Trends in Hospitalization and Mortality Rates Associated with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiology of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) is valuable for determining neurosurgical and general health care effectiveness. There is an information gap regarding these conditions in middle- and low-income countries. Therefore, we aimed to investigate hospitalization and mortality rates for SAH and UIA in Brazil from 2011 to 2019. METHODS: This observational, population-based study used hospital admission and mortality data and included all SAH- and UIA-related public hospitalizations and deaths occurring from 2011 to 2019. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health National Hospitalisation and Mortality Information Systems. Population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Simple linear regression models with normal responses were adjusted to explain the temporal evolution of variables. Joinpoint regression models were adjusted to detect moments of significant change in variable behavior. Graduated choropleth maps were generated using georeferencing and geospatial analyses. RESULTS: Annual SAH hospitalization and mortality coefficients were 4.81/100,000 and 2.49/100,000 persons, respectively. UIA hospitalization and mortality coefficients were 1.21/100,000 and 0.24/100,000 persons, respectively. In addition to regional differences, we found a stable SAH hospitalization trend and an increasing mortality rate of 0.062 cases/100,000 inhabitants annually. The UIA hospitalization rate increased by 0.074 cases/100,000 inhabitants annually, and mortality decreased by 0.07 deaths/100,000 inhabitants annually. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, the SAH hospitalization trend is stable, although there is a worrisome increasing SAH-related mortality trend. A better scenario was observed for UIA, with an increase in hospitalizations and decrease in mortality.

Seroepidemiological survey to cell culture rabies vaccines (CCRV) in Brazil.

Rabies is a contagious viral disease that can be easily transmitted by the saliva and brain/nervous system tissues of the infected animals, causing severe and fatal encephalitis in both animals and humans. Vaccination campaigns are crucial to combat and prevent rabies's spread in dogs and humans. The Modified Fuenzalida & Palicios vaccines have been widely used since the 70s and have proven effective in producing a solid serological response. Since 2008, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has introduced a Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine (CCRV) for all dog mass vaccination campaigns in Brazil. However, to date, there is limited evidence on the immunologic response of dogs to this type of vaccine in field conditions. The present study evaluated the serological response in dogs vaccinated with CCRV from blood samples of 724 dogs using the Simplified Fluorescence Inhibition Microtest - SFIMT. Dogs with a titer equal to 0.5 IU/mL or above were considered seropositive. The results revealed that 59.12% (428/724) of all dogs tested and 48.49% (32/66) of primo-vaccinated animals were seropositive. The percentage of seronegative animals was higher than seropositive for animals that received a single dose during their life (p < 0.05). The opposite was observed in animals with five or more doses. The results of this study demonstrated that the CCRV vaccines elicit a satisfactory immunological response in field conditions and can constitute an essential population-level preventive strategy as part of annual canine rabies vaccination campaigns. Although its effectiveness has been studied, there is limited evidence of its immunological response in dogs under field conditions. This paper evaluates the serological response to CCRV in dogs vaccinated during mass vaccination campaigns from 2012 to 2017.

Trachoma: an underdiagnosed disease revealed by a survey carried out at Jaú, São Paulo.

BACKGROUND: Trachoma is a notifiable disease in the state of São Paulo- Brazil. However, in Jaú, a municipality located in this state, in the last 10 years there are no records of cases. This study purpose is to assess if there are cases of inflammatory trachoma in schoolchildren aged 1 to 9 years in the municipality of Jaú as well if it is possible to detect clusters areas of the disease to establish elimination programs. METHODS: An epidemiological study was performed in 2018, involving a stratified random sample of schoolchildren aged 1- to 9-year-old, from public day care centers and elementary schools in the municipality of Jaú. A trachoma screening following the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the distribution of cases was assessed using geoprocessing. RESULTS: Four thousand-six hundred-nineteen children from 44 elementary schools were examined, and 126 children with active trachoma were detected, with an adjusted prevalence rate of 2.65%. The prevalence was higher (3.01%) in children aged 6- to 9-year-old compared to children aged 1-to 5-year-old (2.42%). There were clusters with a higher concentration of positive cases of the disease in three schools located in the neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic conditions. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory trachoma still present in children aged 1- to 9-year-old in the city of Jaú. The positive cases were located mainly in areas with low socioeconomic conditions. Health promotion with active search and periodical treatment must be planned to fight this important blinding cause, that persists in our municipality.

