Macronutrients and energy content of oral hospital diet prescribed to chronic kidney disease patients on conservative treatment / Macronutrientes y contenido de energía de la dieta hospitalaria oral recibido por paciente con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento conservador

Introduction: The contribution of diet and treatment planning in the treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has been recognized as having a significant clinical impact if introduced early. Objective: determine the levels of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, energy and energy density (ED) in an oral hospital diet prescribed to CKD patients, and to evaluate the adequacy of this diet with respect to dietary recommendations. Methods: Diets were collected in a Brazilian public hospital on two non-consecutive days of six different weeks. The carbohydrate, protein, and lipid (total, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, linoleic, linolenic and trans fatty acids) contents were determined in a laboratory. The amount of energy and the ED of the diets were calculated using the correction factor Atware and by dividing the total energy of the diet by weight, respectively. Results and Discussion: About 14.3% of the diets produced for patients with CKD were analyzed. The average density of the diets was low (0.7 kcal/g). In terms of nutritional adequacy, the average lipid content (15%) and linolenic fatty acid content (0.4%) were below the recommendation, as was energy (23.4 kcal / kg / day). The average carbohydrate content (63.5%) and protein content (1.0 g/kg/day) exceeded the recommendations levels. Conclusion: The oral hospital diet prepared for patients with CKD were considered unbalanced, and an unfavorable clinical treatment for these patients (AU)

Introducción: La contribución de la dieta y planificación del tratamiento en el tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) ha sido reconocida por tener un impacto clínico significativo si introducida tempranamente. Objetivo: determinar los niveles de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, lípidos, energía y densidad de energía (DE) en una dieta hospitalaria oral recetada para los pacientes con ERC, y evaluar la adecuación de esta dieta con respecto a las recomendaciones dietéticas. Métodos: Las dietas fueron recogidas en un hospital público brasileño en dos días no consecutivos de seis semanas diferentes. Los contenidos de los hidratos de carbono, proteínas, y lípidos (totales, saturadas, monoinsaturadas, poliinsaturadas, ácidos grasos linoleico, linolénico y trans) fueran determinados en un laboratorio. La cantidad de energía y la DE de las dietas se calcularon utilizando el factor de corrección de Atware, dividiendo la energía total de la dieta en peso, respectivamente. Resultados y Discusión: Fueran analizadas cerca de 14.3% de las dietas producidas y servidas a los pacientes con ERC. La densidad media de las di etas fue baja (0,7 kcal/g). Fue encontrada inadecuación nutricional para el contenido medio en lípidos (15%) y contenido de ácido graso linolénico (0,4%) y de energía (23,4 kcal/kg/día). El contenido de carbohidratos (63,5%) y el contenido de proteínas (1,0 g/kg/día) superaron los niveles de recomendaciones. Conclusiones: La dieta hospitalaria oral preparada para los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica se muestra desequilibrada y desfavorable para el tratamiento clínico de los pacientes (AU)

Macronutrients and energy content of oral hospital diet prescribed to chronic kidney disease patients on conservative treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The contribution of diet and treatment planning in the treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has been recognized as having a significant clinical impact if introduced early. OBJECTIVE: determine the levels of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, energy and energy density (ED) in an oral hospital diet prescribed to CKD patients, and to evaluate the adequacy of this diet with respect to dietary recommendations. METHODS: Diets were collected in a Brazilian public hospital on two non-consecutive days of six different weeks. The carbohydrate, protein, and lipid (total, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, linoleic, linolenic and trans fatty acids) contents were determined in a laboratory. The amount of energy and the ED of the diets were calculated using the correction factor Atware and by dividing the total energy of the diet by weight, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: About 14.3% of the diets produced for patients with CKD were analyzed. The average density of the diets was low (0.7 kcal/g). In terms of nutritional adequacy, the average lipid content (15%) and linolenic fatty acid content (0.4%) were below the recommendation, as was energy (23.4 kcal / kg / day). The average carbohydrate content (63.5%) and protein content (1.0 g/kg/day) exceeded the recommendations levels. CONCLUSION: The oral hospital diet prepared for patients with CKD were considered unbalanced, and an unfavorable clinical treatment for these patients.

Introducción: La contribución de la dieta y planificación del tratamiento en el tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) ha sido reconocida por tener un impacto clínico significativo si introducida tempranamente. Objetivo: determinar los niveles de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, lípidos, energía y densidad de energía (DE) en una dieta hospitalaria oral recetada para los pacientes con ERC, y evaluar la adecuación de esta dieta con respecto a las recomendaciones dietéticas. Métodos: Las dietas fueron recogidas en un hospital público brasileño en dos días no consecutivos de seis semanas diferentes. Los contenidos de los hidratos de carbono, proteínas, y lípidos (totales, saturadas, monoinsaturadas, poliinsaturadas, ácidos grasos linoleico, linolénico y trans) fueran determinados en un laboratorio. La cantidad de energía y la DE de las dietas se calcularon utilizando el factor de corrección de Atware, dividiendo la energía total de la dieta en peso, respectivamente. Resultados y Discusión: Fueran analizadas cerca de 14.3% de las dietas producidas y servidas a los pacientes con ERC. La densidad media de las di etas fue baja (0,7 kcal/g). Fue encontrada inadecuación nutricional para el contenido medio en lípidos (15%) y contenido de ácido graso linolénico (0,4%) y de energía (23,4 kcal/kg/día). El contenido de carbohidratos (63,5%) y el contenido de proteínas (1,0 g/kg/día) superaron los niveles de recomendaciones. Conclusiones: La dieta hospitalaria oral preparada para los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica se muestra desequilibrada y desfavorable para el tratamiento clínico de los pacientes.

