical students in Amazon: a cross-sectional study / Incapacidade relacionada à cefaleia em estudantes de medicina no Amazonas: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the prevalence of headache in medical students, and quantify the degree of disability through HIT-6 and MIDAS scale. Method The criteria established by International Headache Society were used and the HIT-6 and MIDAS, to asses disability. Results 140 medical students from UFAM were evaluated. 16.43% cases of migraine headache, 6.43% of probable migraine, and 23.57% of tension headaches were detected. 6.42% reported an absence of headache; and another 11.42% had secondary headache. According to the HIT-6 questionnaire, in 7.14% and 18.57% of the students, headaches were classified as having substantial to severe impact, respectively. Conclusion Migraine and probable migraine had higher scores than the other types of headache and, therefore, led to higher levels of disability. The present study did not find a significant correlation between student semester, age or extracurricular activities on the impact generated by headache.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência de cefaleia em estudantes médicos e quantificar o grau de incapacidade através das escalas HIT-6 e MIDAS. Método Os critérios da Sociedade Internacional de Cefaleia foram usados e as escalas Hit-6 e MIDAS foram usadas para medir a incapacidade. Resultados 140 estudantes de medicina da UFAM foram avaliados. 16.43% eram migrânea, 6.43% de provável migrânea e 23.57% de cefaleia tipo tensional. 6,42% relataram ausência de cefaleia e 11.42% possuíam cefaleia secundária. De acordo com o questionário HIT-6 em 7,14% e 18,57% dos estudantes, a cefaleia foram classificadas como impacto substancial e grave respectivamente. Conclusão Migrânea e provável migrânea tiveram escores mais elevados do que os outros tipos de cefaleia e maiores níveis de incapacidade. O estudo não encontrou uma associação significante entre o período de graduação, idade ou das atividades extracurriculares com o impacto gerado pela cefaleia.

Patients with sudden onset headache not meeting the criteria of the International Headache Society for new daily persistent headache. How to classify them? / Pacientes com cefaleia persistente e diária desde o início que não preenchem os critérios da International Headache Society. Como classificá-los?

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the records of 1348 patients regularly treated at the headache clinic of Department of Neurology of Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil. Sixty-two patients reported history of daily and persistent headache. From the 62 patients selected, only 21 (group 1) could be diagnosed with new daily-persistent headache (NDPH) according to the International Headache Society (HIS) 2004 criteria. The 41 remaining patients (group 2) could not be diagnosed with NDPH according to IHS-2004 once they presented two or more migraine attack-related symptoms, such as: nausea, photophobia, phonophobia and vomiting, in different combinations. It was not possible to classify them in groups 1 to 4 of primary headaches either. How to classify them? We suggest that the criteria are revised. And one way we can classify them, would be the subdivision: NDPH with migraine features and without migraine features that would allow the inclusion of all individuals present who has a daily and persistent headache from the beginning.

Realizamos uma análise retrospectiva do prontuário de 1348 pacientes acompanhados no ambulatório de Cefaleia do Departamento de Neurologia da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brasil. Sessenta e dois pacientes relataram história de cefaleia persistente e diária (NDPH) desde o início. Destes, apenas 21 (grupo 1) puderam ser diagnosticados com NDPH de acordo com os critérios da Sociedade Internacional de Cefaleia 2004. Os 41 pacientes restantes (grupo 2) não puderam ser diagnosticados como NDPH, uma vez que apresentaram dois ou mais sintomas relacionados a cefaleia do tipo enxaqueca, tais como: náuseas, fotofobia, fonofobia e vômitos, em diferentes combinações. Não foi possível, também, classificá-los entre os grupos de 1 a 4 das cefaleias primárias. Como classificá-los? Sugerimos que os critérios sejam revistos. E uma maneira de podermos classificá-los seria a subdivisão da NDPH em: com características de enxaqueca e sem características de enxaqueca. Isso permitiria a inclusão de todos os indivíduos portadores de uma cefaleia diária e persistente desde o início.

Relative frequency of headache types: a longitudinal study in the tertiary care / Avaliação longitudinal da frequência dos tipos de cefaléia em um centro terciário

In order to properly assess patients with primary headache, one needs to follow the cases up longitudinally. In Brazil, there were no studies using this methodology published after the publication of the latest issue of the International Classification of Headaches in 2004 - ICHD-2. This is especially important when we consider that it was only after such publication that we had the criteria used to classify some types of headaches which evolve with daily, or almost daily, spells, and which are very common in tertiary health care centers. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of headache types in a tertiary health care center, in a longitudinal fashion. METHOD: We assessed 95 consecutive patients. These patients were diagnosed and classified according to the ICDH-2. The subjects were followed up for 18 months, they were treated and reassessed. RESULTS: Most of the individuals had more than one type of headache. Among those with episodic migraine in 2007, 6 developed chronic migraine in 2008, producing an incidence rate of 7.2 percent. Among those with chronic migraine in 2007, 9 remitted, producing a remission rate of 75 percent. In 2007, 24 individuals abused analgesic agents and 17 no longer showed abuse criteria in 2008 - when 7 new cases were found. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of migraine remained stable. On the other hand, treatment brought about a reduction in the frequency of headaches caused by excessive use of analgesic, although the frequency of daily chronic headache was almost unaltered.

