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1.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 16(5): 275-278, jun. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-73833

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Con este trabajo se pretende evaluar la técnica en los diferentes diagnósticos en los que se ha empleado durante un año en nuestra unidad. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo analizando las historias clínicas de 50 pacientes que, durante el año 2005, recibieron tratamiento con iontoforesis y que cumplían los criterios de inclusión/exclusión. Se evaluó la efectividad analgésica del tratamiento mediante la escala analógica visual (EVA) al inicio del tratamiento y una vez finalizado este. Para la evaluación de la técnica se calculó la media, con un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95% pretratamiento y postratamiento, y se compararon los resultados, valorando su consistencia con la prueba de la t de Student (mediante el programa informático SPSS v.13.1). Resultados: Valorando la consistencia de los datos, comparando la EVA pretratamiento y postratamiento con la prueba de la t de Student para datos apareados, podemos afirmar que el tratamiento con iontoforesis consigue una reducción de la EVA estadísticamente significativa en las siguientes afecciones: osteoartritis (media + desviación estándar [DE] pretratamiento 7,28 ± 1,69 y postratamiento 4,80 ± 2,64) y síndrome del túnel carpiano (media + DE pretratamiento 7,57 ± 0,83 y postratamiento 6,35 ± 0,74). Conclusiones: La iontoforesis parece ser una técnica apropiada y muy segura para el tratamiento del dolor crónico en afecciones como la osteoartritis o el síndrome del túnel carpiano (AU)


Objective: To evaluate the technique of iontophoresis in the distinct entities in which it was used during a 1-year period in our unit. Material and method: We performed a retrospective study. The medical records of 50 patients who received iontophoresis in 2005 and who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed. The analgesic effectiveness of treatment was evaluated through a visual analog scale (VAS) at the beginning and end of treatment. To evaluate the technique, the pre-treatment and post-treatment means of VAS scores were calculated with 95% confidence intervals and the results were compared. Student’s t-test was used to evaluate the consistency of the data (the SPSS v. 13.1 statistical package was used). Results: Evaluation of the consistency of the data by comparing pre-treatment and posttreatment VAS results through Student’s t-test for paired data showed that treatment with iontophoresis produced statistically significant reductions in VAS scores for the following entities: osteoarthritis (pretreatment mean ± standard deviation 7.28 ± 1.69,post-treatment mean ± standard deviation 4.80 ± 2.64) and carpel tunnel syndrome(pretreatment mean ± standard deviation 7.57 ± 0.83, post-treatment mean ± standard deviation 6.35 + 0.74). Conclusions: Iontophoresis seems to be an appropriate and highly safe technique for the treatment of chronic pain in diseases such as osteoarthritis and carpel tunnel syndrome (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Iontophoresis/methods , Pain, Intractable/therapy , Retrospective Studies , Lidocaine/therapeutic use , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Patient Selection , Osteoarthritis/drug therapy , Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/drug therapy
2.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 55(1): 43-6, 2008 Jan.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18333386

ABSTRACT

Baclofen via intrathecal infusion pump is a widely used treatment severe spasticity. Complications are rare and usually mild, though they can also be serious. The sudden discontinuation of intrathecal baclofen may have significant adverse effects. We report the case of a 59-year-old man with chronic spasticity and torsion dystonia who developed meningitis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis due to contamination of the intrathecal, infusion pump reservoir during refilling. It was decided to treat the patient by administering vancomycin through the pump, together with the baclofen. We believe that changing the intrathecal perfusion pump is not necessary as the first measure to take in these cases. Combined infusion of baclofen and an antibiotic through the pump makes it possible to maintain antispastic treatment, sterilize the pump reservoir and tubes, and effectively treat infections that develop during use of these systems.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Baclofen/administration & dosage , Infusion Pumps, Implantable/adverse effects , Meningitis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Vancomycin/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Baclofen/therapeutic use , Dystonia Musculorum Deformans/drug therapy , Equipment Contamination , Home Infusion Therapy/instrumentation , Humans , Infusions, Parenteral/instrumentation , Male , Meningitis, Bacterial/etiology , Middle Aged , Staphylococcal Infections/etiology , Vancomycin/therapeutic use
3.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 55(1): 43-46, ene. 2008.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71971