Frequency, spatial distribution, and genetic diversity of Blastocystis among referred individuals to a clinical laboratory: First report of subtype 9 in Brazil.

The enteric protist Blastocystis has a worldwide distribution, however its prevalence in the human population is still underestimated, especially in developing countries where proper diagnosis is not performed in the routine of clinical laboratories. In this study, we aimed to assess the frequency, genetic diversity, and spatial distribution of Blastocystis isolates detected in fecal samples referred to a clinical laboratory for routine examination in inner São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 348 leftover stool samples available for disposal from female and male individuals with age ranging from 3 months to 88 years were analyzed by both microscopic examination and PCR/sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. The overall frequency of Blastocystis sp. was 31% (108/348), including 20.1% (70/348) and 31% (108/348) by microscopic examination and PCR/sequencing, respectively. Significant association was found only between Blastocystis infection and age, since the highest rate of positive samples was detected among 5-9 years old individuals (p < 0.0001). In addition, spatial distribution revealed a wide distribution of the positive samples, however they were densely concentrated in more populated areas. Seven subtypes were identified, namely ST1 (40.7%), ST2 (9.2%), ST3 (45.3%), ST4 (0.9%), ST6 (1.8%), ST7 (0.9%) and ST9 (0.9%). The intra-subtype analysis revealed a total of 25 different alleles previously reported. Here, the findings lead us to highlight the following aspects: (1) the identification of a ST9 isolate is a relevant finding since it is considered a very rare subtype in human infections as well as this is the first report in Brazil; (2) the high frequency of Blastocystis in fecal samples submitted for examination in a clinical laboratory points to the need to consider its search in routine parasitological examinations, (3) the spatial distribution of Blastocystis infection was not homogeneous but concentrated in more populated areas where the access for population to diagnostic services in healthcare is likely to be easier and, (4) the genetic variability of Blastocystis isolates suggests exposure of inhabitants living in inner municipalities to different sources of contamination involving anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission pathways.

Predictors of development of cardiac and digestive disorders among patients with indeterminate chronic Chagas Disease.

American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, CD) affects circa 7 million persons worldwide. While of those persons present the asymptomatic, indeterminate chronic form (ICF), many will eventually progress to cardiac or digestive disorders. We studied a nonconcurrent (retrospective) cohort of patients attending an outpatient CD clinic in Southeastern Brazil, who were admitted while presenting the ICF in the period from 1998 through 2018 and followed until 2019. The outcomes of interest were the progression to cardiac or digestive CD forms. We were also interested in analyzing the impact of Benznidazole therapy on the progression of the disease. Extensive review of medical charts and laboratory files was conducted, collecting data up to year 2019. Demographics (upon inclusion), body mass index, comorbidities (including the Charlson index) and use of Benznidazole were recorded. The outcomes were defined by abnormalities in those test that could not be attributed to other causes. Statistical analysis included univariate and multivariable Cox regression models. Among 379 subjects included in the study, 87 (22.9%) and 100 (26.4%) progressed to cardiac and digestive forms, respectively. In the final multivariable model, cardiac disorders were positively associated with previous coronary syndrome (Hazzard Ratio [HR], 2.42; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.53-3.81) and negatively associated with Benznidazole therapy (HR, 0.26; 95%CI, 0.11-0.60). On the other hand, female gender was the only independent predictor of progression to digestive forms (HR, 1.56; 95%CI, 1.03-2.38). Our results point to the impact of comorbidities on progression do cardiac CD, with possible benefit of the use of Benznidazole.

