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1.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;57(6): 606-617, nov.-dez. 2007. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-468128

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o efeito analgésico da combinação de morfina e clonidina administrada por via peridural, cuja eficácia foi demonstrada em pacientes adultos, sobre o consumo de isoflurano e o consumo de medicação analgésica no período pós-operatório em crianças. MÉTODO: Vinte e seis crianças escaladas para operações intra-abdominais foram alocadas de forma aleatória em dois grupos. Os dois grupos receberam, por via peridural, bolus de morfina (8 µg.kg-1) e de clonidina (0,8 µg.kg-1) antes do início da intervenção cirúrgica, seguidos de infusão contínua de clonidina (0,12 µg.kg-1.h-1) mais morfina (1,2 µg.kg-1.h-1) no Grupo I e o dobro dessas doses no Grupo II, durante 24 horas. Foram medidas as concentrações inspiratórias de isoflurano durante a operação e o número de doses (1 mg.kg-1) de tramadol durante 24 horas no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de isoflurano foram significativamente menores em relação aos valores observados antes da incisão cirúrgica após 60 e 90 minutos nos Grupos II e I, respectivamente, porém não houve diferença entre os dois grupos. O consumo de tramadol foi muito menor no Grupo II, e sete (53,8 por cento) não necessitaram analgesia de resgate, porém foram observadas maior sedação e hipotensão arterial. Não foi observada depressão respiratória nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A infusão peridural da combinação de baixas doses de clonidina e morfina promoveu redução da necessidade de isoflurano no período intra-operatório e analgesia pós-operatória de boa qualidade.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The present study was developed to evaluate the analgesic effects of the epidural administration of a combination of morphine and clonidine, whose efficacy has been demonstrated in adults, on the consumption of isoflurane and postoperative consumption of analgesics in children. METHODS: Twenty-six children scheduled for intra-abdominal surgeries were randomly divided in two groups. Both groups received an epidural bolus of morphine (8 µg.kg-1) and clonidine (0.8 µg.kg-1) before the surgery, followed by the continuous infusion of clonidine (0.12 µg.kg-1.h-1) plus morphine (1.2 µg.kg-1.h-1) in Group I, and twice those dosages in Group II, during 24 hours. Inspiratory concentrations of isoflurane were measured during the surgery, as well as the number of doses (1 mg.kg-1) of tramadol during 24 hours in the postoperative period. RESULTS: The concentrations of isoflurane were significantly smaller after 60 and 90 minutes than the concentrations before the incision in Groups II and I, respectively, but those differences were not statistically significant. The consumption of tramadol was significantly lower in Group II, and 7 (53.8 percent) patients in this group did not need rescue analgesia, but we observed an increase in the incidence of sedation and hypotension. Respiratory depression was not observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural infusion of low doses of clonidine combined with morphine reduced the intraoperative need of isoflurane and postoperative analgesia.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El presente estudio fue desarrollado para evaluar el efecto analgésico de la combinación de morfina y clonidina administrada por vía peridural, cuya eficacia fue demostrada en pacientes adultos, sobre el consumo de isoflurano y el consumo de medicación analgésica en el período postoperatorio en niños. MÉTODO: Veinte y seis niños destinados a operaciones intra-abdominales fueron ubicados aleatoriamente en de los grupos. Los de los grupos recibieron, por vía peridural, bolus de morfina (8 µg.kg-1) y de clonidina (0,8 µg.kg-1) antes del inicio de la intervención quirúrgica, seguidos de infusión continua de clonidina (0,12 µg.kg-1.h-1) más morfina (1,2 µg.kg-1.h-1) en el Grupo I y el doble de esa dosis en el Grupo II, durante 24 horas. Fueron medidas las concentraciones inspiratorias de isoflurano durante la operación y el número de dosis (1 mg.kg-1) de tramadol durante 24 horas en el postoperatorio. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones de isoflurano fueron significativamente menores con relación a los valores observados antes de la incisión quirúrgica después 60 y 90 minutos en los grupos II y I, respectivamente, sin embargo no hubo diferencia entre los de los grupos. El consumo de tramadol fue significativamente menor en el grupo 2, siendo que 7 (53,8 por ciento) no necesitaron analgesia de rescate, sin embargo fueron observadas mayor sedación e hipotensión arterial. No fue observada depresión respiratoria en los de los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: La infusión peridural de la combinación de bajas dosis de clonidina y morfina promovieron reducción de la necesidad de isoflurano en el período intraoperatorio y analgesia postoperatoria de buena calidad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Analgesia/methods , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Drug Combinations , Isoflurane/administration & dosage , Morphine/therapeutic use , Intraoperative Care , Postoperative Care
2.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;57(6): 665-671, nov.-dez. 2007.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-468134