ABSTRACT

El tratamiento de la espasticidad severa medianteuna bomba programable de perfusión intratecal debaclofeno es una técnica ampliamente extendida. Lascomplicaciones que puede presentar son poco frecuentes,y generalmente leves, si bien también pueden ser deimportante gravedad. Además, la interrupción bruscade la perfusión de baclofeno intratecal puede condicionarimportantes efectos adversos.Presentamos el caso de un varón de 59 años de edadcon espasticidad crónica y distonía muscular deformanteque presentó una meningitis por Staphylococcus epidermidis debida a la contaminación del reservorio de la bomba de perfusión intratecal en uno de los rellenos del mismo. Se decidió tratar al paciente mediante la administración conjunta a través de la bomba de vancomicina junto al baclofeno. En conclusión, creemos que en estos pacientes no es necesario como primera medida el recambio de las bombas de perfusión intratecal. La administración conjunta de baclofeno y antibiótico a través de la bomba permite mantener el tratamiento antiespástico, esterilizar el reservorio y los sistemas de canalización de la misma y tratar eficazmente las infecciones producidas a través de estos sistemas


Baclofen via intrathecal infusion pump is a widely usedtreatment severe spasticity. Complications are rare andusually mild, though they can also be serious. The suddendiscontinuation of intrathecal baclofen may havesignificant adverse effects.We report the case of a 59-year-old man with chronicspasticity and torsion dystonia who developed meningitisdue to Staphylococcus epidermidis due to contamination ofthe intrathecal infusion pump reservoir during refilling. It was decided to treat the patient by administering vancomycin through the pump, together with the baclofen. We believe that changing the intrathecal perfusion pump is not necessary as the first measure to take in these cases. Combined infusion of baclofen and an antibiotic through the pump makes it possible to maintain antispastic treatment, sterilize the pump reservoir and tubes, and effectively treatinfections that develop during use of these systems


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Baclofen/administration & dosage , Vancomycin/administration & dosage , Meningitis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Infusion Pumps, Implantable , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Muscle Spasticity/complications
4.
Farm Hosp ; 29(1): 37-42, 2005.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15773801

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of a pharmaceutical care unit was assessed within a staged program for non-malignant severe chronic pain control in a multidisciplinary pain management unit at Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty patients with clinical indication for a major opioid were included in WHO's third analgesic rung by our medical team following careful triage. The pharmaceutical care unit, or phase II, monitored dosage titration for pain stabilization with absence of side effects, as well as the onset of subsequent chronic therapy. RESULTS: Upon program completion 75% of patients had their pain under control, having required 22.7 days on average for opiate dose titration. Mean daily dose was 22.3 mg, and constipation was prophylactically managed from the start. Fifty-nine percent of patients received subsequent chronic therapy with fentanyl transdermal patches at 25 microg/h; 10% followed suit with oral morphine solution, and 6% with controlled-release morphine. Twenty-five percent of the remaining patients had relevant events during the therapy titration stage, which led to therapy discontinuation and discharge because of lack of therapeutic effectiveness. After 24 months 70% of patients were still on initial doses. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of our unit was demonstrated by the achievement of the program objectives.


Subject(s)
Pain/drug therapy , Chronic Disease , Severity of Illness Index
5.
Farm. hosp ; 29(1): 37-42, ene.-feb. 2005. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-036302

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Se analiza la efectividad de la consulta de atención farmacéutica en un programa para el control del dolor crónico severo no maligno de enfermos geriátricos, dividido en fases y realizado en la unidad multidisciplinar de tratamiento del dolor del Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia. Material y métodos: Ciento cincuenta pacientes con indicación clínica de opioi de mayor, fueron incluidos en el tercer escalón de la analgesia de la OMS, por el equipo médico y tras una rigurosa selección. La consulta de atención farmacéutica o fase II, realizó un seguimiento de la escalada de dosis, hasta conseguir la estabilización del dolor con ausencia de efectos secundarios, así como el control en la instauración del tratamiento crónico posterior. Resultados: Al finalizar el programa, el 75% de los pacientes controlaron su dolor, precisando una media de 22,7 días para ajustar la dosis del opiáceo. La dosis media diaria fue de 22,3 mg y el estreñimiento tratado preventivamente desde el inicio. El 59% de los pacientes recibió tratamiento crónico posterior con parches de fentanilo transdérmico de 25 µg/h, un 10% continuó con solución oral de morfina y un 6% morfina de liberación controlada. El 25% de los pacientes restantes presentó incidencias relevantes, detectadas en la fase de escalada terapéutica, que motivaron la suspensión del tratamiento y el alta en la unidad por ineficacia terapéutica. A los 24 meses, el 70% de los pacientes continuaban con la dosis inicial. Conclusiones: La efectividad de la consulta queda reflejada al conseguir los objetivos del programa