Risk factors for leptospirosis and brucellosis in people living with human immunodeficiency virus who attended a referral hospital in southeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis and brucellosis cause immunosuppression that worsens the clinical condition of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). We investigated the serological profile and risk factors of PLWHA. METHODS: Serum samples (n=238) were researched for Brucella spp. antibodies using Rose Bengal and tube agglutination tests and Leptospira spp. antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test. RESULTS: All samples were negative for Brucella spp. For leptospirosis, four samples (1.69%) were positive, and Andamana was the prevalent serovar. CONCLUSIONS: Low or no detection of these zoonoses does not reduce their importance in PLWHA. Vigilant, educational, and preventive measures should be adopted.

Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis in Different Regions of Brazil: Molecular Typing and Biofilm Gene Expression Analysis by RT-qPCR.

Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp., which possess different virulence factors, including the capacity for biofilm formation that provides enhanced protection against the action of immune system components and serves as a barrier against the penetration of antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to characterize 181 Staphylococcus spp. Strains-including Staphylococcusaureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in six Brazilian states-by molecular methods. RT-qPCR was used to verify the expression of genes of the ica operon-mainly responsible for biofilm formation-as well as bap and bhp. Chromosome similarity among the isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The icaA gene was detected in 79 (43.6%) isolates, icaB in 24 (13.2%), icaC in 57 (31.4%), and icaD in 127 (70.1%). The bap gene was identified in 66 (36.4%) isolates, while the bhp gene was found in nine (4.9%). RT-qPCR confirmed the expression of the icaA gene in 60 (75.9%) isolates, of icaB in six (25%), of icaC in 26 (45.6%), and of icaD in 80 (63%). Clonal typing of the isolates by PFGE permitted the identification of eight Staphylococcusaureus clusters that simultaneously included ≥3 strains, with a similarity of ≥80%. Regarding the other species studied, three clusters were observed for Staphylococcuschromogenes and four clusters for Staphylococcusepidermidis. Only one cluster each was identified for Staphylococcussaprophyticus and Staphylococcussimulans, while the other species did not form any cluster. With respect to MLST, ST126 and ST1 were the prevalent sequence types in S. aureus, while in S.epidermidis all sequence types were different. These results reveal strains with the same evolutionary origin as other isolates, which might cause infections in humans and animals, suggesting their ability to spread between these species.

Comparación de la composición del suelo del área endémica y no endémica para la Leishmaniasis Visceral Americana (LVA) / Comparison of urban soil composition of endemic and nonendemic areas for American Visceral Leishmaniosis (AVL) / Comparação da composição do solo urbano de área endêmica e não endêmica para a Leishmaniose Visceral Americana (LVA)

AVL es una enfermedad endémica en algunos estados de Brasil, especialmente en São Paulo, debido a su rápida expansión. Es una preocupación constante para los equipos de salud porque su control es deficiente debido a la ecología de las moscas de arena, que presentan parte de su ciclo de vida en suelos con presencia de materia orgánica en descomposición. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la composición fisicoquímica del suelo de un área endémica de la enfermedad, con la presencia del vector y con la transmisión canina y humana, y compararlo con un área donde no hay presencia. del vector y tampoco la transmisión. Se analizaron un total de 333 muestras de suelo, 161 en un área endémica y 172 en un área no endémica en el Laboratorio de Suelos de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas - FCA / UNESP Campus Botucatu. Los resultados del análisis mostraron que ambas áreas presentan diferencias importantes en la composición del suelo, lo que podría explicar la presencia o ausencia del vector en ciertos municipios. El área no endémica mostró resultados significativamente más altos para arena total, materia orgánica, hidrógeno + aluminio, magnesio, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, cobre y hierro, y una cantidad significativamente menor de arcilla, presentando un pH más ácido que el área. endémico No existen estudios en la literatura que definan con precisión qué macro o...(AU)