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica familiar (CHF) é uma doença cardíaca rara, com transmissão hereditária, caracterizada por hipertrofia do septo ventricular e grau variável de estenose aórtica subvalvar. Nessa doença, o aumento da contratilidade do miocárdio e a diminuição da resistência vascular periférica podem agravar a obstrução da via de saída do VE, produzindo disritmia e isquemia cardíaca. Este relato objetivou discutir o manuseio anestésico para cesariana em paciente com CHF. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente com 33 semanas de gestação e diagnóstico prévio de CHF apresentou no holter de 24 horas 22 episódios de taquicardia ventricular não-sustentada (TVNS) e dois episódios de taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS). Referia episódios de palpitação, dispnéia e dor precordial de curta duração. A paciente foi medicada com atenolol e apresentou controle dos sintomas e das disritmias cardíacas. Com 38 semanas e 5 dias de gestação a paciente foi submetida à cesariana eletiva. Além do habitual a monitorização contou com análise de segmento ST e pressão arterial invasiva. Utilizou-se anestesia raquiperidural com injeção de 5 µg de sunfentanil na raqui seguida de administração de bupivacaína a 0,375 por cento em doses de incremento até atingir altura de T6 (total de 16 mL). Utilizou-se metaraminol como vasopressor. Não houve hipotensão arterial materna ou outras complicações no perioperatório. CONCLUSÕES: A anestesia geral é freqüentemente utilizada para cesarianas de pacientes com CHF. A anestesia raquiperidural com instalação lenta do bloqueio foi uma alternativa segura. Nessas pacientes, o aumento da contratilidade miocárdica deve ser evitado, devendo-se, se necessário, utilizar-se um a-agonista para correção de hipotensão arterial materna.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Familiar Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a rare hereditary cardiac disorder characterized by hypertrophy of the ventricular septum and variable degrees of subvalvular aortic stenosis. In this disease, the increase in myocardial contractility and reduction in peripheral vascular resistance can aggravate left ventricular outlet obstruction, leading to arrhythmias and cardiac ischemia. The objective of this report was to discuss the anesthetic management of cesarean section in a patient with FHC. CASE REPORT: A patient in the 33rd week of pregnancy and prior diagnosis of FHC presented, on the 24-hour Holter monitor, 22 episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and 2 episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT). She complained of episodes of palpitation, dyspnea, and chest pain of short duration. The patient was medicated with atenolol, with control of symptoms and cardiac arrhythmias. Within 38 weeks and 5 days of gestation, the patient underwent elective cesarean section. Besides the usual monitoring, analysis of the ST segment and invasive blood pressure were also instituted. Anesthesia consisted of combined spinal-epidural technique with subarachnoidal administration of 5 µg of sufentanil followed by the administration of increasing doses of 0.375 percent bupivacaine until it reached the level of T6 (total of 16 mL). Metaraminol was used as a vasopressor. Perioperative maternal hypotension or other complications were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: General anesthesia is often used for cesarean sections in patients with FHC. Spinal-epidural anesthesia with slow installation of the blockade was a safe alternative. In those patients, one should avoid an increase in myocardial contractility and, if necessary, a a-agonist should be used to treat maternal hypotension.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La cardiomiopatía hipertrófica familiar (CHF) es una enfermedad cardiaca rara con transmisión hereditaria caracterizada por hipertrofia del septo ventricular y grado variable de estenosis aórtica subvalvar. En esa enfermedad, el aumento de la contratilidad del miocardio y la disminución de la resistencia vascular periférica pueden agravar la obstrucción de la vía de salida del VE, produciendo arritmia e isquemia cardiaca. Este relato quiso discutir el manoseo anestésico para cesárea en paciente con CHF. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente con 33 semanas de embarazo y diagnóstico previo de CHF presentó en el holter de 24 horas 22 episodios de taquicardia ventricular no sustentada (TVNS) y 2 episodios de taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS). Refería episodios de palpitación, disnea y dolor precordial de corta duración. La paciente fue medicada con atenolol y presentó control de los síntomas y de las arritmias cardiacas. Con 38 semanas y 5 días de embarazo la paciente fue sometida a la cesárea electiva. Además de la habitual monitorización contó con el análisis de segmento ST y presión arterial invasiva. Se utilizó anestesia intradural-epidural con inyección de 5 µg de sunfentanil en la raqui seguida de administración de bupivacaína a 0,375 por ciento en dosis de incremento hasta alcanzar una altura de T6 (total de 16 mL). Se usó metaraminol como vasopresor. No hubo hipotensión arterial materna u otras complicaciones en el perioperatorio. CONCLUSIONES: La anestesia general se usa con frecuencia para cesáreas de pacientes con CHF. La anestesia intradural-epidural con instalación lenta del bloqueo fue una alternativa segura. En esas pacientes, el aumento de la contratilidad miocárdica debe ser evitado, y si fuere necesario se debe utilizar un a-agonista para la corrección de hipotensión arterial materna.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Anesthesia, Epidural , Anesthesia, Spinal , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial , Cesarean Section
3.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 57(6): 606-17, 2007 Dec.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19462137

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The present study was developed to evaluate the analgesic effects of the epidural administration of a combination of morphine and clonidine, whose efficacy has been demonstrated in adults, on the consumption of isoflurane and postoperative consumption of analgesics in children. METHODS: Twenty-six children scheduled for intra-abdominal surgeries were randomly divided in two groups. Both groups received an epidural bolus of morphine (8 microg.kg-1) and clonidine (0.8 microg.kg-1) before the surgery, followed by the continuous infusion of clonidine (0.12 microg.kg-1.h-1) plus morphine (1.2 microg.kg-1.h-1) in Group I, and twice those dosages in Group II, during 24 hours. Inspiratory concentrations of isoflurane were measured during the surgery, as well as the number of doses (1 mg.kg-1) of tramadol during 24 hours in the postoperative period. RESULTS: The concentrations of isoflurane were significantly smaller after 60 and 90 minutes than the concentrations before the incision in Groups II and I, respectively, but those differences were not statistically significant. The consumption of tramadol was significantly lower in Group II, and 7 (53.8%) patients in this group did not need rescue analgesia, but we observed an increase in the incidence of sedation and hypotension. Respiratory depression was not observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural infusion of low doses of clonidine combined with morphine reduced the intraoperative need of isoflurane and postoperative analgesia.