[Physiological response of experimental challenge of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876) in jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) fingerlings rather fed with different lipid sources]. / Resposta fisiólogica à infestação experimental com Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876) em alevinos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) previamente alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas.

A limiting factor in the early stage of the jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy; Gaimard, 1824) culture is the presence of diseases such as ichthyophthiriasis or "Ich". Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a potent immunomodulatory activity; and this activity depend of the fish species, quantity/quality of the dietary PUFAS. The aim of this study was evaluate the physiologic response of jundiá, rather fed diets with different sources of fatty acids when challenge to Ich disease. Fingerlings of jundiá (7.6+/-0.8g) were fed during seven weeks with five diets with a different lipid source: fish, linseed and corn oils. Then, the fish were challenged with the Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876). On the 5(th) day, the presence of the disease was detected. Survival rate, blood samples and infection grade were recorded. Diets affect the survival rate of fingerlings, thus fish fed with diet with fish oil showed a higher survival. Hematocrit and infestation grade no recorder differences among treatment. The differential analysis of white blood cells shows difference. The results point out, at first time in jundiá, that dietary lipids caused diversity physiologic response, this may be represent an opportunity for the disease treatment. New studies must be carrying out to deep knowledge found.

Resposta fisiológica à infestação experimental com ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876) em alevinos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen quoy e gaimard, 1824) previamente alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas / Physiological response of experimental challenge of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876) in jundiá (Rhamdia quelen quoy and gaimard, 1824) fingerlings rather fed with different lipid sources

Um fator limitante nas primeiras fases do cultivo do jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) é a presença da ictioftiríase. Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) presentes na dieta possuem uma potente atividade imuno-moduladora, e esta atividade depende da espécie analisada e da quantidade/qualidade dos PUFAs da dieta. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a resposta fisiológica de alevinos de jundiá, alimentados com diferentes fontes de ácidos graxos, quando parasitados pelo protozoário Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876). Alevinos de jundiá (7,6±0,8g) alimentados durante sete semanas com cinco dietas contendo diferentes fontes lipídicas: óleos de peixe, linhaça e milho foram expostos ao protozoário. No quinto dia a presença da doença foi detectada. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas e sobrevivência e graus de infestação foram estimados. As diferentes dietas afetaram a sobrevivência dos alevinos, sendo que alevinos que consumiram dietas com óleo de peixe apresentaram uma maior sobrevivência. O hematócrito e o grau de infestação não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos, entretanto a contagem diferencial dos leucócitos registrou diferença. Os resultados mostraram pela primeira vez no jundiá que, diferentes fontes lipídicas produzem respostas fisiológicas diversas, podendo representar uma alternativa ao tratamento da doença. Novos estudos deverão ser realizados no sentido de aprofundar o conhecimento aqui gerado.

A limiting factor in the early stage of the jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy; Gaimard, 1824) culture is the presence of diseases such as ichthyophthiriasis or "Ich". Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a potent immunomodulatory activity; and this activity depend of the fish species, quantity/quality of the dietary PUFAS. The aim of this study was evaluate the physiologic response ofjundiá, rather fed diets with different sources of fatty acids when challenge to Ich disease. Fingerlings ofjundiá (7.6±0.8g) were fed during seven weeks with five diets with a different lipid source: fish, linseed and corn oils. Then, the fish were challenged with the Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876). On the 5th day, the presence of the disease was detected. Survival rate, blood samples and infection grade were recorded. Diets affect the survival rate of fingerlings, thus fish fed with diet with fish oil showed a higher survival. Hematocrit and infestation grade no recorder differences among treatment. The differential analysis of white blood cells shows difference. The results point out, at first time injundiá, that dietary lipids caused diversity physiologic response, this may be represent an opportunity for the disease treatment. New studies must be carrying out to deep knowledge found.

Formação de óxidos de colesterol e alteração dos ácidos graxos em produtos cárneos / Formation of cholesterol oxides and modification of fatty acids in meat products

O processamento dos produtos carnéos pode ocasionar a oxidadção do colesterol levando à formação de óxidos de colesterol, os quais estão associados ao surgimento de placas ateroscleróticas e a vários efeitos biológicos indesejáveis. Esta revisão integra dados sobre a presença de óxidos de colesterol, bem como os teores de colesterol, lipídios totais e ácidos graxos em produtos cárneos processados. O efeito do cozimento e do tempo de estocagem dos produtos cárneos na formação de óxidos de colesterol e alteração dos ácidos graxos também são abordados.