AVL is an endemic disease in some Brazilian states especially in São Paulo due to its rapid expansion in that state. It is a constant concern for the health teams since their control is deficient because of the ecology of the phlebotomine, which present part of their life cycle in soils with the presence of decomposing organic matter. The present aimed to compare the physical and chemical composition of the soil from an endemic area with the presence of the vector and canine and human transmission with a non-endemic area. A total of 333 soil samples were analyzed, in the Laboratory of Soils of the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences - FCA / UNESP Botucatu Campus. The results revealed important differences in soil composition, which could explain the presence or absence of the vector in certain municipalities. The non-endemic area presented significantly higher results for Total Sand, Organic Matter, Hydrogen + Aluminum, Magnesium, Cations, Copper and Iron, and a significantly lower amount of Clay, presenting a more acidic pH than the area endemic. There are no other studies that precisely define that macro or micronutrients present in soils with organic matter would have the function of harming or aiding the development of larval forms of the vector. However the main contribution of the present study was to detect that there are differences of the composition of the soil between...(AU)

A LVA é uma doença endêmica em alguns estados do Brasil, especialmente em São Paulo, devido a sua rápida expansão. Ela é uma preocupação constante para as equipes de saúde uma vez que seu controle é deficiente em razão da ecologia dos flebotomíneos, que apresentam parte do seu ciclo de vida em solos com a presença de matéria orgânica em decomposição. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de analisar a composição físico-química do solo de uma área endêmica para a doença, com a presença do e vetor e com transmissão canina e humana, e compará-la com uma área em que não existe a presença do vetor e nem a transmissão. Foram analisadas 333 amostras de solo, sendo 161 em área endêmica e 172 em área não endêmica no Laboratório de Solos da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas FCA/UNESP Campus de Botucatu. Os resultados das análises mostraram que as duas áreas apresentam diferenças importantes em relação à composição do solo, o que poderia explicar a presença ou ausência do vetor em determinados municípios. A área não endêmica apresentou resultados significativamente maiores para os valores de areia total, matéria orgânica, hidrogênio + alumínio, magnésio, capacidade de troca de cátions, cobre e ferro, e quantidade significativamente menor de Argila, apresentando um pH mais ácido do que a área endêmica. Não existem trabalhos na literatura que definam com precisão quais macro ou...(AU)

Comparación de la composición del suelo del área endémica y no endémica para la Leishmaniasis Visceral Americana (LVA) / Comparison of urban soil composition of endemic and nonendemic areas for American Visceral Leishmaniosis (AVL) / Comparação da composição do solo urbano de área endêmica e não endêmica para a Leishmaniose Visceral Americana (LVA)

AVL es una enfermedad endémica en algunos estados de Brasil, especialmente en São Paulo, debido a su rápida expansión. Es una preocupación constante para los equipos de salud porque su control es deficiente debido a la ecología de las moscas de arena, que presentan parte de su ciclo de vida en suelos con presencia de materia orgánica en descomposición. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la composición fisicoquímica del suelo de un área endémica de la enfermedad, con la presencia del vector y con la transmisión canina y humana, y compararlo con un área donde no hay presencia. del vector y tampoco la transmisión. Se analizaron un total de 333 muestras de suelo, 161 en un área endémica y 172 en un área no endémica en el Laboratorio de Suelos de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas - FCA / UNESP Campus Botucatu. Los resultados del análisis mostraron que ambas áreas presentan diferencias importantes en la composición del suelo, lo que podría explicar la presencia o ausencia del vector en ciertos municipios. El área no endémica mostró resultados significativamente más altos para arena total, materia orgánica, hidrógeno + aluminio, magnesio, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, cobre y hierro, y una cantidad significativamente menor de arcilla, presentando un pH más ácido que el área. endémico No existen estudios en la literatura que definan con precisión qué macro o...

AVL is an endemic disease in some Brazilian states especially in São Paulo due to its rapid expansion in that state. It is a constant concern for the health teams since their control is deficient because of the ecology of the phlebotomine, which present part of their life cycle in soils with the presence of decomposing organic matter. The present aimed to compare the physical and chemical composition of the soil from an endemic area with the presence of the vector and canine and human transmission with a non-endemic area. A total of 333 soil samples were analyzed, in the Laboratory of Soils of the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences - FCA / UNESP Botucatu Campus. The results revealed important differences in soil composition, which could explain the presence or absence of the vector in certain municipalities. The non-endemic area presented significantly higher results for Total Sand, Organic Matter, Hydrogen + Aluminum, Magnesium, Cations, Copper and Iron, and a significantly lower amount of Clay, presenting a more acidic pH than the area endemic. There are no other studies that precisely define that macro or micronutrients present in soils with organic matter would have the function of harming or aiding the development of larval forms of the vector. However the main contribution of the present study was to detect that there are differences of the composition of the soil between...