4.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 57(6): 665-71, 2007 Dec.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19462143

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Familiar Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a rare hereditary cardiac disorder characterized by hypertrophy of the ventricular septum and variable degrees of subvalvular aortic stenosis. In this disease, the increase in myocardial contractility and reduction in peripheral vascular resistance can aggravate left ventricular outlet obstruction, leading to arrhythmias and cardiac ischemia. The objective of this report was to discuss the anesthetic management of cesarean section in a patient with FHC. CASE REPORT: A patient in the 33rd week of pregnancy and prior diagnosis of FHC presented, on the 24-hour Holter monitor, 22 episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and 2 episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT). She complained of episodes of palpitation, dyspnea, and chest pain of short duration. The patient was medicated with atenolol, with control of symptoms and cardiac arrhythmias. Within 38 weeks and 5 days of gestation, the patient underwent elective cesarean section. Besides the usual monitoring, analysis of the ST segment and invasive blood pressure were also instituted. Anesthesia consisted of combined spinal-epidural technique with subarachnoidal administration of 5 microg of sufentanil followed by the administration of increasing doses of 0.375% bupivacaine until it reached the level of T6 (total of 16 mL). Metaraminol was used as a vasopressor. Perioperative maternal hypotension or other complications were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: General anesthesia is often used for cesarean sections in patients with FHC. Spinal-epidural anesthesia with slow installation of the blockade was a safe alternative. In those patients, one should avoid an increase in myocardial contractility and, if necessary, a a-agonist should be used to treat maternal hypotension.

5.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;54(6): 809-814, nov.-dez. 2004. graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-392842

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: No período peri-operatório, o risco de anafilaxia deve sempre ser considerado. A incidência de reações alérgicas em anestesia é controversa, variando entre 1/3000 a 1/20.000, com mortalidade entre 3 por cento e 9 por cento. Neste caso, relata-se o uso do azul de metileno como coadjuvante ao tratamento do choque anafilático refratário à terapêutica tradicional. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos, submetido a herniorrafia inguinal sob raquianestesia. No final do procedimento, ao receber dipirona (1,5 g), por via venosa, o paciente imediatamente apresentou broncoespasmo, cianose, diminuição da SpO2 e da PAS, culminando com parada cardiorrespiratória. Foi iniciada reanimação cardiorrespiratória com massagem cardíaca externa, seguida de IOT e injeção de adrenalina (1 mg), atropina (1 mg), restabelecendo-se FC de 150 bpm, porém sem pulso palpável. Administrou-se mais 1 mg de adrenalina além de 1 g de hidrocortisona, com restabelecimento de pulso central (8 minutos). Apesar de receber dopamina (20 æg.kg-1.min-1), o paciente manteve-se hipotenso (60 mmHg) até 80 minutos. Administraram-se 100 mg de azul de metileno por via venosa, quando houve aumento da PAS para 85 e 105 mmHg, após a segunda dose. Seguiu-se da diminuição da dose de dopamina de 20 para 10, 7, 5 e, finalmente, 2 æg.kg-1.min-1. CONCLUSÕES: A anafilaxia tem como principal mediador a liberação de histamina, que induz a produção de óxido nítrico (NO), com conseqüente aumento da guanilato ciclase que promove vasodilatação arteriolar por aumento do GMP cíclico. O azul de metileno pode ser útil nestas situações, pois inibe a guanilato ciclase e conseqüentemente a vasodilatação, o que resulta em melhora hemodinâmica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Dipyrone/adverse effects , Herniorrhaphy/instrumentation , Anaphylaxis/etiology , Anesthesia, Spinal/instrumentation , Methylene Blue/administration & dosage
6.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;54(1): 68-72, jan.-fev. 2004. tab
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-355936

