[Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian primary school children]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos del nivel primario.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian schoolchildren. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out between 2013 and 2014. The probabilistic, multistage stratified sampling included 1 191 conglomerates with 7 914 dwellings (4 842 in the urban area and 3 072 in the rural area) of Peru. A total of 2 801 schoolchildren aged between 5 and 13 years were evaluated. The Z score of the body mass index by age (ZBMI) was used according to the WHO. Overweight was considered (ZBMI> 1 and ≤2) and obesity (ZBMI >2). RESULTS: 18.1% of the sample was overweight and 14.1% were obese. Overweight predominated in males (18.7%), schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years (19.6%), non-poor (21.2%), residing in the urban area (21.6%), from Metropolitan Lima (22.8%) and Costa (22.7%). The factors associated with overweight included non-poverty (OR=1.9), living in urban areas (OR=1.7), Metropolitan Lima (OR=1.9) and Costa (OR=1.6). On the other hand, factors associated with obesity included male sex (OR=3.1), secondary education level of the head of the household (OR=1.8), higher education (OR=2.5), non-poor (OR=9.2), residing in an urban area (OR=3.4), Metropolitan Lima (OR=4.8) and Costa (OR=2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity or overweight in schoolchildren is high. Non-poverty, living in urban areas, Metropolitan Lima and Costa are associated with overweight. Being a man, non-poor, the highest educational level of the head of the household, living in the urban area, Metropolitan Lima and Costa were associated with obesity.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal durante el 2013-2014. El muestreo probabilístico, estratificado multietápico, se incluyó 1 191 conglomerados con 7 914 viviendas (área urbana: 4 842 y rural: 3 072) en Perú. Se evalúo 2 801 escolares entre 5 a 13 años. Se empleó el Z score del índice de masa corporal para la edad (ZIMC) según OMS. Se consideró sobrepeso (ZIMC>1 y ≤2) y obesidad (ZIMC>2). RESULTADOS: El 18,1% tuvieron sobrepeso y 14,1% obesidad. El sobrepeso predominó en varones (18,7%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (19,6%), no pobres (21,2%), área urbana (21,6%), Lima Metropolitana (22,8%) y Costa (22,7%). La obesidad predominó en varones (19,1%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (17,9%), no pobres (18,5%), área urbana (20,2%), Lima Metropolitana (28,0%) y Costa (18,2%). Los factores asociados al sobrepeso fueron la no pobreza (OR=1,9), vivir en área urbana (OR=1,7), Lima Metropolitana (OR=1,9) y Costa (OR=1,6); mientras que ser hombre (OR=3,1), nivel educativo secundario del jefe del hogar (OR=1, 8), superior (OR=2,5), no pobre (OR=9,2), residir en área urbana (OR=3,4), Lima Metropolitana (OR=4,8) y Costa (OR=2,9) se asociaron con la obesidad. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de obesidad o sobrepeso de los escolares es alta. La condición de no pobreza, vivir en área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocian al sobrepeso. Ser hombre, no pobre, el mayor nivel educativo del jefe del hogar, vivir en el área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocia a la obesidad.

Prevalencia de uso de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario / Prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren / Prevalência de uso de lancheiras saudáveis ​​em alunos do ensino fundamental peruano

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario. Material y Métodos Estudio transversal que incluyó a 8 185 escolares de colegios públicos y privados. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. El tamaño de muestra calculado fue 8 628 escolares. Se definió lonchera saludable, la inclusión de una fruta, bebida y complemento saludable (bajo en azúcar, sal y aceite) según normatividad peruana, se evalúo por observación. El análisis se realizó mediante muestras complejas ajustado por factor de ponderación. Se calculó, porcentajes, intervalo de confianza de 95% y Chi-cuadrado. Se solicitó la autorización formal al director, maestros y padres, adicionalmente se pidió el asentimiento verbal a los estudiantes ≥ con 9 o más años. Resultados Se evaluaron 8 185 escolares, la prevalencia del uso de loncheras fue 58,7% (IC 95%:56.5;61.0). La prevalencia de loncheras saludables fue 5,4% (IC95%:4,6;6,3). Del total de niños, 5,6% tuvieron loncheras saludables y 5,2% del total de niñas tuvieron loncheras saludables. El 6,3% de los niños que residieron en la zona urbana tuvieron lonchera saludable y 0,8% en la zona rural. Los niños que residieron en Lima Metropolitana (8,1%) y la selva (8,1%) tuvieron loncheras saludables. Los departamentos con mayor prevalencia de loncheras saludables fueron: Arequipa (13,6%), Moquegua (9,4%), Tacna (9,3%), Lima (7,5%) y Lambayeque (6,5%). Conclusiones La prevalencia de loncheras saludables en los escolares peruanos es muy baja.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study including a sample of 8 185 children of public and private schools. Probabilistic, stratified and multistage sampling. Healthy lunchbox was defined as that composed of a fruit, a drink and a healthy complement (low in sugar, salt and oil) according to the Peruvian law; it was evaluated by observation. The analysis was performed using complex samples adjusted by weighting factor. Percentages, 95% confidence interval and chi square were calculated. Formal authorization was requested from the principal and the teachers and fathers; additionally, written consent was requested from students aged ≥9 years or older. Results 8 185 schoolchildren were evaluated; the prevalence was 58.7% of lunchboxes (CI95%: 56.5;61.0). The prevalence of lunchbox use was 5.4% (CI95%: 4.6;6.3). A figure of 5.6% healthy lunchboxes was found in boys and 5.2% in girls. 6.3% of the children residing in the urban area had healthy lunch boxes, in contrast to 0.8% in the rural area. Children residing in Metropolitan Lima (8.1%) and the jungle (8.1%) had healthy lunchboxes. The departments with the highest prevalence of healthy lunchboxes were: Arequipa (13.6%), Moquegua (9.4%), Tacna (9.3%), Lima (7.5%) and Lambayeque (6.5%). Conclusions The prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian schoolchildren is very low.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​em alunos do ensino fundamental peruano. Material e Métodos Estudo transversal que incluiu 8.185 escolares de escolas públicas e privadas. Amostragem probabilística, estratificada e multiestágios. O tamanho da amostra calculada foi de 8.628 escolares. Foi definida uma lancheira saudável, a inclusão de uma fruta, bebida e complemento saudável (baixo teor de açúcar, sal e óleo) de acordo com a regulamentação peruana, avaliada por observação. A análise foi realizada usando amostras complexas ajustadas para fator de ponderação. Foram calculados os percentuais, intervalo de confiança de 95% e qui-quadrado. Foi solicitada autorização formal do diretor, professores e pais, além do consentimento verbal dos alunos com idade igual ou superior a 9 anos. Resultados Foram avaliados 8 185 escolares, a prevalência de uso de lancheira foi de 58,7% (IC 95%: 56,5; 61,0). A prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​foi de 5,4% (IC 95%: 4,6, 6,3). Do total de meninos, 5,6% tinham lancheiras saudáveis ​​e 5,2% de todas as meninas tinham lancheiras saudáveis. 6,3% das crianças que moravam na zona urbana tinham lancheira saudável e 0,8% na zona rural. As crianças que residiam na região metropolitana de Lima (8,1%) e na selva (8,1%) tinham lancheiras saudáveis. Os departamentos com maior prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​foram: Arequipa (13,6%), Moquegua (9,4%), Tacna (9,3%), Lima (7,5%) e Lambayeque (6,5%). Conclusões A prevalência de lancheiras saudáveis ​​em escolares peruanos é muito baixa.(AU)

Prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos del nivel primario / Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian primary school children

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares peruanos. Métodos Estudio transversal durante el 2013-2014. El muestreo probabilístico, estratificado multietápico, se incluyó 1 191 conglomerados con 7 914 viviendas (área urbana: 4 842 y rural: 3 072) en Perú. Se evalúo 2 801 escolares entre 5 a 13 años. Se empleó el Z score del índice de masa corporal para la edad (ZIMC) según OMS. Se consideró sobrepeso (ZIMC>1 y ≤2) y obesidad (ZIMC>2). Resultados El 18,1% tuvieron sobrepeso y 14,1% obesidad. El sobrepeso predominó en varones (18,7%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (19,6%), no pobres (21,2%), área urbana (21,6%), Lima Metropolitana (22,8%) y Costa (22,7%). La obesidad predominó en varones (19,1%), escolares de 8 a 10 años (17,9%), no pobres (18,5%), área urbana (20,2%), Lima Metropolitana (28,0%) y Costa (18,2%). Los factores asociados al sobrepeso fueron la no pobreza (OR=1,9), vivir en área urbana (OR=1,7), Lima Metropolitana (OR=1,9) y Costa (OR=1,6); mientras que ser hombre (OR=3,1), nivel educativo secundario del jefe del hogar (OR=1, 8), superior (OR=2,5), no pobre (OR=9,2), residir en área urbana (OR=3,4), Lima Metropolitana (OR=4,8) y Costa (OR=2,9) se asociaron con la obesidad. Conclusiones La prevalencia de obesidad o sobrepeso de los escolares es alta. La condición de no pobreza, vivir en área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocian al sobrepeso. Ser hombre, no pobre, el mayor nivel educativo del jefe del hogar, vivir en el área urbana, Lima Metropolitana y Costa se asocia a la obesidad.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian schoolchildren. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional study carried out between 2013 and 2014. The probabilistic, multistage stratified sampling included 1 191 conglomerates with 7 914 dwellings (4 842 in the urban area and 3 072 in the rural area) of Peru. A total of 2 801 schoolchildren aged between 5 and 13 years were evaluated. The Z score of the body mass index by age (ZBMI) was used according to the WHO. Overweight was considered (ZBMI> 1 and ≤2) and obesity (ZBMI >2). Results 18.1% of the sample was overweight and 14.1% were obese. Overweight predominated in males (18.7%), schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years (19.6%), non-poor (21.2%), residing in the urban area (21.6%), from Metropolitan Lima (22.8%) and Costa (22.7%). The factors associated with overweight included non-poverty (OR=1.9), living in urban areas (OR=1.7), Metropolitan Lima (OR=1.9) and Costa (OR=1.6). On the other hand, factors associated with obesity included male sex (OR=3.1), secondary education level of the head of the household (OR=1.8), higher education (OR=2.5), non-poor (OR=9.2), residing in an urban area (OR=3.4), Metropolitan Lima (OR=4.8) and Costa (OR=2.9). Conclusions The prevalence of obesity or overweight in schoolchildren is high. Non-poverty, living in urban areas, Metropolitan Lima and Costa are associated with overweight. Being a man, non-poor, the highest educational level of the head of the household, living in the urban area, Metropolitan Lima and Costa were associated with obesity.(AU)

[Prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren]. / Prevalencia de uso de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study including a sample of 8 185 children of public and private schools. Probabilistic, stratified and multistage sampling. Healthy lunchbox was defined as that composed of a fruit, a drink and a healthy complement (low in sugar, salt and oil) according to the Peruvian law; it was evaluated by observation. The analysis was performed using complex samples adjusted by weighting factor. Percentages, 95% confidence interval and chi square were calculated. Formal authorization was requested from the principal and the teachers and fathers; additionally, written consent was requested from students aged ≥9 years or older. RESULTS: 8 185 schoolchildren were evaluated; the prevalence was 58.7% of lunchboxes (CI95%: 56.5;61.0). The prevalence of lunchbox use was 5.4% (CI95%: 4.6;6.3). A figure of 5.6% healthy lunchboxes was found in boys and 5.2% in girls. 6.3% of the children residing in the urban area had healthy lunch boxes, in contrast to 0.8% in the rural area. Children residing in Metropolitan Lima (8.1%) and the jungle (8.1%) had healthy lunchboxes. The departments with the highest prevalence of healthy lunchboxes were: Arequipa (13.6%), Moquegua (9.4%), Tacna (9.3%), Lima (7.5%) and Lambayeque (6.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of healthy lunchboxes in Peruvian schoolchildren is very low.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de loncheras saludables en escolares peruanos del nivel primario. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal que incluyó a 8 185 escolares de colegios públicos y privados. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. El tamaño de muestra calculado fue 8 628 escolares. Se definió lonchera saludable, la inclusión de una fruta, bebida y complemento saludable (bajo en azúcar, sal y aceite) según normatividad peruana, se evalúo por observación. El análisis se realizó mediante muestras complejas ajustado por factor de ponderación. Se calculó, porcentajes, intervalo de confianza de 95% y Chi-cuadrado. Se solicitó la autorización formal al director, maestros y padres, adicionalmente se pidió el asentimiento verbal a los estudiantes ≥ con 9 o más años. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 8 185 escolares, la prevalencia del uso de loncheras fue 58,7% (IC 95%:56.5;61.0). La prevalencia de loncheras saludables fue 5,4% (IC95%:4,6;6,3). Del total de niños, 5,6% tuvieron loncheras saludables y 5,2% del total de niñas tuvieron loncheras saludables. El 6,3% de los niños que residieron en la zona urbana tuvieron lonchera saludable y 0,8% en la zona rural. Los niños que residieron en Lima Metropolitana (8,1%) y la selva (8,1%) tuvieron loncheras saludables. Los departamentos con mayor prevalencia de loncheras saludables fueron: Arequipa (13,6%), Moquegua (9,4%), Tacna (9,3%), Lima (7,5%) y Lambayeque (6,5%). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de loncheras saludables en los escolares peruanos es muy baja.