Introduction: The effectiveness of a pharmaceutical care unit was assessed within a staged program for non-malignant severe chronic pain control in a multidisciplinary pain management unitat Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain. Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty patients with clinical indication for a major opioid were included in WHO’s third analgesic rung by our medical team following careful triage. The pharmaceutical care unit, or phase II, monitored dosage titration for pain stabilization with absence of side effects, as well as the onset of subsequent chronic therapy. Results: Upon program completion 75% of patients had their pain under control, having required 22.7 days on average for opiate dose titration. Mean daily dose was 22.3 mg, and constipation was prophylactically managed from the start. Fifty-nine percent of patients received subsequent chronic therapy with fentanyl transdermal patches at 25 ug/h; 10% followed suit with oral morphine solution, and 6% with controlled-release morphine. Twenty-five percent of the remaining patients had relevant events during the therapy titration stage, which led to therapy discontinuation and discharge because of lack of therapeutic effectiveness. After 24 months 70% of patients were still on initial doses. Conclusions: The effectiveness of our unit was demonstrated by the achievement of the program objectives


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Pain/classification , Pain/prevention & control , Narcotics/administration & dosage , Narcotics/therapeutic use , Pain Clinics/organization & administration , Morphine/administration & dosage , Narcotics/adverse effects , Narcotics , Morphine/adverse effects
6.
Clin J Pain ; 19(4): 269-75, 2003.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12840622

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is defined as acute or chronic pain with sensory or motor autonomic symptoms, referred from active myofascial triggering points with associated dysfunction. Previous studies have suggested the usefulness of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) in the treatment of MPS since it is capable of controlling muscular spasms, as well as other alternative mechanisms of action. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the efficacy of BTX-A treatment and its effect on daily life activities assessing pain reduction using a visual analogue scale (VAS); degree of improvement in physical impairment and disability scoring in the Oswestry low back pain questionnaire; and psychologic status using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), in patients suffering from MPS. METHOD: An open-label interventional prospective trial was conducted in 77 patients diagnosed of refractory MPS (defined as the presence of muscle spasm with pain on mobilization or stretching, plus the existence of trigger points with associated referred pain), resistant to both conservative management and to physical therapy. The BTX-A dosages for the different muscles were chosen according to a standardized protocol. Electromyographic guidance was used to localize the motor end plate prior to injection in superficial muscles; while fluoroscopic guidance was employed to evidence intramyofascial spread of the contrast solution within deep muscles. The assessment of treatment efficacy was based on a pain VAS applied before enrollment, at 15, 30, and 90 days and upon completion of the study; the Lattinen test to establish a relationship between pain intensity and its corresponding impact on daily living; and the HAD scale to assess psychologic stress, performed both before treatment and at the end of the study; and the Oswestry Questionnaire was used to evaluate patients' ability to carry out daily life activities according to their degree of physical impairment and disability scores. RESULTS: The global analysis revealed a positive correlation between the VAS score prior to treatment and the scoring at 15, 30, and 90 days. This correlation was maintained when analyzing independently for superficial or deep muscles. The correlation coefficients for HAD scores and the Lattinen test values showed a significant association between pre- and post-treatment findings. No adverse events were recorded for 83.1% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are consistent with other studies showing the efficacy of BTX-A for treating pain in MPS. The evaluation of the psychologic dimension of this disorder and its associated disability can provide valuable information for the adequate management of these patients and for assessing treatment outcome.


Subject(s)
Botulinum Toxins/therapeutic use , Myofascial Pain Syndromes/diagnosis , Myofascial Pain Syndromes/drug therapy , Pain/diagnosis , Pain/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Chronic Disease , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myofascial Pain Syndromes/psychology , Pain/psychology , Pain Measurement/methods , Psychological Tests , Treatment Outcome
7.
Clin J Pain ; 18(2): 128-31, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11882777

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The case here presented adequately reflects the difficulties involved in the treatment of pain in patients where the neuropathic component of pain predominates, and shows the different therapeutic steps that may be taken-from surgery and radiotherapy, to the administration of different drugs via the spinal route, to, finally, the presently little-used option of a direct intraventricular access. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal tumors are infrequent, but pose great difficulties for the management and control of the pain they cause. The utility of the spinal route as an early approach for the provision of adequate analgesia seems clear. However, it also appears to lose efficacy with time, and dose incrementing and/or the addition of drugs that enhance the analgesic action of morphine are not always effective. In such selected cases, the intraventricular route may constitute a useful alternative, allowing improved symptoms control with lower morphine doses, and the use of the system previously implanted for intrathecal spinal infusion.