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Na deficiência de proteína S, uma glicoproteína com atividade anticoagulante, o risco de eventos tromboembólicos está aumentado. O objetivo deste relato é abordar o manuseio anestésico em paciente obstétrica portadora desta deficiência. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente com deficiência de proteína S, com 25 semanas de gestação, apresentou os seguintes resultados de exames: INR = 0,9, TTPA = 32 s (controle 25,6), proteína S = 35 por cento (normal = 70 por cento a 130 por cento). Nos dois últimos trimestres de gravidez, fez uso de até 12000 U de heparina, cada 8 horas. Com 38 semanas, foi internada em trabalho de parto. Decorridas 8 horas da interrupção da heparina, já com TTPA 25,8 s (controle 27,8 s), realizou-se anestesia peridural injetando-se 6 ml de bupivacaína a 0,2 por cento e fentanil (20 µg), seguido de infusão contínua. O tempo de infusão foi de 5 horas com dose total de 40 mg de bupivacaína. Não houve intercorrências e, 1 hora após a retirada do cateter, foi reiniciada heparina, por via subcutânea, 10.000 UI, a cada 12 horas. A mãe e o recém-nascido evoluíram bem, recebendo alta no terceiro dia do pós-parto. CONCLUSÕES: Grávidas com deficiência de proteína S devem receber anticoagulantes com o objetivo de manter o TTPA 2 vezes o valor controle. A heparina, por não atravessar a barreira placentária, é o anticoagulante de eleição em obstetrícia. O bloqueio pode ser realizado respeitando um tempo mínimo entre 4 a 6 horas entre a última dose de heparina e a realização da punção lombar, desde que os exames apresentem parâmetros de normalidade. Entretanto, nestes casos, a analgesia peridural pode auxiliar na profilaxia de eventos tromboembólicos.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Deficiency in protein S, which is a glycoprotein with anticoagulant activity, increases the risk for thromboembolic events. This report aimed at addressing anesthetic management of protein S deficient obstetric patient. CASE REPORT: Protein S deficient patient, at 25 weeks gestation, presented the following lab results: INR = 0.9, TTPA = 32 s (control 25.6), protein S = 35% (normal = 70% to 130%). In the last three gestation quarters she has received up to 12,000 IU heparin every 8 hours. With 38 weeks, she was admitted in labor. After 8 uninterrupted heparin hours, already with TTPA of 25.8 s (control 27.8 s) epidural anesthesia was induced with 6 ml of 0.2% bupivacaine and fentanyl (20 µg), followed by continuous infusion. Infusion time was 5 hours with total 40 mg bupivacaine dose. There have been no intercurrences and 1 hour after catheter removal, subcutaneous 10,000 IU heparin were restarted at 12-hour intervals. Patient and neonate evolved well and were discharged 3 days later. CONCLUSIONS: Protein S deficient pregnant patients should receive anticoagulants to maintain TTPA twice the control value. Heparin, for not crossing placental barrier, is the anticoagulant of choice in obstetrics. Blockade may be induced respecting a minimum period of 4 to 6 hours between last heparin dose and lumbar puncture, provided lab tests are within normal ranges. In these cases, however, epidural analgesia may help in preventing thromboembolic events.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: En la deficiencia de proteína S, una glucoproteína con actividad anticoagulante, el riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos está aumentado. El objetivo de este relato es abordar el manoseo anestésico en paciente obstétrica portadora de esta deficiencia. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente con deficiencia de proteína S, con 25 semanas de gestación, presentó los siguientes resultados de exámenes: INR = 0,9, TTPA = 32 s (control 25,6), proteína S = 35% (normal = 70% a 130%). En los dos últimos trimestres de embarazo, hizo uso de hasta 12000 U de heparina, cada 8 horas. Con 38 semanas, fue internada en trabajo de parto. Pasadas 8 horas de la interrupción de la heparina, y ya con TTPA 25,8 s (control 27,8 s), se realizó anestesia peridural con inyección de 6 ml de bupivacaína a 0,2% y fentanil (20 µg), seguido de infusión continua. EL tiempo de infusión fue de 5 horas con dosis total de 40 mg de bupivacaína. No hubo intercurrencias y, 1 hora después de la retirada del catéter, fue reiniciada heparina, por vía subcutánea, 10.000 UI, a cada 12 horas. La madre y el recién nacido evoluyeron bien, recibiendo alta en el tercero día del pos-parto. CONCLUSIONES: Embarazadas con deficiencia de proteína S deben recibir anticoagulantes con el objetivo de mantener el TTPA 2 veces el valor control. La heparina, por no atravesar a barrera placentaria, es el anticoagulante de elección en obstetricia. El bloqueo puede ser realizado respetando un tiempo mínimo entre cuatro a seis horas entre a última dosis de heparina y la realización de la punción lumbar, desde que los exámenes presenten parámetros de normalidad. Entretanto, en estos casos, la analgesia peridural puede auxiliar en la profilaxis de eventos tromboembólicos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Anesthesia, Epidural , Anesthetics , Protein S Deficiency/complications , Obstetric Labor Complications
7.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;54(1): 91-98, jan.-fev. 2004. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-355940