Riesgo cardiovascular según circunferencia abdominal en peruanos / Cardiovascular risk according to abdominal circumference in Peruvians

Introducción. El exceso de grasa intraabdominal está relacionado a las alteraciones metabólicas que incrementan el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo. Determinar el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular según circunferencia abdominal (CA) en peruanos. Diseño. Estudio transversal. Lugar. Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Perú. Participantes. Peruanos ≥ 12 años de edad. Intervenciones. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. La muestra incluyó 1 191 conglomerados que incluyeron 7 914 viviendas distribuidas en Perú, en 2013-2014. Se evalúo 16 832 habitantes ≥ 12 años. El riesgo cardiovascular se clasificó en bajo, alto y muy alto. El INS realizó la evaluación de la CA y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) calculó la muestra y ponderaciones. Principales medidas de resultados. Riesgo cardiovascular según CA. Resultados. El 50,1% presentó riesgo bajo de enfermedad cardiovascular, 22,8% riesgo alto y 27,1% riesgo muy alto. El riesgo muy alto de enfermedad cardiovascular fue más prevalente en las mujeres (42,5%), que residieron en la área urbana (30,5%) (p<0,001), Lima Metropolitana (32,6%) y la Costa (31,0%) (p<0,001). El riesgo alto de enfermedad cardiovascular fue similar entre sexos, siendo más frecuente en la zona urbana (24,3%), Lima Metropolitana (25,1%) y la Costa (24,2%). El riesgo alto y muy alto de enfermedad cardiovascular aumentó conforme se incrementó la edad (p<0,001), excepto el riesgo alto que disminuyó en los adultos mayores. El riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aumentó a medida que disminuyó el nivel de pobreza (p<0,001). Conclusiones. La mitad de los peruanos de doce años a más presentaron riesgo alto y muy alto de enfermedad cardiovascular según la circunferencia abdominal.

Introduction: Excessive intra-abdominal fat is related to metabolic alterations that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To describe the risk of cardiovascular disease according to abdominal circumference in Peruvians. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: National Institute of Health (NIH), Peru. Participants: Peruvians aged ≥12 years or older. Interventions: Probabilistic sampling, stratified, multistage. The sample included 1 191 conglomerates with 7 914 households distributed in Peru, in 2013-2014. 16 832 inhabitants ≥12 year old were evaluated. The cardiovascular risk was classified as low, high or very high. The NIH performed the AC assessment and the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (NISI) calculated the sample and weights. Main outcome measures: Cardiovascular risk according to AC. Results: 50.1% presented low risk of cardiovascular disease, 22.8% high and 27.1% very high risk. The high risk for cardiovascular disease was more prevalent in women (42.5%), residing in the urban area (30.5%) (P <0.001), in Metropolitan Lima (32.6%) and in the coast (31.0%) (p <0.001). The high risk of cardiovascular disease was similar between sexes, being more frequent in the urban area (24.3%), Metropolitan Lima (25.1%) and the coast (24.2%). The high and very high risk of cardiovascular disease increased with age (p <0.001), except the high risk which decreased in the elderly. The risk of cardiovascular disease increased as poverty decreased (p <0.001). Conclusions: Half of the Peruvians aged 21 and above presented high and very high risk of cardiovascular disease according to abdominal circumference.

Ingesta de nutrientes y estado nutricional de niños peruanos entre 6 a 35 meses / Nutrient intake and nutritional status of peruvian children from 6 to 35 months old

Introducción: La ingesta de nutrientes influye en la malnutrición, la niñez constituye una ventana de oportunidades para el desarrollo de intervenciones que contribuyan a mejorar el estado nutricional de los niños. Objetivos: Determinar la ingesta de nutrientes y estado nutricional de niños peruanos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal que incluyó 1296 niños entre 6 a 35 meses. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. La ingesta de nutrientes se calculó por recordatorio de 24 h. Se consideró porcentaje de ingesta muy deficiente (2 y ≤3 z score) y obesidad (P/T>3 z score). El procesamiento se realizó mediante muestras complejas ajustado por ponderación. Se calcularon porcentajes, chi cuadrado e intervalo de confianza al 95%. Resultados: La ingesta adecuada fueron: 15,2% de energía, 2,4% proteína total, 15,3% grasa 6,9% hierro, 5,8% vitamina A y 11,1% zinc (p<0.001). Se encontró diferencias significativas entre el estado nutricional y la energía (p=0.007), proteína total (p<0.001), grasa (p=0.013), vitamina A (p=0.001) y zinc (p=0.008), excepto en hierro (p=0.593). Discusión: Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los niños presentan deficiente o excesiva ingesta de nutrientes e influyen en el estado nutricional de los niños. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias significativas entre la ingesta de nutrientes y el estado nutricional del niño, excepto en hierro (AU)

Introduction: Nutrient intake influences malnutrition, childhood is a window of opportunity for the development of interventions that contribute to improve the nutritional status of children. Objectives: Determine the nutrient intake according to nutritional status of Peruvian children. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study included 1296 children between 6 to 35 months of age. The sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. Nutrient intake was calculated by reminder of 24 h according to patterns of the FAO/WHO/UNU, ideal weight, breastfeeding included in the analysis. It was considered percentage of intake very poor (<70%), poor (≥ 70 to <90), adequate (≥90% to2; z score ≤3) and obesity (W/H> 3 z score). The processing was performed with complex samples adjusted by weighting. Percentages, chi square and confidence interval were calculated at 95%. Results: Adequate intake was 15.2% energy, 2.4% total protein, 15.3% fat, 6.9% iron, 5.8% vitamin A and zinc 11.1% (p< 0.001). Significant differences between nutritional status and energy were found (p=0.007), total protein (p<0.001), fat (p=0.013), vitamin A (p=0.001) and zinc (p=0.008) except iron (p=0.593). Discussion: The results show that the majority of children present deficient or excessive nutrient intake and influence the nutritional status of children. Conclusions: There are significant differences between the intake of nutrients according to the nutritional status of the child, except iron (AU)

Prevalencia y factores asociados a la baja actividad física de la población peruana / Prevalence and factors associated with low physical activity level among the peruvian population