A LVA é uma doença endêmica em alguns estados do Brasil, especialmente em São Paulo, devido a sua rápida expansão. Ela é uma preocupação constante para as equipes de saúde uma vez que seu controle é deficiente em razão da ecologia dos flebotomíneos, que apresentam parte do seu ciclo de vida em solos com a presença de matéria orgânica em decomposição. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de analisar a composição físico-química do solo de uma área endêmica para a doença, com a presença do e vetor e com transmissão canina e humana, e compará-la com uma área em que não existe a presença do vetor e nem a transmissão. Foram analisadas 333 amostras de solo, sendo 161 em área endêmica e 172 em área não endêmica no Laboratório de Solos da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas FCA/UNESP Campus de Botucatu. Os resultados das análises mostraram que as duas áreas apresentam diferenças importantes em relação à composição do solo, o que poderia explicar a presença ou ausência do vetor em determinados municípios. A área não endêmica apresentou resultados significativamente maiores para os valores de areia total, matéria orgânica, hidrogênio + alumínio, magnésio, capacidade de troca de cátions, cobre e ferro, e quantidade significativamente menor de Argila, apresentando um pH mais ácido do que a área endêmica. Não existem trabalhos na literatura que definam com precisão quais macro ou...

Predictors of relapse of visceral leishmaniasis in inner São Paulo State, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a public health threat for several tropical countries, including Brazil. Therapy failures and relapses aggravate VL morbidity and mortality. Our study aimed at identifying predictors of relapse and thus contributes to directing therapeutic options and patient follow-up. METHODS: A nonconcurrent cohort of 571 subjects who completed successful therapy for VL in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil, was followed for 24 months in order to identify the incidence and predictors of relapse. Extensive review of medical charts and laboratory files was conducted. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression models were used to identify predictors for the outcome of interest. A hierarchical strategy was used for variable selection in multivariable models. RESULTS: Relapses occurred in 6.8% of treated subjects, after a median of 6 months (interquartile range, 4-9). In a comprehensive multivariable model, relapse was associated with: HIV-coinfection (hazard ratio [HR], 7.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-21.55); the presence of lower limb edema (HR, 6.06; 95%CI, 1.38-26.77) and low platelet count upon admission (HR for platelet count × 1000, 0.99; 95%CI, 0.98-0.99) ; and secondary pneumonia (HR, 5.49; 95%CI, 1.49-20.18). On the other hand, therapy with Liposomal Amphotericin (as opposed to Antimoniate) was not independently associated with relapse (HR, 5.97; 95%CI, 0.63-56.29). CONCLUSION: Besides reinforcing the impact of HIV coinfection on the outcome of VL, our study points to clinical and laboratory findings that characterize patients who were more likely to relapse. Those groups should be more closely followed, and possibly could benefit from novel therapeutic options.

Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Brazilian primary health care system.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the molecular epidemiology and to georeference Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds and nares of patients seen at Basic Health Units (BHUs) of a Brazilian city. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study conducted from 2010 to 2013. A total of 119 S. aureus strains isolated from the wounds and nares of 88 patients were studied. The isolates were characterised by identifying virulence genes encoding enterotoxins A-E, haemolysins α, ß and δ, exfoliatins A, B and D, biofilm production, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence and spa typing. RESULTS: Eighteen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (6 SCCmec type II and 12 SCCmec type IV) and 101 (85%) MSSA were identified. PFGE typing resulted in the formation of eight clusters, with STs 1, 5, 8, 30, 188, 1176 and 1635 and spa type t002 being the predominant types among MSSA. The 18 MRSA belonged to STs 5, 8 and 1176 and spa types t002 and t062. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate widespread dissemination of MSSA and MRSA clones carrying haemolysin, biofilm and toxin genes. Kernel density estimation revealed the highest density of S. aureus in the 4, 5 and 8 BHUs.