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A clonidina é um agente a2-agonista que diminui o consumo de anestésicos venosos e inalatórios. Este estudo visou avaliar a relação custo-benefício da medicação pré-anestésica com clonidina por via venosa em anestesia geral com sevoflurano em regime ambulatorial. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo encoberto, aleatório, controlado com placebo, realizado com pacientes com idade entre 15 e 52 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos de 15: Grupo S (placebo), Grupo C3 (clonidina 3 µg.kg-1) e Grupo C5 (5 µg.kg-1). A indução anestésica foi feita com sevoflurano, alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1) e pancurônio (0,08 mg.kg-1). Foram anotados a freqüência de complicações, consumo de halogenados, tempo de anestesia, tempo de recuperação fase I e II. A análise de custos considerou gastos diretos e indiretos. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças entre os grupos em relação aos dados demográficos, freqüência de complicações e tempo para recuperação anestésica fase I. A recuperação anestésica fase II foi prolongada no grupo C5 (p < 0,05). O consumo de sevoflurano por minuto de cirurgia foi 0.54 ± 0,14 no grupo S e 0,33 ± 0,09 e 0,34 ± 0,13 nos grupos C3 e C5, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Nos grupos que receberam clonidina, o custo foi diminuído em aproximadamente 35 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: A clonidina (3 µg.kg-1) por via venosa diminui o consumo de sevoflurano sem aumentar o tempo de recuperação fase II. A dose de 5 µg.kg-1, apesar de diminuir o consumo de sevoflurano, prolonga a recuperação fase II, não se adequando ao regime ambulatorial.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clonidine is an a2-agonist which decreases intravenous and inhalational anesthetics consumption. This study aimed at evaluating the cost-benefit ratio of preanesthetic medication with intravenous clonidine for general anesthesia with sevoflurane in outpatient procedures. METHODS: Forty five patients aged 15 to 52 years were included in this double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled study, and were distributed in 3 groups of 15: Group S (placebo), Group C3 (3 µg.kg-1 clonidine) and Group C5 (5 µg.kg-1 clonidine). Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane, alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1) and pancuronium (0.08 mg.kg-1). The following parameters were recorded: incidence of complications, halogenate consumption and anesthesia duration, as well as phase I and II recovery time. Cost analysis has considered direct and indirect costs. RESULTS: There were no differences among groups in demographics data, incidence of complications and phase I anesthetic recovery. Phase II anesthetic recovery was prolonged in Group C5 (p < 0.05). Sevoflurane consumption per minute of surgery was 0.54 ± 0.14, 0.33 ± 0.09 and 0.34 ± 0.13 in Groups S, C3 and C5 respectively (p < 0.05). Costs were approximately 35% lower in the clonidine groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous clonidine (3 µg.kg-1) decreases sevoflurane consumption without prolonging phase I recovery. Although decreasing sevoflurane consumption, 5 µg.kg-1 clonidine prolongs phase II recovery, thus being inadequate for outpatient procedures.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La clonidina es un agente a2-agonista que diminuye el consumo de anestésicos venosos e inhalatorios. Este estudio visó evaluar la relación costeo-beneficio de la medicación pre-anestésica con clonidina por vía venosa en anestesia general con sevoflurano en régimen ambulatorial. MÉTODO: Se trata de estudio encubierto, aleatorio, controlado con placebo, realizado con pacientes con edad entre 15 y 52 años. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 3 grupos de 15: Grupo S (placebo), C3 (clonidina 3 µg.kg-1) y C5 (5 µg.kg-1). La inducción anestésica fue hecha con sevoflurano, alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1) y pancuronio (0,08 mg.kg-1). Fueron anotados la frecuencia de complicaciones, consumo de halogenados, tiempo de anestesia, tiempo de recuperación parte I y II. El análisis de gastos consideró gastos directos e indirectos. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en relación a los datos demográficos, frecuencia de complicaciones y tiempo para recuperación anestésica parte I. La recuperación anestésica parte II fue prolongada en el grupo C5 (p < 0,05). El consumo de sevoflurano por minuto de cirugía fue 0.54 ± 0,14 en el grupo S y 0,33 ± 0,09 y 0,34 ± 0,13 en los grupos C3 y C5, respectivamente (p < 0,05). En los grupos que recibieron clonidina, el costeo fue diminuido en aproximadamente 35%. CONCLUSIONES: La clonidina (3 µg.kg-1) por vía venosa diminuye el consumo de sevoflurano sin aumentar el tiempo de recuperación parte II. La dosis de 5 µg.kg-1, a pesar de disminuir el consumo de sevoflurano, prolonga la recuperación parte II, no adecuándose al régimen ambulatorial.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures , Anesthetics, Intravenous , Clonidine , Preanesthetic Medication , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Ear, Middle/surgery
8.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 54(1): 68-72, 2004 Feb.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19471712

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Deficiency in protein S, which is a glycoprotein with anticoagulant activity, increases the risk for thromboembolic events. This report aimed at addressing anesthetic management of protein S deficient obstetric patient. CASE REPORT: Protein S deficient patient, at 25 weeks gestation, presented the following lab results: INR = 0.9, TTPA = 32 s (control 25.6), protein S = 35% (normal = 70% to 130%). In the last three gestation quarters she has received up to 12,000 IU heparin every 8 hours. With 38 weeks, she was admitted in labor. After 8 uninterrupted heparin hours, already with TTPA of 25.8 s (control 27.8 s) epidural anesthesia was induced with 6 ml of 0.2% bupivacaine and fentanyl (20 microg), followed by continuous infusion. Infusion time was 5 hours with total 40 mg bupivacaine dose. There have been no intercurrences and 1 hour after catheter removal, subcutaneous 10,000 IU heparin were restarted at 12-hour intervals. Patient and neonate evolved well and were discharged 3 days later. CONCLUSIONS: Protein S deficient pregnant patients should receive anticoagulants to maintain TTPA twice the control value. Heparin, for not crossing placental barrier, is the anticoagulant of choice in obstetrics. Blockade may be induced respecting a minimum period of 4 to 6 hours between last heparin dose and lumbar puncture, provided lab tests are within normal ranges. In these cases, however, epidural analgesia may help in preventing thromboembolic events.

9.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 54(1): 91-8, 2004 Feb.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19471716

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clonidine is an a2-agonist which decreases intravenous and inhalational anesthetics consumption. This study aimed at evaluating the cost-benefit ratio of preanesthetic medication with intravenous clonidine for general anesthesia with sevoflurane in outpatient procedures. METHODS: Forty five patients aged 15 to 52 years were included in this double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled study, and were distributed in 3 groups of 15: Group S (placebo), Group C3 (3 microg kg(-) clonidine) and Group C5 (5 microg kg(-1) clonidine). Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane, alfentanil (30 microg kg(-1)) and pancuronium (0.08 mg kg(-1)). The following parameters were recorded: incidence of complications, halogenate consumption and anesthesia duration, as well as phase I and II recovery time. Cost analysis has considered direct and indirect costs. RESULTS: There were no differences among groups in demographics data, incidence of complications and phase I anesthetic recovery. Phase II anesthetic recovery was prolonged in Group C5 (p < 0.05). Sevoflurane consumption per minute of surgery was 0.54 +/- 0.14, 0.33 +/- 0.09 and 0.34 +/- 0.13 in Groups S, C3 and C5 respectively (p < 0.05). Costs were approximately 35% lower in the clonidine groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous clonidine (3 microg kg(-1)) decreases sevoflurane consumption without prolonging phase I recovery. Although decreasing sevoflurane consumption, 5 microg kg(-1) clonidine prolongs phase II recovery, thus being inadequate for outpatient procedures.