Introducción: La baja actividad física incrementa el riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la baja actividad física de los peruanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. Se visitó 5792 viviendas y se evalúo a 10653 peruanos entre 15 a 69 años. El nivel de actividad física se evalúo mediante IPAQ-OMS y se clasificó: alto, moderado y bajo. Se consideró el reporte de al menos 10 minutos continuos de actividad física en un día típico. El estado nutricional se evalúo según coeficiente Z del IMC para la edad de los adolescentes, y el IMC en adultos. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado. El análisis se realizó mediante SPSS para muestras complejas, se ajustó por factor de ponderación. Se calcularon mediana, proporciones, chi cuadrado y regresión logística. Resultados: El 75,8% realizaron baja actividad física, 21,3% moderada y 2,9% alta. El grupo etario de 20-29 (OR=0,4); 30-59 años (0,3), 60-69 (OR=0,5), el sexo femenino (OR=2,8), el nivel secundaria (OR=1,2), superior (OR=1,5), tener pareja (OR=1,3), la obesidad (OR=1,7), residir en el área urbana (OR=1,9), Lima Metropolitana (OR=1,9), Costa (OR=1,4) y Selva (1,5) se asociaron a la baja actividad física. Discusión: La mayoría de los peruanos presentaron baja actividad física, siendo similar con la literatura existente. Conclusiones: Las tres cuartas partes de los peruanos tienen baja actividad física. La edad, el sexo femenino, tener pareja, el nivel educativo superior, la obesidad, residir en la zona urbana, Lima Metropolitana, costa y selva se asociaron a la baja actividad física (AU)

Introduction: The low physical activity increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases. Objectives: to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the low physical activity of Peruvian population. Methods: cross-sectional study. The sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. 5792 houses were visited and 10653 Peruvian between 15 to 69 years were evaluated. Physical activity was evaluated by IPAQ-OMS and it was rated: high, moderate and low, to report less than 10 continuous minutes of physical activity in a typical day. Nutritional status was evaluated according to IMC for the age of the adolescents and BMI in the rest. Informed consent was asked. The analysis was performed using SPSS for complex samples, it was adjusted by weighting factor. Median, proportions, chi square and regression logistic were calculated. Results: 75.8% performed low physical activity, 21.3% moderate and 2.9% high. The age between 20-29 (OR=0.4); 30-59 (OR=0.3); 60-69 (OR=0.5), the female (OR= 2.8), the secondary education (OR=1.2), Higher education level (1.5), having couple (OR=1.3), obesity (OR= 1.7), living in urban areas (OR = 1.9), Metropolitan Lima (OR= 1,9), Coast (OR=1.4) and Jungle (OR=1.5) were associated with low physical activity. Discussion: The majority of Peruvians presented low physical activity, being similar with the existing literature. Conclusions: Three-quarters of Peruvians have low physical activity. The age, female, Higher educational level, having couple, obesity, reside in urban, metropolitan Lima, coast and jungle is associated with low physical activity (AU)

Yoduria y concentración de yodo en sal de consumo en escolares peruanos del nivel primario / Ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la yoduria y concentración de yodo sal de consumo en escolares peruanos del nivel primario. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se incluyó 8023 escolares del nivel primario, que participaron voluntariamente. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico, multietápico y estratificado, la selección se realizó por muestreo sistemático. La determinación de yoduria se realizó por espectrofotometría (método de Sandell-Kolthoff) y la evaluación de yodo en sal se realizó por volumetría. El procesamiento de datos se realizó mediante análisis para muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calculó medianas, percentiles e intervalos de confianza, se usó la prueba de U Mann Whitney y Kruskall Wallis cuando correspondía. Resultados A nivel nacional, la mediana de yoduria en los escolares fue 258,53 ug/L, siendo mayor en los varones (265,90 ug/L) que en las mujeres (250,77 ug/L). La mediana de yoduria en el área urbana fue mayor (289,89 ug/L) que en el área rural (199,67 ug/L), mientras que en los colegios privados fue 315,48 ug/L y en los públicos fue 241,56 ug/L (p<0,001). La mediana de yodo en sal fue 28,69 mg/kg. El 23,1% de las muestras de sal, tuvieron menos de 15 mg/kg de yodo. Conclusiones La mediana de yoduria en los escolares del nivel primario presenta niveles superiores a las necesarias, según lo recomendado por la OMS, con diferencias entre la zona urbana y rural, y colegios públicos y privados.

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 8,023 elementary schoolchildren, who voluntarily participated, were included. Multistage stratified probability sampling was performed, and the sample was obtained by systematic selection. Ioduria was determined via spectrophotometry (Sandell-Kolthoff method), and the amount of iodine in salt was evaluated volumetrically. The data were processed by means of analysis for complex samples with a weighting factor. Medians, percentiles, and confidence intervals were calculated, and the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used, where appropriate. Results Nationwide, the median ioduria in schoolchildren was 258.53 ug/L, being higher in boys (265.90 ug/L) than in girls (250.77 ug/L). The median ioduria in urban areas was higher (289.89 ug/L) than that in rural areas (199.67 ug/L), while it was 315.48 ug/L in private schools and 241.56 ug/L in public schools (p<0.001). The median iodine concentration in table salt was 28.69 mg/kg. Of the total salt samples, 23.1% contained less than 15 mg/kg of iodine. Conclusions The median ioduria in elementary schoolchildren exceeded normal levels, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization, with differences between urban and rural areas and public and private schools.

Calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú / Bacteriological quality of water for consumption in three Peruvian areas

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú. Materiales y Método Se realizó un estudio transversal. La recolección de datos se realizó en Cajamarca, Huancavelica y Huánuco durante el 2012-2013. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. Incluyó 706 viviendas. Se evalúo presencia de coliformes totales y E. coli mediante el kit Readycult ®. Se recolectó 100 mL de agua utilizada para preparación de alimentos. La determinación de cloro residual se realizó mediante análisis semicuantitativo (Chlorine Test®). Se estableció como concentración ideal de cloro residual ≥0,5 mg/L. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calcularon porcentajes y chi cuadrado. Se definió buena calidad bacteriológica: agua con cloro libre adecuado, ausencia de coliformes totales y E. coli. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado del jefe del hogar. Resultados Del total de muestras evaluadas, 78,6 % tuvieron coliformes totales en Cajamarca, 65,5 % en Huancavelica y 64,1 % en Huánuco, El 72,0 % tuvieron E. coli en Cajamarca, 37,4 % en Huancavelica y 17,5 % Huánuco. En Cajamarca, el 8,6 % de las muestras de agua fueron de buena calidad bacteriológica, mientras que en Huancavelica fue 4,3% y en Huánuco, 7,2 %. Conclusiones La mayoría de las muestras de agua tuvieron mala calidad bacteriológica evidenciándose coliformes totales. Las tres cuartas partes de los hogares de Cajamarca, la tercera parte de Huancavelica y casi la quinta parte de Huánuco tuvieron E. coli en el agua de consumo humano.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the bacteriological quality of drinking water in Huancavelica, Cajamarca and Huánuco during 2012-2013 Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. The sample included 706 households. The Readycult ® kit was used to assess the presence of total coliforms and E. coli. 100 mL of water used for food preparation was collected. The determination of residual chlorine was performed by semiquantitative analysis using Chlorine Test Reagent ®. It was established as the ideal residual chlorine concentration ≥0,5 mg/L. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. We calculed percentages and chi square. The informed consent of the head of household is requested. It was defined as good bacteriological quality of water: water sample with adequate free chlorine, in the absence of total coliforms and E. coli. Results The samples tested, 78.6 % had total coliforms in Cajamarca, Huancavelica and 65.5 % at 64.1 % in Huanuco. The 72.0 % had E. coli in Cajamarca, Huancavelica 37.4 % and 17.5 % in Huánuco. In Cajamarca, 8.6 % of the water samples were of good bacteriological quality, while in Huancavelica was 4.3 % and Huanuco, 7.2 %. Conclusions Most of the water samples were of poor bacteriological quality. Most of the water samples had total coliforms. Three-quarters of households in Cajamarca, Huancavelica third and almost one fifth of Huanuco had the presence of E. coli in drinking water.(AU)

