Use of asparaginase for acrylamide mitigation in coffee and its influence on the content of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid.

A factorial design with a duplicate in the central point was used to investigate the effect of treating arabica coffee beans with asparaginase. The investigated factors were enzymatic load (1000 and 5000 ASNU/Kg), water percentage (30 and 90%), and hydrolysis time (1 and 3 h). The acrylamide content was determined by UPLC-MS/MS, and the caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeine concentrations were determined by HPLC-DAD. The statistical analysis was carried out in the R platform using RStudio graphical interface. The results indicated the importance of coffee bean pretreatment with steam, and that the enzyme load reduced the acrylamide content to 65 mg/kg in coffee beans. The predicted reduction was obtained with hydrolysis time of 2 h, water content of 90%, and asparaginase load of 5000 ASNU/kg. The asparaginase treatment did not influence the major bioactive compounds in coffee.

Overview of Nanocellulose in Food Packaging.

BACKGROUND: The rising concern with environmental preservation has led to increasing interest in biodegradable polymer composites from renewable sources, such as cellulose and its derivatives. The use of nanocellulose is an innovative food packaging trend. DISCUSSION: This paper presents an overview and discusses the state of the art of different nanocellulose materials used in food and food packaging, and identifies important patents related to them. It is important to consider that before marketing, new products must be proven safe for consumers and the environment. CONCLUSION: Several packaging materials using nanocellulose have been developed and shown to be promising for use as active and intelligent materials for food packaging. Other nanocellulose products are under investigation for packaging and may enter the market in the near future. Many countries have been adjusting their regulatory frameworks to deal with nanotechnologies, including nanocellulose packaging.

Production and characterization of Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacterial cellulose using cashew apple juice and soybean molasses.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been largely used in biomedical and technological fields. The use of agro-industrial byproducts as alternative source of carbon and nitrogen in culture media reduces the BC cost production, adds value to the byproducts and minimizes the environmental impact. In this study, the use of cashew apple juice and soybean molasses were evaluated to produce BC by Gluconacetobacter xylinus in comparison to the usual Hestrin and Schramm medium (HS). BC produced in static cultivation was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The BC production (4.50 g L-1) obtained from the medium using cashew apple juice as carbon source (20 g L-1) with soybean molasses as nitrogen source (10 g L-1) was superior than HS medium (4.03 g L-1). Morphological analysis showed that bacterial celluloses produced with agro-industrial byproducts combined were similar to those found for the pellicle obtained from HS medium.

Enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from Brazilian Syrah grape pomace flour: a green alternative to conventional methods for adding value to agricultural by- products.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to determine the most favorable conditions for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from Brazilian Syrah grape pomace. Chemical processes were performed using a rotatable central composite design where the concentration of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide and the grape pomace flour/solvent mass ratio were the dependent variables. Enzymatic production was also evaluated using xylanase produced by Aspergillus niger 3T5B8 and Viscozyme® enzymatic commercial cocktail. RESULTS: Chemical extraction allowed to recover 21.8-74.6% and 5.2-96.3% of total XOS for acidic and alkaline processes respectively. Enzymatic production extracted up to 88.68 ± 0.12% of total XOS using xylanase and up to 84.09 ± 2.40% with Viscozyme® . CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated different feasible methods to produce high-added-value molecules, i.e. XOS, from Syrah grape pomace flour, valorizing this major by-product. The use of enzymatic cocktails demonstrated to be an alternative to the conventional methods, allowing to obtain an eco-friendly and sustainable grape pomace extract. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Aproveitamento de resíduos da agroindústria do óleo de dendê para a produção de lipase por Aspergillus Níger / Agro-industrial residues utilization of palm oil for lipase production by Aspergillus niger

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho de duas linhagens de Aspergillus niger (mutante 11T53A14 e selvagem C) previamente selecionadas como promissoras para a produção de lipases, utilizando meios de cultivo formulados a partir da torta de dendê (palmiste) e da borra alcalina do refino do óleo de dendê (borra de dendê), resíduos provenientes da agroindústria do óleo de dendê (palma) por fermentação em estado sólido (FES). Os experimentos de produção da enzima em FES foram conduzidos em colunas aeradas, incubadas em banho-maria a 32ºC com entrada controlada de ar não umedecido de 1,0vvm. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a cepa mutante A. niger 11T53A14 em meio contendo torta de dendê umedecida com solução sulfato de amônio (1,2%) e com a adição de 3% da borra de dendê. O valor máximo da atividade da lipase neste meio foi de 72,57U gss-1 em 48 horas. Esse valor foi 47,5% superior ao obtido no meio sem a borra de dendê. A comparação do desempenho da cepa mutante com a cepa selvagem mostrou que o meio composto por torta de dendê adicionado com sulfato de amônio e borra de dendê induziu ambas as linhagens a produzir lipases com bons níveis de atividade, além de reduzir o tempo de processo de fermentação.