10.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 54(6): 809-14, 2004 Dec.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19471794

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The risk of perioperative anaphylaxis should always be considered. The incidence of anesthetic allergic reactions is controversial, varying from 1/3,000 to 1/20,000, with mortality range between 3 and 9%. This report describes the use of methylene blue as coadjuvant drug to treat anaphylaxis refractory to conventional therapy. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old male patient was submitted to inguinal hernia correction under spinal anesthesia. After receiving 1.5 g intravenous dipirone at surgery completion, he immediately developed bronchospasm, cyanosis, decreased SpO2 and SBP, culminating with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was started with external cardiac massage followed by tracheal intubation, as well as 1 mg epinephrine and 1 mg atropine injections. Heart rate returned (150 bpm) with no palpable pulse though. Additional 1 mg epinephrine and 1 g hydrocortisone were administered with central pulse recovery (8 minutes). Although receiving dopamine (20 microg.kg-1.min-1), patient remained hypotensive (60 mmHg) until 80 minutes. Intravenous 100 mg methylene blue was then administered with increased SBP to 85 and 105 mmHg after the second dose. Dopamine dose was tapered from 10 to 7, 5 and finally 2 microg.kg-1.min-1. CONCLUSIONS: Histamine is the major anaphylaxis mediator. Inducing nitric oxide (NO) production, it consequently increases guanylate cyclase, which promotes arteriolar vasodilation by increasing cyclic GMP. Methylene blue may be helpful in such situations because it inhibits guanylate cyclase and consequently vasodilation, resulting in hemodynamic improvement.

11.
J Clin Anesth ; 15(7): 510-4, 2003 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14698362

ABSTRACT

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the analgesic efficacy and safety of epidural infusion of clonidine in children undergoing major abdominal surgery. DESIGN: Randomized open-label study. SETTING: Postoperative anesthetic unit and pediatric ward of a metropolitan hospital. PATIENTS: Forty children aged 0 to 3 years undergoing major abdominal surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Children were randomly allocated to receive a 24-hour epidural infusion of clonidine 1 microg.mL(-1) at rate of 0.2 mL.kg -1.h -1 preceded by a bolus of 2 microg.kg -1 (CLON group) or a mixture of clonidine 1 microg.mL -1 and ropivacaine 0.1% at rate of 0.2 mL.kg -1.h -1. Both groups received intravenous (IV) ketoprofen 2 mg.kg -1 every 8 hours. Breakthrough pain was treated with IV tramadol 1 mg.kg(-1). MEASUREMENTS: Tramadol requirement, sedation and respiratory and hemodynamic changes were measured. MAIN RESULTS: Approximately 77% and 59.3% of the CLON and CLON+ROPIV groups, respectively, required no tramadol or only one dose over a 24-hour period. Except for those patients who exhibited frequent coughing during the night (4 and 5 patients in the CLON and CLON+ROPIV groups, respectively), no study patients required an analgesic and all had good sleep quality during the first night. Sedation and decreased systolic blood pressure were observed after the clonidine bolus was given. CONCLUSION: For children undergoing major abdominal surgery, the addition of epidural infusion of clonidine or clonidine plus ropivacaine to IV ketoprofen provided good analgesia quality for postoperative rest pain.


Subject(s)
Abdomen/surgery , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/therapeutic use , Amides/therapeutic use , Analgesia, Epidural , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/administration & dosage , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/adverse effects , Amides/administration & dosage , Amides/adverse effects , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/adverse effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Child , Child, Preschool , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Clonidine/adverse effects , Female , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Infant , Male , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/epidemiology , Ropivacaine , Tramadol/therapeutic use
12.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;53(4): 457-466, jul.-ago. 2003. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-351782

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A hipotensäo arterial induzida é uma técnica eficaz para diminuir o sangramento durante atos cirúrgicos. A clonidina é um a2-agonista de açäo central que já se mostrou segura em anestesia. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficiência da clonidina por via venosa como droga principal na hipotensäo arterial controlada. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo prospectivo e duplamente encoberto, 36 pacientes de ambos os sexos, estado físico ASA I e II, divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 12 pacientes que receberam medicaçäo pré-anestésica: clonidina 3 æg.kg-1 (C3), clonidina 5 æg.kg-1 (C5) ou soluçäo fisiológica a 0,9 por cento (Controle) 15 minutos antes da induçäo anestésica. A manutençäo anestésica foi feita com isoflurano até a concentraçäo máxima de 2 por cento. Foram anotados a PA e a FC antes, com 1 e 5 minutos após a induçäo e a cada 5 minutos de anestesia. Pacientes há mais de 15 minutos recebendo isoflurano a 2 por cento e que näo apresentaram PAS menor que 80 mmHg receberam nitroprussiato de sódio para induçäo da hipotensäo arterial. RESULTADOS: Três pacientes (25 por cento) no grupo C3 , um (8 por cento) no grupo C5 e oito (66 por cento) no grupo controle necessitaram de nitroprussiato de sódio. A dose total de nitroprussiato para se induzir hipotensäo arterial no grupo controle foi maior do que nos grupos C3 e C5 (p < 0,01). A incidência de complicações foi semelhante nos três grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A clonidina por via venosa pode levar à hipotensäo arterial induzida em cirurgias de timpanoplastias utilizando-se técnica de anestesia balanceada com concentraçäo de isoflurano limitada em 2 por cento. Nas condições deste estudo, a clonidina näo influenciou a qualidade anestésica e o tempo de despertar