La circunferencia de la cintura en adolescentes del Perú / Waist circumference of adolescents in Peru

Introducción. La circunferencia de la cintura es una medida antropométrica importantísima en el estudio de la obesidad, pero no existe unapoblación de referencia nacional. Objetivo. Poner a disposición una referencia percentilar suavizada y mostrar algunas característicasen relación a una serie de variables estudiadas. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal. Participantes. Adolescentes.Intervenciones. En 8 236 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años se midió la circunferencia de la cintura. Principales medidas de resultados.Promedios, desviación estándar y prevalencias de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados. Se presenta una referencia nacional de valoresde circunferencia de la cintura y se toma el valor correspondiente al 90 percentilo como nivel de corte para identificar a los adolescentescon riesgo cardiovascular. Del total de la población estudiada, el 12% presentaba riesgo. Los que mostraban mayor riesgo fueron losdel género masculino (12,1%), los que vivían en áreas urbanas (15,9%), en los dominios de Costa Sur (27,1%) y Lima Metropolitana(19,9%), en ciudades por debajo de los 1 000 msnm (15,4%), los obesos (94,8%) y los considerados no pobres (14,7%). A excepcióndel género, las demás variables presentaron una asociación significativamente estadística con la circunferencia de la cintura.Conclusiones. El riesgo cardiovascular ya estuvo presente a una edad temprana, lo que obliga a tomar las medidas correspondientes parasu tratamient.

Introduction: Waist circumference is an important anthropometric measure in the study of obesity, but there is no reference from a national population. Objective: To present a smoothed reference percentile and to show some characteristics of variables studied. Design: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study. Participants: Teenagers. Interventions: Waist circumference was measured in 8 236 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years old. Main outcome measures: Averages, standard deviation and prevalence of cardiovascular risk. Results: A national reference of waist circumference values is presented and the value corresponding to the 90 percentile is taken as cutoff level to identify adolescents with cardiovascular risk. Of the population studied, 12 per cent were at risk. Those presenting higher risk were the male adolescents (12.1 per cent), those living in urban areas (15.9 per cent), in the Southern Coast (27.1 per cent), in Metropolitan Lima (19.9 per cent), and in cities below 1 000 m (15.4 per cent); obese adolescents (94.8 per cent) and those considered non-poor (14.7 per cent). With the exception of gender, other variables presented statistically significant association with waist circumference. Conclusions: The cardiovascular risk appeared already present at an early age, making it necessary to take appropriate management measures.

[Ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren]. / Yoduria y concentración de yodo en sal de consumo en escolares peruanos del nivel primario.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the ioduria and iodine concentration in table salt in Peruvian elementary schoolchildren. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 8,023 elementary schoolchildren, who voluntarily participated, were included. Multistage stratified probability sampling was performed, and the sample was obtained by systematic selection. Ioduria was determined via spectrophotometry (Sandell-Kolthoff method), and the amount of iodine in salt was evaluated volumetrically. The data were processed by means of analysis for complex samples with a weighting factor. Medians, percentiles, and confidence intervals were calculated, and the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used, where appropriate. RESULTS: Nationwide, the median ioduria in schoolchildren was 258.53 ug/L, being higher in boys (265.90 ug/L) than in girls (250.77 ug/L). The median ioduria in urban areas was higher (289.89 ug/L) than that in rural areas (199.67 ug/L), while it was 315.48 ug/L in private schools and 241.56 ug/L in public schools (p<0.001). The median iodine concentration in table salt was 28.69 mg/kg. Of the total salt samples, 23.1% contained less than 15 mg/kg of iodine. CONCLUSIONS: The median ioduria in elementary schoolchildren exceeded normal levels, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization, with differences between urban and rural areas and public and private schools.

[Bacteriological quality of water for consumption in three Peruvian areas]. / Calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the bacteriological quality of drinking water in Huancavelica, Cajamarca and Huánuco during 2012-2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. The sample included 706 households. The Readycult ® kit was used to assess the presence of total coliforms and E. coli. 100 mL of water used for food preparation was collected. The determination of residual chlorine was performed by semiquantitative analysis using Chlorine Test Reagent ®. It was established as the ideal residual chlorine concentration ≥0,5 mg/L. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. We calculed percentages and chi square. The informed consent of the head of household is requested. It was defined as good bacteriological quality of water: water sample with adequate free chlorine, in the absence of total coliforms and E. coli. RESULTS: The samples tested, 78.6 % had total coliforms in Cajamarca, Huancavelica and 65.5 % at 64.1 % in Huanuco. The 72.0 % had E. coli in Cajamarca, Huancavelica 37.4 % and 17.5 % in Huánuco. In Cajamarca, 8.6 % of the water samples were of good bacteriological quality, while in Huancavelica was 4.3 % and Huanuco, 7.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the water samples were of poor bacteriological quality. Most of the water samples had total coliforms. Three-quarters of households in Cajamarca, Huancavelica third and almost one fifth of Huanuco had the presence of E. coli in drinking water.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal. La recolección de datos se realizó en Cajamarca, Huancavelica y Huánuco durante el 2012-2013. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. Incluyó 706 viviendas. Se evalúo presencia de coliformes totales y E. coli mediante el kit Readycult ®. Se recolectó 100 mL de agua utilizada para preparación de alimentos. La determinación de cloro residual se realizó mediante análisis semicuantitativo (Chlorine Test®). Se estableció como concentración ideal de cloro residual ≥0,5 mg/L. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calcularon porcentajes y chi cuadrado. Se definió buena calidad bacteriológica: agua con cloro libre adecuado, ausencia de coliformes totales y E. coli. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado del jefe del hogar. RESULTADOS: Del total de muestras evaluadas, 78,6 % tuvieron coliformes totales en Cajamarca, 65,5 % en Huancavelica y 64,1 % en Huánuco, El 72,0 % tuvieron E. coli en Cajamarca, 37,4 % en Huancavelica y 17,5 % Huánuco. En Cajamarca, el 8,6 % de las muestras de agua fueron de buena calidad bacteriológica, mientras que en Huancavelica fue 4,3% y en Huánuco, 7,2 %. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de las muestras de agua tuvieron mala calidad bacteriológica evidenciándose coliformes totales. Las tres cuartas partes de los hogares de Cajamarca, la tercera parte de Huancavelica y casi la quinta parte de Huánuco tuvieron E. coli en el agua de consumo humano.