Subject(s)
Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Chordoma/complications , Morphine/administration & dosage , Pain, Intractable/drug therapy , Spinal Cord Neoplasms/complications , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Catheters, Indwelling , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Disease Progression , Humans , Injections, Spinal/methods , Lumbosacral Region/surgery , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Pain, Intractable/etiology , Spinal Cord Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Spinal Cord Neoplasms/surgery
8.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 9(supl.1): 29-36, 2002. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-155207

ABSTRACT

Los síndromes de dolor regional complejo (SDRC) son cuadros de dolor de predominio neuropático acompañados de trastornos sudomotores y vasomotores, permaneciendo, todavía, desconocida su naturaleza etiopatogénica íntima. En 1998, se llegó a un consenso sobre la aproximación terapéutica de estos cuadros a modo de guía. Una de las posibilidades de tratamiento sería a través de un abordaje farmacológico diverso que ha demostrado su eficacia en otros tipos de dolor neuropático y, ocasionalmente, también en este tipo de dolor. Existen numerosas referencias que acreditan el uso de gabapentina en el tratamiento del dolor neuropático en otros síndromes (neuralgia postherpética, neuropatía diabética, etc.), pero no se encuentran estudios que demuestren de una forma clara la utilidad de la gabapentina en el tratamiento del SDRC (AU)


Complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS) are pain conditions with predominance of neuropathic pain, along with sudomotor and vasomotor disorders, being its intimate etiopathogenic nature still unknown. In 1998 a consensus was reached regarding the therapeutic approach to these conditions as a guideline. One of the therapeutic options would be a multiple drug regime that has been shown to be effective in other types of neuropathic pain and, occasionally, also in this type of pain. There are multiple references that support the use of gabapentine for the management of neuropathic pain in other syndromes (post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, etc.) but no studies have clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of gabapentine for the management of CRPS (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/complications , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/diagnosis , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/drug therapy , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/therapeutic use , Autonomic Nerve Block/methods , Sympathetic Nervous System , Spinal Cord Stimulation/instrumentation , Spinal Cord Stimulation/methods , Spinal Cord Stimulation
9.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 7(5): 306-312, jun. 2000. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-4656

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Completar la visión presentada en el artículo previo sobre el algoritmo de decisión en el control del dolor crónico, refiriéndonos en esta ocasión a la situación especial del paciente en situación terminal. Su exposición pretende completar la visión ofrecida del abordaje del dolor crónico en la primera parte de este trabajo, y servir de guía útil a la hora de sopesar las medidas terapéuticas antiálgicas más adecuadas en el paciente en situación terminal, valorando las diferencias significativas que supone esta situación frente a la que plantea el control del dolor crónico en general.Material y métodos: Revisión bibliográfica de los protocolos y de la experiencia del manejo del dolor crónico en la Unidad Multidisciplinar de Tratamiento del Dolor del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia .Resultados: Plantemos un algoritmo de decisión para el tratamiento del dolor para los pacientes en situación terminal cuya utilización permitirá reducir al mínimo los fracasos terapéuticos en esta fase tan angustiosa de la enfermedad, consiguiendo un control adecuado del dolor mediante la utilización de las técnicas más eficaces y eficientes en esta situación, con el único fin de conseguir la máxima calidad de vida hasta el último momento.Conclusiones: Con la publicación de este agoritmo y el de dolor crónico ya publicado, pretendemos ofrecer un punto de partida para abordar el tratamiento del dolor crónico más allá de la escalera de la OMS, en el que las aportaciones de otros centros o grupos serán importantes para enriquecer, completar y mejorar la presente propuesta (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Terminally Ill , Pain/drug therapy , Analgesics/pharmacology , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Palliative Care , Analgesia, Epidural , Injections, Spinal , Clinical Protocols , Quality of Life , Injections, Subcutaneous , Administration, Cutaneous , Prognosis
10.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 7(4): 225-233, mayo 2000. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-4470