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Anesthesia, Intravenous , Clonidine , Hemorrhage , Hypotension/chemically induced , Microsurgery , Ear, Middle/surgery , Preanesthetic Medication , Arterial Pressure
13.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;53(2): 160-168, mar.-abr. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-351763

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Técnicas anestésicas têm sido empregadas em pacientes pediátricos para vários tipos de cirurgias, apresentando entre outras vantagens, a analgesia pós-operatória. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o ritmo de infusäo de propofol e a recuperaçäo pós-anestésica de crianças submetidas à cirurgia abdominal alta sob anestesia peridural torácica com ropivacaína a 0,2 por cento, associada à anestesia geral com propofol ou propofol mais sufentanil. MÉTODO: Vinte e seis crianças ASA I, II e III, com idades entre 0 e 4 anos, submetidas à cirurgia abdominal alta foram selecionadas para anestesia peridural torácica (T7-T8) com ropivacaína a 0,2 por cento (1,5 ml.kg-1). Foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Propofol (infusäo de propofol) e Sufentanil (infusäo de propofol mais sufentanil 1 æg.kg-1). Os ritmos de infusöes de propofol foram de 20 e 10 mg.kg-1.h-1 nos grupos Propofol e Sufentanil, respectivamente, ajustadas de modo a manter a pressäo arterial cerca de 20 por cento dos valores pré-induçäo e interrompidas 10 a 15 minutos antes do final estimado da cirurgia. A recuperaçäo pós-anestésica foi avaliada através de uma escala modificada de Aldrete-Kroulik e a sedaçäo avaliada através de uma escala de 5 pontos. RESULTADOS: Duas crianças de cada grupo foram excluídas por problemas técnicos. O ritmo de infusäo foi significativamente menor no grupo Sufentanil em relaçäo ao grupo Propofol durante 100 minutos após o início da cirurgia. Os tempos para extubaçäo e transferência para a sala de recuperaçäo pós-anestésica (SRPA) foram significativamente menores no grupo Propofol, porém a intensidade e a duraçäo da sedaçäo foram maiores nesse grupo em relaçäo ao grupo Sufentanil. Os escores de recuperaçäo foram similares nos dois grupos. Após 3 horas na SRPA, todos pacientes haviam atingido os critérios para transferência para as enfermarias. Hipotensäo arterial transitória foi observada em 2 pacientes do grupo Sufentanil. CONCLUSÖES: A combinaçäo da anestesia peridural torácica contínua com ropivacaína a 0,2 por cento (1,5 ml.kg-1) associada à infusäo de propofol promove anestesia efetiva e segura para cirurgias abdominais altas em crianças. O ritmo de infusäo de propofol e o tempo de sedaçäo foram reduzidos com a adiçäo de sufentanil


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Propofol/administration & dosage , Sufentanil/administration & dosage , Ropivacaine/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, Epidural/instrumentation
14.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 53(2): 160-8, 2003 Apr.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19475268

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several anesthetic techniques have been proposed for different pediatric surgeries to promote postoperative analgesia, among other advantages. This study aimed at evaluating propofol infusion rate and postanesthetic recovery of children submitted to upper abdominal surgeries under epidural anesthesia with 0.2% ropivacaine associated to general anesthesia with propofol or propofol plus sufentanil. METHODS: Participated in this study 26 children physical status ASA I, II and III, aged 0 to 4 years, were scheduled to upper abdominal surgeries under thoracic epidural anesthesia (T7-T8) with 0.2% ropivacaine (1.5 ml.kg-1). They were randomly distributed in two groups: Propofol (propofol infusion) and Sufentanil (propofol infusion plus 1 microg.kg-1 sufentanil). Propofol infusion rates were 20 and 10 mg.kg-1.h-1 for the Propofol and Sufentanil groups, respectively, adjusted to maintain blood pressure in approximately 20% of baseline values and withdrawn 10 to 15 minutes before estimated surgery completion. Postanesthetic recovery was evaluated by a modified Aldrete-Kroulik scale and sedation was evaluated by a 5 grade score. RESULTS: Techical difficulties excluded two children of each group. Infusion rate was significantly slower in the Sufentanil group as compared to the Propofol group during 100 minutes after beginning of surgery. Time for extubation and referral to post-anesthetic recovery unit (PACU) was significantly shorter for the Propofol group, however sedation intensity and duration were longer in this group as compared to Sufentanil group. Recovery scores were similar for both groups. Three hours after PACU admission all patients were meeting criteria to be transferred to the ward. Transient arterial hypotension was observed in 2 Sufentanil group patients. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous thoracic epidural anesthesia with 0.2% ropivacaine (1.5 mg.kg-1) associated to propofol infusion provides effective and safe anesthesia for upper pediatric abdominal surgeries. Propofol infusion rate and sedation duration were decreased with the association of sufentanil.