Diversidad alimentaria en los niños peruanos de 6 a 35 meses / Peruvian household dietary diversity in children between 6 to 35 months

Introducción. La diversidad alimentaria estima la calidad de la dieta del niño. Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad alimentaria (DA) y la desnutrición crónica (DC) en niños peruanos. Diseño. Se realizó un estudio transversal, durante el 2012-2013. Lugar. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú. Participantes. Niños entre 6 a 35 meses que residen en los hogares peruanos. Intervenciones. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. La muestra incluyó 13216 viviendas, que incluyó 1 315 niños. Se definió DA: ingesta de 4 a 7 grupos de alimentos durante el día anterior, según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). El procesamiento se realizó mediante muestras complejas, ajustado por ponderación. Se calculó porcentajes, chi cuadrado y regresión logística. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado escrito de los padres. Principales medidas de resultados. Diversidad alimentaria. Resultados. EI75,5% de los niños tuvieron DA. Los niños (78,5%) tuvieron mayor DA que las niñas (72,5%). Los niños que habitan en el área urbana (76,5%) y pobres (80,2%) tuvieron mayor DA. La carne fue el cuarto grupo de alimento consumido. La DA estuvo asociada a la DC (p>0,05). La edad entre 6 a 11 meses fue un factor protector de DC. El sexo femenino, el área rural, vivir en la sierra, selva, el nivel educativo primario del jefe del hogar, la pobreza estuvieron asociados a la DC. Conclusiones. Las tres cuartas partes de los niños peruanos entre 6 a 35 meses tuvieron diversidad alimentaria adecuada. La DA se asoció a la desnutrición crónica, aunque no fue significativa esta asociación.

Introduction. Household dietary diversity is key element in the quality of the diet in children. Objective. To estimate household dietary diversity and chronic malnutrition (CM) in Peruvian children. Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012-2013. Setting. National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru. Participants. Children between 6 to 35 months living in Peruvian households. Interventions. Probabilistic, stratified and multistage sampling. The sample included 13216 households with 1 315 children. Dietary diversity (DO) was defined as 4-7 intake of food groups during the previous day by the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. An analysis of complex samples was made in SPSS and the weighting factor was adjusted. Percentages, chi square and OR were calculated. Written informed consent of the parents was requested. Main outcome measures. Dietary diversity. Results. 75.5% of children received from 4 to more food groups. Children (78.5%) had higher frequency of DO than girls (72.5%). Children living in urban areas had increased DO. Poor children had high DO (80.2%). Meat consumption was fourth in the order of most foods consumed by children. The DO was associated with the OC (p> 0.05). Age 6-11 was protective factor of OC. The girls, rural areas, children living in the mountains, jungle, the primary education level, poverty were associated with OC. Conclusions. Three quarters of Peruvian children age 6-35 months had adequate household dietary diversity. The DO was associated with CM although the association was not significant.

Prevalencia de anemia y factores asociados en adultos mayores peruanos / Prevalence of anemia and associated factors in elderly residing in peruvian households

Determinar la prevalencia de anemia y factores asociados en los adultos mayores del Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal durante el año 2011. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. La muestra de viviendas fue 5792 y se incluyó 2172 adultos mayores. Se definió anemia como hemoglobina <13,0 g/ dL en hombres y <12,0 g/dL en mujeres. El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante el IMC clasificándose como delgadez (IMC≤23,0), normal (IMC>23 a <28), sobrepeso (IMC≥28 a <32,0) y obesidad (IMC≥32). El análisis estadístico se realizó por muestras complejas y se ajustó por factor de ponderación. Se calcularon las medias, proporciones, chi cuadrado y regresión logística. Resultados. El promedio de hemoglobina fue 13,4 ±1,6 g/dL. La prevalencia de anemia fue 23,3% (Leve: 17,1%; moderada: 5,7% y severa: 0,5%). La edad de 70 a 79 años (OR 1,5; IC 95%: 1,1-2,0), >80 años (OR 2,1; IC 95%: 1,4-3,0) y la delgadez (OR 1,7; IC 95%:1,2-2,3) se asociaron con la anemia. Los departamentos con mayor prevalencia de anemia fueron Ayacucho (57,6%), Ancash (40,1%), Lambayeque (37,7%) y Apurímac (36,9%). Conclusiones. Aproximadamente la cuarta parte de los adultos mayores tuvieron anemia, siendo más predominante en los analfabetos, procedentes de áreas rurales y pobres. La mayor edad y la delgadez se asocian con la presencia de anemia en los adultos mayores peruanos...

To estimate the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in elderly residing in Peruvian households. Materials and methods. the study deals with a cross-sectional design and was conducted in 2011. The sample was probabilistic, stratified and multistage independent in department of Peru. The required sample housing was 5792, we included 2172 elderly. We asked informed consent of all elderly. The anemia was defined as hemoglobin <13.0 g / dL in men and <12.0 g / dL in women, hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude. The anthropometric measurements were performed according to methodology MINSA/INS. The Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index. The classification of nutritional status: underweight (BMI≤23,0) (BMI>23 to <28), overweight (BMI≥28 to <32.0) and obesity (BMI≥32). Statistical analysis was performed using complex samples and adjusted by the weighting factor. We Calculated means, proportions. The chi-square and regression logistic. Results. The mean hemoglobin was 13.4 ± 1.6 g / dL. The prevalence of anemia was 23,3% (mild anemia 17.1%, moderate: severe 5,7% and 0,5%). The age 70 to 79 years (OR 1.5; CI 95%:1.1; 2.0),> 80 years (OR 2.1; CI 95%: 1.4; 3.0) and thinness (OR 1.7; CI 95%: 1.2, 2.3) associated with anemia. Ayacucho, Ancash, Lambayeque and Apurimac were the departments with the highest prevalence of anemia. Conclusions. Approximately one quarter of elderly were anemic, being more prevalent in the illiterate, rural and poor. Older age and thinness are associated with anemia in elderly Peruvians...