Em casos de cefaléia primária é fundamental o acompanhamento longitudinal do paciente. No Brasil não há estudos que utilizaram essa metodologia após a publicação da Classificação Internacional de Cefaléias em 2004 (ICDH-2). Isso é especialmente importante quando consideramos que, apenas após tal publicação, obtivemos critérios para classificar cefaléias diárias, ou quase diárias, tão comuns em centros terciários. OBJETIVO: Avaliar longitudinalmente a frequência dos tipos de cefaléia em um centro de cefaléias. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 95 pacientes consecutivos. Estes pacientes foram diagnosticados e classificados conforme a ICDH-2. Os indivíduos foram acompanhados por 18 meses, tratados e reavaliados. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos indivíduos recebeu mais de um diagnóstico. Entre aqueles com migrânea episódica em 2007, 6 desenvolveram migrânea crônica em 2008, com 7,2 por cento de incidência; entre aqueles com migrânea crônica em 2007, 9 remitiram, sendo a taxa de remissão de 75 por cento. Em 2007, o abuso de analgésicos foi encontrado em 24 indivíduos. Desses, 17 não apresentavam mais critérios de abuso em 2008, enquanto 7 novos casos foram encontrados. CONCLUSÃO: Houve estabilidade diagnóstica da migrânea. Por outro lado, a intervenção terapêutica permitiu a redução da frequência dos casos de cefaléia por uso excessivo de analgésicos, embora a frequência de cefaléia crônica diária mostrou-se praticamente inalterada.

Childhood headache syndromes [part I]

Headache is one of the most common reason that children are referred to the Pediatric Neurology Services. It is said that ten percent of children aged 5 to 15 years have migraine. Subsequently, it is important for clinician to have a thorough, comprehensive and systematic approach to the evaluation and management of the child or adolescent who complain of headache. This writing aims to explore the symptoms of headache, its epidemiology, classification, appropriate evaluation, differential diagnosis and management. Headaches are divided into primary and secondary categories. Migraine and tension type headaches are prototype of primary headaches without underlying pathology. On the other hand, the type of headache which stems from organic diseases such as: brain tumor, increased intracranial pressure, systemic disease, drug toxicity or Ear Nose and Throat problems, are considered secondary. On the whole, the majority of children with primary headache have two patterns of headache. One is a chronic low-grade and the other is an intermittent disabling headache. The cause of the former is either caffeine or analgesic abuse, and the latter is predominantly migraine. Traditionally, if a child presents himself with chief complain of headache, care taker physician begins with history taking followed by thorough physical and neurological examinations. In the majority of the cases, this initial process leads to a diagnosis or indicate the need for further testing. Once the diagnosis is made, a program of management comes into being

Characterization of headaches in the premenstrual tension syndrome / Caracterização das cefaléias na síndrome da tensão pré-menstrual

OBJECTIVE: Characterization of headaches in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although headache is one of the symptoms for PMS, no details on this headache are given by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) criteria. METHOD: A group of 45 fertile age women presenting PMS were invited to complete a registration diary for headache and PMS symptoms for three consecutive months. The diary included details of each headache attack, allowing for classification according to the International Headache Society criteria (IHS-2004). RESULTS: Migraine without aura was the most common type of headache in PMS (n=27, 60 percent), followed by tension type headache (n=15, 30 percent). Only in two cases the type of headache varied among the observed months, and only in one case the diagnosis could not be concluded by the IHS-2004 criteria. CONCLUSION: Better clinical and therapeutic approach to headache in PMS can be achieved if the patient's type of headache could be properly characterized.

OBJETIVO: Caracterização das cefaléias na síndrome da tensão pré-menstrual (TPM). Embora cefaléia seja um dos sintomas associados à TPM, não são fornecidos detalhes sobre esta dor pelos critérios do American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG). MÉTODO: Um grupo de 45 mulheres em idade fértil apresentando TPM foi convidado a preencher um diário de registro de cefaléia e dos sintomas de TPM por três meses consecutivos. O diário incluía detalhes de cada crise de cefaléia, permitindo classificação de acordo com os critérios da International Headache Society (IHS-2004). RESULTADOS: Enxaqueca sem aura foi a forma mais freqüente de cefaléia na TPM (n=27, 60 por cento), seguida de cefaléia tipo tensional (n=15, 30 por cento). Em apenas dois casos a cefaléia variou entre os meses observados e em apenas um caso o diagnóstico não pôde ser conclusivo pelos critérios da IHS-2004. CONCLUSÃO: Melhor manejo clínico e terapêutico pode ser obtido na cefaléia da TPM se o tipo de cefaléia apresentado pela paciente puder ser adequadamente caracterizado.

Cefaleas por uso excesivo de medicamentos / Migraines by excessive medicine use

Debido a que la cefalea es un síntoma frecuente de consulta en niños y adolescentes, es necesario considerar dentro del diagnóstico diferencial el consumo excesivo de medicamentos como causa o como factor de agravamiento de este síntoma. Se analiza la presentación clínica en niños y adolescentes, dado que no es una patología exclusiva del adulto. Se describe su tratamiento y prevención.