ABSTRACT: In this paper it was evaluated the performance of two strains of Aspergillus niger (mutant 11T53A14 and wild type C) previously selected as promising for lipase production, from cultivation media formulated from palm kernel cake (kernel) and alkaline sludge from refining were evaluated palm oil (palm oil sludge), palm oil (palm) waste industrialization by solid state fermentation (SSF). Experiments of enzyme production in SSF were conducted in aerated columns, incubated in a water bath at 32°C with controlled inlet of 1.0vvm. The best results were obtained with the mutant strain A. niger 11T53A14 in medium containing palm kernel cake moistened with a solution of ammonium sulfate (1.2%) and with the addition of 3% of palm oil sludge. The maximum lipase activity in this medium was 72.57U gdw-1 in 48 hours and 47.5% higher than in the medium without sludge palm. A comparison of the performance of the mutant strain with the wild-type strain showed that the medium composed of palm kernel cake added with ammonium sulfate and blurs palm induced both strains to produce lipases with good activity levels and reduced the time of the fermentation process.

Aproveitamento de resíduos da agroindústria do óleo de dendê para a produção de lipase por Aspergillus Níger / Agro-industrial residues utilization of palm oil for lipase production by Aspergillus niger

Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho de duas linhagens de Aspergillus niger (mutante 11T53A14 e selvagem C) previamente selecionadas como promissoras para a produção de lipases, utilizando meios de cultivo formulados a partir da torta de dendê (palmiste) e da borra alcalina do refino do óleo de dendê (borra de dendê), resíduos provenientes da agroindústria do óleo de dendê (palma) por fermentação em estado sólido (FES). Os experimentos de produção da enzima em FES foram conduzidos em colunas aeradas, incubadas em banho-maria a 32ºC com entrada controlada de ar não umedecido de 1,0vvm. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a cepa mutante A. niger 11T53A14 em meio contendo torta de dendê umedecida com solução sulfato de amônio (1,2%) e com a adição de 3% da borra de dendê. O valor máximo da atividade da lipase neste meio foi de 72,57U gss-1 em 48 horas. Esse valor foi 47,5% superior ao obtido no meio sem a borra de dendê. A comparação do desempenho da cepa mutante com a cepa selvagem mostrou que o meio composto por torta de dendê adicionado com sulfato de amônio e borra de dendê induziu ambas as linhagens a produzir lipases com bons níveis de atividade, além de reduzir o tempo de processo de fermentação.(AU)

In this paper it was evaluated the performance of two strains of Aspergillus niger (mutant 11T53A14 and wild type C) previously selected as promising for lipase production, from cultivation media formulated from palm kernel cake (kernel) and alkaline sludge from refining were evaluated palm oil (palm oil sludge), palm oil (palm) waste industrialization by solid state fermentation (SSF). Experiments of enzyme production in SSF were conducted in aerated columns, incubated in a water bath at 32°C with controlled inlet of 1.0vvm. The best results were obtained with the mutant strain A. niger 11T53A14 in medium containing palm kernel cake moistened with a solution of ammonium sulfate (1.2%) and with the addition of 3% of palm oil sludge. The maximum lipase activity in this medium was 72.57U gdw-1 in 48 hours and 47.5% higher than in the medium without sludge palm. A comparison of the performance of the mutant strain with the wild-type strain showed that the medium composed of palm kernel cake added with ammonium sulfate and blurs palm induced both strains to produce lipases with good activity levels and reduced the time of the fermentation process.(AU)

Efficient production of lignocellulolytic enzymes xylanase, ß-xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and ß-glucosidase by the mutant strain Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1.