[Iodine concentration in urine and salt consumption in women between 12 to 49 years of age in Peru]. / Concentraciones de yodo en orina y en sal de consumo en mujeres entre 12 a 49 años del Perú.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the concentrations of iodine in urine and salt intake in women between 12-49 years of age in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational and cross-sectional study was performed. During 2012 and 2013, the study included women aged between 12-49 years living in Peruvian households selected through a probabilistic, stratified and multistage sample. The determination of iodine in urine was performed based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction spectrophotometry. The qualitative evaluation of iodine salt was performed by Yoditest and the quantitative by volumetric analysis. Processing was performed using complex samples with weights. Medians, interquartile range and percentiles were obtained. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine levels in the participants was 250.4 ug/L. The regions with elevated median urinary iodine levels were: Moquegua (389.3 ug/L); Tacna (320.5 ug/L); Madre de Dios (319.8 ug/L), and Ucayali (306.0 ug/L); while Puno (192.9 ug/L); Piura (188.1 ug/L) and Tumbes (180.5 ug/L) had medians within ranges recommended by the WHO. The median urinary iodine in pregnant women was 274.6 ug/L (IQR: 283 ug/L).82.5% of the samples had iodine salt ≥30 ppm and 1.9% had values of 0 ppm. CONCLUSIONS: The median urinary iodine in Peruvian women is higher than recommended by the WHO and the majority of the samples had adequate iodine concentrations according to WHO recommendations.

Concentraciones de yodo en orina y en sal de consumo en mujeres entre 12 a 49 años del Perú / Iodine concentration in urine and salt consumption in women between 12 to 49 years of age in Peru

Objetivos. Determinar las concentraciones de yodo en orina y sal de consumo en mujeres entre 12 a 49 años en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal. Durante el 2012 y 2013, se incluyó mujeres entre 12 a 49 años residentes en los hogares peruanos seleccionadas mediante un muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. La determinación de yodo en orina se realizó por espectrofotometría basada en la reacción de Sandell-Kolthoff. La evaluación cualitativa de yodo en sal se realizó por yoditest y la cuantitativa por volumetría. El procesamiento se realizó mediante muestras complejas con ponderaciones. Se obtuvo medianas, rango intercuartílico y percentiles. Resultados. La mediana de yoduria en las participantes fue 250,4 ug/L; los departamentos con medianas de yoduria elevadas fueron: Moquegua (389,3 ug/L); Tacna (320,5 ug/L); Madre de Dios (319,8 ug/L), y Ucayali (306,0 ug/L); mientras que Puno (192,9 ug/L); Piura (188,1 ug/L) y Tumbes (180,5 ug/L) tuvieron medianas dentro de lo recomendado por la OMS. La mediana de yoduria en gestantes fue 274,6 ug/L (RIQ: 283 ug/L). El 82,5% de las muestras de sal tuvieron yodo ≥30 ppm y 1,9% tuvo valores de 0 ppm. Conclusiones. La mediana de yoduria en las mujeres peruanas está por encima de lo recomendado por la OMS y la mayoría de las muestras de sal tuvieron concentraciones adecuadas de yodo según la OMS.

Objectives. To determine the concentrations of iodine in urine and salt intake in women between 12-49 years of age in Peru. Materials and methods. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed. During 2012 and 2013, the study included women aged between 12-49 years living in Peruvian households selected through a probabilistic, stratified and multistage sample. The determination of iodine in urine was performed based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction spectrophotometry. The qualitative evaluation of iodine salt was performed by Yoditest and the quantitative by volumetric analysis. Processing was performed using complex samples with weights. Medians, interquartile range and percentiles were obtained. Results. The median urinary iodine levels in the participants was 250.4 ug/L. The regions with elevated median urinary iodine levels were: Moquegua (389.3 ug/L); Tacna (320.5 ug/L); Madre de Dios (319.8 ug/L), and Ucayali (306.0 ug/L); while Puno (192.9 ug/L); Piura (188.1 ug/L) and Tumbes (180.5 ug/L) had medians within ranges recommended by the WHO. The median urinary iodine in pregnant women was 274.6 ug/L (IQR: 283 ug/L).82.5% of the samples had iodine salt ≥30 ppm and 1.9% had values of 0 ppm. Conclusions. The median urinary iodine in Peruvian women is higher than recommended by the WHO and the majority of the samples had adequate iodine concentrations according to WHO recommendations.

Peso bajo, sobrepeso, obesidad y crecimiento en adolescentes en el Perú 2009-2010 / Low weight, overweight, obesity and growth in adolescents in Peru 2009-2010

El grupo de adolescentes representan, de alguna manera, la quinta parte de la población y no se encuentran al margen de los problemas nutricionales. Objetivos: Conocer la situación nutricional, el crecimiento y algunos factores determinantes, en adolescentes en el Perú. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal. Participantes: Adolescentes. Intervenciones: En 14 753 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años se obtuvo el peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se utilizó la referencia percentilar de Must y los puntajes Z de OMS. Principales medidas de resultados: Promedios y DE. Prevalencias IC 95 por ciento. OR IC 95 por ciento. Chi-cuadrado y regresión múltiple. Resultados: Se encontró prevalencias de 2,6; 5,9; 79; 9,3 y 3,2 (Must); 0,2; 1,1; 82,6; 12,5; 3,5 por ciento (OMS) de déficit, peso bajo, normal, sobrepeso y obesidad, respectivamente. Predominó el sobrepeso-obesidad en áreas urbanas, en los no pobres, en la costa, selva y Lima Metropolitana, en los que vivían por debajo de 3 000 msnm. Los factores de riesgo para el déficit-bajo peso fueron: género masculino, pobres extremos, pobres no extremos, vivir en la costa norte y sierra centro, y como factor protector los que estaban por debajo de los 1 000 msnm. Los factores de riesgo del sobrepeso-obesidad fueron el vivir en áreas urbanas, costa sur y por debajo de los 1 000 msnm, los que vivían entre los 1 000 y 2 999 msnm; y los factores de protección fueron el ser pobre extremo, el pobre no extremo, vivir en costa norte, sierra norte, sierra centro y sierra sur y selva. El 28,5 por ciento presentó retardo de crecimiento (adolescentes de 10 a 17 años). Los factores de riesgo del retardo de crecimiento fueron: vivir en áreas rurales, en la mayoría de los dominios geográficos excepto la costa sur, los niveles de pobreza (extrema y no extrema), los niveles de altitud (1 000 a 2 999 y más de 3 000 msnm). Conclusiones: El sobrepeso-obesidad es el problema de mayor magnitud en los...