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Presentar un algoritmo de decisión en el control del dolor crónico, como un intento de plasmar, no sólo el arsenal terapéutico del que hoy disponemos, si no un sistema de elección de las opciones terapéuticas más eficientes en cada momento.Su utilización permitirá reducir al mínimo los fracasos terapéuticos en el control del dolor crónico, y servir a todos los profesionales como guía, permitiendo solicitar y rea l izar técnicas o tratamientos, más allá del manejo adecuado de la escalera analgésica de la OMS.Material y Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica, de los protocolos y de la experiencia del manejo del dolor crónico en la Unidad Multidisciplinar de Tratamiento del Dolor del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia .Resultados: Plantemos dos algoritmos de decisión para el tratamiento del dolor crónico en función de la situación clínica. Uno de ellos, encaminado al abordaje del dolor crónico, y otro específico, para el abordaje del dolor crónico en el enfermo en situación terminal. En este artículo nos referiremos a la primera situación.Conclusiones: El dolor crónico es uno de los factores más importantes que afectan a la calidad de vida de nuestros pacientes, tanto en procesos de etiología no maligna como de origen oncológico .La aplicación de un algoritmo de decisión sistemático, en el que en función de unas variables clínicas se seleccione la opción terapéutica más eficiente en cada momento, puede ser un instrumento de utilidad en el abordaje del dolor crónico (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain/drug therapy , Analgesia, Epidural/methods , Terminally Ill , Palliative Care , Colic/drug therapy , Administration, Cutaneous , Injections, Subcutaneous , Catheters, Indwelling , Clinical Protocols , Quality of Life , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacology
11.
Reg Anesth Pain Med ; 25(2): 204-7, 2000.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10746536

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To present and analyze the case of a woman receiving chronic spinal opioid therapy using an implanted infusion pump who experienced repeated displacement of the subarachnoid catheter despite the use of standard techniques for anchoring the catheter. The solution devised to avoid the problem is described. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old woman was diagnosed with transverse myelitis 10 years earlier and she developed T7-T10 spinal cord atrophy, and pain below the T7 segment. After unsuccessful noninvasive pharmacological treatment, a spinal opioid infusion protocol was begun. On 3 occasions during the course of therapy, despite the use of standard measures for anchoring the system, catheter displacement into the subcutaneous pouch of the pump occurred. After the last such episode, a specially designed technique was used, anchoring the catheter by means of a silicone piece, and the injection of 2.5 mL of fibrin glue in the epidural space. CONCLUSIONS: The application of fibrin glue (Tissucol; Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria) may be considered as an adjuvant for the fixation of subarachnoid catheters used for intraspinal infusions.


Subject(s)
Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects , Foreign-Body Migration/etiology , Infusion Pumps, Implantable , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Atrophy , Epidural Space , Equipment Design , Female , Fibrin Tissue Adhesive/therapeutic use , Follow-Up Studies , Foreign-Body Migration/prevention & control , Humans , Middle Aged , Myelitis, Transverse/drug therapy , Silicones , Spinal Cord/pathology , Subarachnoid Space , Tissue Adhesives/therapeutic use
12.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 7(1): 6-11, ene. 2000. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-4453

ABSTRACT

Dos de los estados de ánimo más habituales en los pacientes con dolor crónico son la ansiedad y la depresión. Objetivo : Dado que los pacientes tratados a domicilio viven un entorno diferente en su tratamiento al vivido por los pacientes atendidos ambulatoriamente, en este trabajo se realiza un estudio descriptivo prospectivo comparando dos muestras de pacientes con dolor crónico de la Unidad Multidisciplinar para el Tratamiento del Dolor del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, evaluando las diferencias en ansiedad y depresión en ambos grupos. La Muestra 1 (n=95) son pacientes subsidiarios de tratamiento domiciliario por sus características clínicas.Material y métodos: La Muestra 2 (n=95) se formó con pacientes tratados ambulatoriamente. Se evaluaron los niveles de ansiedad y depresión mediante la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HAD) en la primera visita previa a cualquier intervención terapéutica.Resultados : La puntuación media obtenida en ansiedad y depresión fue de 8 y 10,38 respectivamente para la Muestra 1. y de 9,93 y 7,95 para la Muestra 2. Las diferencias de medias entre las dos muestras en la escala de ansiedad (p 0,002) y la de depresión (p 0,001) fueron estadísticamente significativas. Se discuten los resultados (AU)


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Anxiety/psychology , Depression/psychology , Outpatients , Pain/psychology , Anxiety/etiology , Depression/etiology , Pain/complications , Pain Clinics , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prospective Studies , Osteopathic Medicine , Lung Neoplasms/complications , Colonic Neoplasms/complications
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