The production of xylanase, ß-xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and ß-glucosidase by Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1, a hyper producer of glucoamylase and pectinase, was evaluated using selected conditions regarding nitrogen nutrition. Submerged cultivations were carried out at 30 °C and 200 rpm in growth media containing 30 g wheat bran/L as main carbon source and either yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate or urea, as nitrogen sources; in all cases it was used a fixed molar carbon to molar nitrogen concentration of 10.3. The use of poor nitrogen sources favored the accumulation of xylanase, ß-xylosidase and ferulic acid esterase to a peak concentrations of 44,880; 640 and 118 U/L, respectively, for sodium nitrate and of 34,580, 685 and 170 U/L, respectively, for urea. However, the highest ß-glucosidase accumulation of 10,470 U/L was observed when the rich organic nitrogen source yeast extract was used. The maxima accumulation of filter paper activity, xylanase, ß-xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and ß-glucosidase by A. awamori 2B.361 U2/1 was compared to that produced by Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30. The level of ß-glucosidase was over 17-fold higher for the Aspergillus strain, whereas the levels of xylanase and ß-xylosidase were over 2-fold higher. This strain also produced ferulic acid esterase (170 U/L), which was not detected in the T. reesei culture.

Efficient production of lignocellulolytic enzymes xylanase, -xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and -glucosidase by the mutant strain Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1

The production of xylanase, -xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and -glucosidase by Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1, a hyper producer of glucoamylase and pectinase, was evaluated using selected conditions regarding nitrogen nutrition. Submerged cultivations were carried out at 30 ºC and 200 rpm in growth media containing 30 g wheat bran/L as main carbon source and either yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate or urea, as nitrogen sources, in all cases it was used a fixed molar carbon to molar nitrogen concentration of 10.3. The use of poor nitrogen sources favored the accumulation of xylanase, -xylosidase and ferulic acid esterase to a peak concentrations of 44,880, 640 and 118 U/L, respectively, for sodium nitrate and of 34,580, 685 and 170 U/L, respectively, for urea. However, the highest -glucosidase accumulation of 10,470 U/L was observed when the rich organic nitrogen source yeast extract was used. The maxima accumulation of filter paper activity, xylanase, -xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and -glucosidase by A. awamori 2B.361 U2/1 was compared to that produced by Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30. The level of -glucosidase was over 17-fold higher for the Aspergillus strain, whereas the levels of xylanase and -xylosidase were over 2-fold higher. This strain also produced ferulic acid esterase (170 U/L), which was not detected in the T. reesei culture.(AU)

Efficient production of lignocellulolytic enzymes xylanase, β-xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and β-glucosidase by the mutant strain Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1

The production of xylanase, β-xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and β-glucosidase by Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1, a hyper producer of glucoamylase and pectinase, was evaluated using selected conditions regarding nitrogen nutrition. Submerged cultivations were carried out at 30 ºC and 200 rpm in growth media containing 30 g wheat bran/L as main carbon source and either yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate or urea, as nitrogen sources; in all cases it was used a fixed molar carbon to molar nitrogen concentration of 10.3. The use of poor nitrogen sources favored the accumulation of xylanase, β-xylosidase and ferulic acid esterase to a peak concentrations of 44,880; 640 and 118 U/L, respectively, for sodium nitrate and of 34,580, 685 and 170 U/L, respectively, for urea. However, the highest β-glucosidase accumulation of 10,470 U/L was observed when the rich organic nitrogen source yeast extract was used. The maxima accumulation of filter paper activity, xylanase, β-xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and β-glucosidase by A. awamori 2B.361 U2/1 was compared to that produced by Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30. The level of β-glucosidase was over 17-fold higher for the Aspergillus strain, whereas the levels of xylanase and β-xylosidase were over 2-fold higher. This strain also produced ferulic acid esterase (170 U/L), which was not detected in the T. reesei culture.

Production of cellulolytic enzymes by fungi Acrophialophora nainiana and Ceratocystis paradoxa using different carbon sources.

Although a number of filamentous fungi, such as Trichoderma and Aspergillus, are well known as producers of cellulases, xylanases, and accessory cellulolytic enzymes, the search for new strains and new enzymes has become a priority with the increase in diversity of biomass sources. Moreover, according to the type of pretreatment applied, biomass of the same type may require different enzyme blends to be efficiently hydrolyzed. This study evaluated cellulases, xylanases, and beta-glucosidases produced by two fungi, the thermotolerant Acrophialophora nainiana and Ceratocystis paradoxa. Cells were grown in submerged culture on three carbon sources: lactose, wheat bran, or steam-pretreated sugarcane bagasse, a commonly used cattle feed in Brazil. Xylanase and endo-1-4-beta-glucanase (CMCase) highest production were found in A. nainiana growing on lactose and reached levels of 2,200 and 2,016 IU/L, respectively. C. paradoxa showed highest activity for xylanase when grown on wheat bran and for beta-glucosidase when grown on steam-treated bagasse, at levels of 12,728 and 1,068 IU/mL, respectively.