Teenagers represent somehow a fifth of the population and are not away from nutritional problems. Objectives: To determine the nutritional status, growth and some determining factors in adolescents in Peru. Design: Descriptive, observational, transversal study. Participants: Adolescents. Interventions: Weight, height, body mass index were obtained from 14 753 adolescents 10-19 yearold. Must percentile reference and WHO Z score were used. Main outcome measures: Averages and DE, prevalence CI 95 per cent, OR IC 95 per cent, chi-square and multiple regressions were obtained. Results: Prevalence of deficit, underweight, normal, overweight and obesity found respectively were 2.6; 5.9; 79; 9.3 and 3.2 (Must); 0.2; 1.1; 82.6; 12.5; 3.5 per cent (WHO). Overweight-obesity predominated in urban areas, in non-poor areas , the coast, jungle and Metropolitan Lima,and in those lived below 3 000 masl. Risk factors for deficitunderweight were: male gender, extremely poor, non-extremely poor, living in the northern coast and central sierra; and as protective factor living below 1 000 masl. Risk factors for overweight-obesity were living in urban areas, southern coast and below 1 000 masl, and living between 1 000 and 2 999 meters; and protective factors were being extremely poor, and not extremely poor, living in the northern coast, northern sierra, central sierra, southern sierra and in the jungle. Growth retardation was found in 28.5 per cent of adolescents 10 to 17 years. Risk factors for growth retardation were living in rural areas, in most geographic domains except the southern coast, extreme and non-extreme poverty levels, altitude 1 000-2 999 and above 3 000 masl. Conclusions: Overweight-obesity was a problem of greater magnitude and confirmed its tendency to increase with time. Height attained was far from satisfactory and reflected maintenance of unsatisfied basic needs...

[Prevalence of anemia and associated factors in elderly residing in peruvian households]. / Prevalencia de anemia y factores asociados en adultos mayores peruanos.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in elderly residing in Peruvian households. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study deals with a cross-sectional design and was conducted in 2011. The sample was probabilistic, stratified and multistage independent in department of Peru. The required sample housing was 5792, we included 2172 elderly. We asked informed consent of all elderly. The anemia was defined as hemoglobin <13.0 g / dL in men and <12.0 g / dL in women, hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude. The anthropometric measurements were performed according to methodology MINSA/INS. The Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index. The classification of nutritional status: underweight (BMI≤23,0) (BMI>23 to <28), overweight (BMI≥28 to <32.0) and obesity (BMI≥32). Statistical analysis was performed using complex samples and adjusted by the weighting factor. We Calculated means, proportions. The chi-square and regression logistic. RESULTS: The mean hemoglobin was 13.4 ± 1.6 g / dL. The prevalence of anemia was 23,3% (mild anemia 17.1%, moderate: severe 5,7% and 0,5%). The age 70 to 79 years (OR 1.5; CI 95%:1.1; 2.0),> 80 years (OR 2.1; CI 95%: 1.4; 3.0) and thinness (OR 1.7; CI 95%: 1.2, 2.3) associated with anemia. Ayacucho, Ancash, Lambayeque and Apurimac were the departments with the highest prevalence of anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one quarter of elderly were anemic, being more prevalent in the illiterate, rural and poor. Older age and thinness are associated with anemia in elderly Peruvians.

[Nutritional status associated with demographic characteristics in older Peruvian adults]. / Estado nutricional asociado a características sociodemográficas en el adulto mayor peruano.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the nutritional status in older adults and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratifi and multistage. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) according to the classifi of nutritional status for the elderly from the Ministry of Health of Peru. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. RESULTS: The study included 7,267 older adults. 26.8% of participants were underweight, 21.7% overweight, 10.6% obese and 40.8% normal. The average age in the sample was 70.1 ± 8.3 years. Illiteracy (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-3.0), primary education (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9), extreme poverty (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in rural areas (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5-2.1), living in the mountains (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.2) or jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2) were found associated with underweight. Females (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.1), living in urban areas (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in the coastal region (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2- 1.8); and not classifi as poor (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9) were associated with overweight. Female sex (OR 3.1; 95% CI 2.3-4.1), primary education (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.5-4.0) and secondary (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.4); live in urban areas (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.6-2.9), inhabiting the coast (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.4), Metro (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.2) and jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2), and not classifi as poor (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.8-7.0) were associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that both underweight and overweight are common in the elderly population studied.

Estado nutricional asociado a características sociodemográficas en el adulto mayor peruano / Nutritional status associated with demographic characteristics in older peruvian adults

Objetivos. Describir el estado nutricional en adultos mayores y su asociación con características sociodemográficas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. El estado nutricional se evalúo mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC) según la clasificación del estado nutricional para el adulto mayor del Ministerio de Salud de Perú. El análisis estadístico consideró la ponderación necesaria para muestras complejas. Resultados. Se incluyó a 7267 adultos mayores con una media de edad de 70,1 ± 8,3 años. El 26,8% presentaron delgadez, 21,7% sobrepeso y 10,6% obesidad. El analfabetismo (OR 1,9; IC 95%: 1,2-3,0), nivel educativo primario (OR 1,9; IC 95%:1,3-2,9), pobreza extrema (OR 2,0; IC 95%:1,6-2,5), residir en área rural (OR 1,8; IC 95%:1,5-2,1), sierra (OR 1,6; IC 95%: 1,2-2,2) o selva (OR 1,6; IC 95%:1,1-2,2) fueron factores asociados a delgadez. El sexo femenino (OR 1,8; IC 95%:1,4-2,1), residir en área urbana (OR 2,0; IC 95%: 1,6-2,5) o costa (OR 1,5; IC 95%:1,2-1,8); y ser no pobre (OR 1,9; IC 95%: 1,3-2,9) se asoció a sobrepeso. El sexo femenino (OR 3,1; IC 95%: 2,3-4,1), nivel educativo primario (OR 2,4; IC 95%: 1,5-4,0) y secundario (OR 2,0; IC 95%: 1,2-3,4); vivir en área urbana (OR 2,2; IC 95%:1,6-2,9), la costa (OR 1,8; IC 95%: 1,3-2,4), Lima Metropolitana (OR 1,6; IC 95%:1,1-2,2) selva (OR 1,6; IC 95%: 1,1-2,2), y ser no pobre (OR 3,5; IC 95%:1,8-7,0) estuvieron asociados a obesidad. Conclusiones. Los datos sugieren que tanto la delgadez como el exceso de peso son frecuentes en la población de adultos mayores estudiada...

Objectives. To describe the nutritional status in older adults and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) according to the classification of nutritional status for the elderly from the Ministry of Health of Peru. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. Results. The study included 7,267 older adults. 26.8% of participants were underweight, 21.7% overweight, 10.6% obese and 40.8% normal. The average age in the sample was 70.1 ± 8.3 years. Illiteracy (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-3.0), primary education (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9), extreme poverty (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in rural areas (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5-2.1), living in the mountains (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.2) or jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2) were found associated with underweight. Females (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.1), living in urban areas (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in the coastal region (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2-1.8); and not classified as poor (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9) were associated with overweight. Female sex (OR 3.1; 95% CI 2.3-4.1), primary education (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.5-4.0) and secondary (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.4); live in urban areas (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.6-2.9), inhabiting the coast (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.4), Metro (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.2) and jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2), and not classified as poor (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.8-7.0) were associated with obesity. Conclusions. The data suggest that both underweight and overweight are common in the elderly population studied...