15.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 53(4): 457-66, 2003 Aug.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19475298

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Induced arterial hypotension is an effective technique to decrease surgical bleeding. Clonidine is an a2-agonist with central action which was proven to be safe in anesthesia. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of intravenous clonidine as the primary drug for induced arterial hypotension. METHODS: Participated in this prospective double-blind study 36 patients of both genders, physical status ASA I and II, who were randomly distributed in three groups of 12 patients receiving the following preanesthetic medication 15 minutes before anesthetic induction: 3 microg.kg-1 clonidine (C3), 5 microg.kg-1 clonidine (C5) or 0.9% saline solution (Control). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in a maximum concentration of 2%. BP and HR were recorded before, 1 and 5 minutes after induction and at every 5 minutes of anesthesia. Patients receiving 2% isoflurane for more than 15 minutes and not presenting SBP below 80 mmHg were administered sodium nitroprusside to induce arterial hypotension. RESULTS: Sodium nitroprusside was needed in three C3 group patients (25%), one C5 group patient (8%) and eight control group patients (66%). Total nitroprusside dose to induce arterial hypotension in the control group was higher as compared to groups C3 and C5 (p < 0.01). The incidence of complications was similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous clonidine may lead to induced hypotension during tympanoplasties under balanced anesthesia with isoflurane concentration limited to 2%. In the conditions of this study, clonidine has not affected anesthetic quality and emergence time.

16.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;52(4): 426-433, ago. 2002. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-316902

ABSTRACT

Justificativa e objetivos - Estudo recente mostra que a clonidina por via venosa apresenta-se eficaz e segura no tratamento de crises hipertensivas durante cirurgia de catarata. Este estudo visa comparar o uso de nifedipina, droga amplamente utilizada por via sublingual, e clonidina por via venosa no controle da hipertensäo arterial em cirurgias de catarata. Método - Setenta e cinco pacientes submetidos à facectomia foram distribuídos de forma aleatória e encoberta em: Grupo A, que recebeu nifedipina e Grupos C2 e C3, que receberam, respectivamente, 2 e 3 µg.kgðû de clonidina por via venosa. Todos os pacientes apresentavam hipertensäo arterial (PAS > 170 mmHg ou PAD > 110 mmHg). As PAS, PAD e freqüência cardíaca (FC) foram medidas e comparadas nos momentos: 0 (antes do tratamento) e de 2 em 2 minutos até o final do procedimento. Os eventos adversos foram anotados. Resultados - Após o tratamento ocorreram diminuições da PAS e PAD nos 3 grupos (p < 0,001). Houve controle da pressäo arterial (< 160 mmHg) em 32 por cento, 64 por cento e 72 por cento dos pacientes nos grupos A, C2 e C3, respectivamente (p < 0,05). No grupo C3 ocorreu maior incidência de efeitos colaterais que nos grupos C2 e A (p < 0,05). Conclusões - A clonidina por via venosa é mais eficaz que a nifedipina, por via sublingual, no controle de crises hipertensivas no peri-operatório de cirurgias de catarata. Contudo, a dose de 3 µg.kgðû pode estar relacionada a efeitos colaterais, devendo-se iniciar o tratamento com 2 µg.kgðû


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/administration & dosage , Calcium Channel Blockers/administration & dosage , Cataract Extraction , Clonidine , Hemodynamics , Hypertension/prevention & control , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypotension, Controlled/methods , Intraoperative Period , Nifedipine , Phacoemulsification , Arterial Pressure , Treatment Outcome , Injections, Intravenous
17.
Rev Bras Anestesiol ; 52(4): 426-33, 2002 Jul.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19479107

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A recent study has shown that intravenous clonidine is effective and safe in treating perioperative arterial hypertension during cataract procedures. This study aimed at comparing sublingual nifedipine and intravenous clonidine to control arterial hypertension during cataract procedures. METHODS: Participated in this randomized double-blind study 75 patients submitted to facectomy, who were distributed in: Group A, receiving nifedipine and Groups C2 and C3, receiving 2 and 3 microg.kg-1 intravenous clonidine, respectively. All patients had arterial hypertension (SBP > 170 mmHg or DBP > 110 mmHg). SBP, DBP and HR were monitored and compared in moments 0 (before treatment), and at 2-minute intervals until the end of the procedure. Adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: There has been SBP and DBP decrease in all groups after treatment (p < 0.001). There has been blood pressure control (< 160 mmHg) in 32%, 64% and 72% of groups A, C2 and C3 patients, respectively (p < 0.05). Group C3 presented a higher incidence of side-effects, as compared to groups C2 and A (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous clonidine is more effective than sublingual nifedipine to control perioperative arterial hypertension during cataract extraction. However, the dose of 3 microg.kg-1 may be related to side-effects and treatment should be started with 2 microg.kg-1.

18.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;51(1): 59-69, jan.-fev. 2001. ilus
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-278486

ABSTRACT

Justificativa e Objetivos: A resposta neuroendócrina e metabólica ao estresse é um mecanismo de defesa do organismo agredido por trauma psicológico, físico ou cirúrgico e tem sido objeto de vários trabalhos científicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é enfocar os aspectos relativos à resposta neuroendócrina-metabólica e imunalógica ao trauma cirúrgico, procurando proporcionar conhecimentos para possibilitar a modulaçäo desta resposta através da anestesia. Conteúdo: Säo apresentados os mecanismos e a fisiopatologia da ativaçäo da resposta neuroendócrina e metabólica, assim como as fases da resposta ao estresse cirúrgico. Säo abordadas as várias técnicas de anestesia e adjuvantes empregados na modulaçäo da resposta neuroendócrina à cirurgia, desde a consulta pré-anestésica. Conclusöes: Devido a alta complexidade dos mecanismos envolvidos e a inexistência de técnicas anestésicas isoladas que sejam capazes de bloquear a resposta neuroendócrina e metabólica a tendência atual é de se utilizar associaçöes de técnicas para se obter melhores resultados


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia , Antibody Formation/immunology , Neurosecretory Systems/metabolism , Stress, Physiological/immunology , Stress, Physiological/metabolism , Surgical Procedures, Operative/psychology
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