Bioethanol from lignocelluloses: Status and perspectives in Brazil.

The National Alcohol Program--PróAlcool, created by the government of Brazil in 1975 resulted less dependency on fossil fuels. The addition of 25% ethanol to gasoline reduced the import of 550 million barrels oil and also reduced the emission CO(2) by 110 million tons. Today, 44% of the Brazilian energy matrix is renewable and 13.5% is derived from sugarcane. Brazil has a land area of 851 million hectares, of which 54% are preserved, including the Amazon forest (350 million hectares). From the land available for agriculture (340 million hectares), only 0.9% is occupied by sugarcane as energy crop, showing a great expansion potential. Studies have shown that in the coming years, ethanol yield per hectare of sugarcane, which presently is 6000 L/ha, could reach 10,000 L/ha, if 50% of the produced bagasse would be converted to ethanol. This article describes the efforts of different Brazilian institutions and research groups on second generation bioethanol production, especially from sugarcane bagasse.

Lignin peroxidase from Streptomyces viridosporus T7A: enzyme concentration using ultrafiltration.

It is well known that lignin degradation is a key step in the natural process of biomass decay whereby oxidative enzymes such as laccases and high redox potential ligninolytic peroxidases and oxidases play a central role. More recently, the importance of these enzymes has increased because of their prospective industrial use for the degradation of the biomass lignin to increase the accessibility of the cellulose and hemicellulose moieties to be used as renewable material for the production of fuels and chemicals. These biocatalysts also present potential application on environmental biocatalysis for the degradation of xenobiotics and recalcitrant pollutants. However, the cost for these enzymes production, separation, and concentration must be low to permit its industrial use. This work studied the concentration of lignin peroxidase (LiP), produced by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, by ultrafiltration, in a laboratory-stirred cell, loaded with polysulfone (PS) or cellulose acetate (CA) membranes with molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO) of 10, 20, and 50 KDa. Experiments were carried out at 25 degrees C and pH 7.0 in accordance to the enzyme stability profile. The best process conditions and enzyme yield were obtained using a PS membrane with 10 KDa MWCO, whereby it was observed a tenfold LiP activity increase, reaching 1,000 U/L and 90% enzyme activity upholding.

Effect of aeration on lignin peroxidase production by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A.

The effect of aeration on lignin peroxidase production by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A was studied in a bench-scale bioreactor using a previously optimized growth medium (0.65% yeast extract and 0.1% corn oil, pH 7.0) at 37 degrees C and natural pH. Airflow rates of 0.3, 1.0, and 1.5 vvm and a fixed agitation of 200 rpm were initially studied followed by 1.0 vvm and 200, 300, 400, and 500 rpm. The use of 1.0 vvm and 400 rpm increased enzyme concentration 1.8-fold (100-180 U/L) and process productivity 4.8-fold (1.4-6.7 U/[L h]) in comparison with the use of 200 rpm and 0.3 vvm. The inexpensive corn oil, used as carbon source, besides its antifoam properties, proved to be nonrepressive for enzyme production.

Corn oil favours protease production by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A

Besides of being largely used for antibiotic production, streptomyces have also been pointed out as good producers of enzymes with industrial interest such as protease. In this work, the effect of corn oil on protease production by S. virisdoporus T7A was investigated as part of a wide project for microbial protease production. Culture media contained 0.65(per cent) yeast as nitrogen source, corn oil or corn oil combined with 0.65(per cent) glucose as carbone source, plus mineral salts. In both cases, corn oil used in three differents concentrations, 0.1, 0.5 and 1(per cent) (p/V). All experiments were carried out in agitated flasks at 37§C for 105 hours. Higher protease activty (52 U/L) was obtained in medium containing 0.65(per cent) glucose and 1.0(per cent) corn oil as carbon sources. Protease activity responded positively to the increase in the medium C/N ratio, i.e., to the increment in oil concentration. Our results also suggested that corn oil favours enzyme stability during the fermentation.