OBJECTIF: Evaluer l'épidémiologie moléculaire et géoréférencer le Staphylococcus aureus isolé de plaies et de narines de patients vus dans les unités sanitaires de base (BHU) d'une ville brésilienne. MÉTHODES: Etude observationnelle transversale réalisée de 2010 à 2013. Au total, 119 souches de S. aureus isolées de plaies et de narines de 88 patients ont été étudiées. Les isolats ont été caractérisés par l'identification de gènes de virulence codant pour les entérotoxines AE, les hémolysines α, ß et δ, les exfoliatines A, B et D, la production de biofilm, la leucocidine de Panton-Valentine et la toxine 1 du syndrome de choc toxique, et par typage par électrophorèse sur gel en champ pulsé (PFGE), séquence multilocus et spa. RÉSULTATS: Dix-huit SARM (6 de type II SCCmec et 12 de type IV SCCmec) et 101 (85%) SASM ont été identifiés. Le typage PFGE a résulté à l'obtention de huit grappes, dont STs 1, 5, 8, 30, 188, 1176 et 1635 et le type spa t002 étant les types prédominants parmi les SASM. Les 18 SARM appartenaient aux STs 5, 8 et 1176 et aux types de spa t002 et t062. CONCLUSION: Les résultats démontrent une dissémination étendue des clones de SASM et de SARM portant les gènes de l'hémolysine, de biofilm et de toxine. L'estimation de la densité par noyau a révélé la densité la plus élevée de S. aureus dans les 4, 5 et 8 BHU.

Zoonosis principales en pequeños animales: una breve revisón / Principal zoonoses in small animals: a brief review / Principais zoonoses em pequenos animais: breve revisão

Con la estrecha relación entre las personas y los animales, zoonosis toman un papel aún más importante en la salud pública. Entre las principales zoonosis se pueden destacar la rabia, la leishmaniasis, la brucelosis canina, la fiebre maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas, la toxoplasmosis y la leptospirosis que apresenteam epidemiológivos aspectos y control diferente entre ellos. La Rabia es 100% mortal en los animales y los seres humanos, causando encefalomielitis aguda, todavía se considera un problema grave de salud pública. Desde la década de 1950 y 1960, cuando hubo un alto número de casos de rabia humana transmitida por perros, principalmente en Brasil, se observó crecimiento de las actividades gubernamentales, tales como la implementación del "Programa Nacional de Prevención de la rabia humana" ( PNPR) en 1973, a nivel nacional, y luego en 1983 el "plan de Acción para la eliminación de la rabia urbana de las ciudades de América Latina", desarrollado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Se han hecho algunos avances en el control de la enfermedad, lo que reduce el número de casos humanos se han reportado un solo caso de rabia humana en Brasil en 2015. Leishmaniasis Visceral Canina (LVC) no se está expandiendo en Brasil. Es una zoonosis de importancia para la salud pública. El agente causante de la leishmaniasis visceral canina es un protozoo del género Leishmania [...](AU)

With the close relationship between people and animals, zoonosis take an even more important role in public health. Among the main zoonoses can be highlighted rabies, leishmaniasis, canine brucellosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis wich have different epidemiological and control aspects. Rabies is 100% fatal in animals and humans, causing acute encephalomyelitis, it is still considered a serious public health problem. Since the 1950s and 1960s, when there was a high number of cases of human rabies transmitted mainly by dogs in Brazil, it was observed growing in government activities, such as the implementation of the "Prevention National Program of Human Rabies" ( PNPR) in 1973, at national level, and then in 1983 the "Action Plan for the Elimination of Urban rabies the Cities of Latin America", developed by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Some progress has been made in controlling the disease, reducing the number of human cases. In Brazil, in 2015, was reported only one case of human rabies. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is expanding in Brazil. It is a zoonosis of importance to public health. The causative agent of canine visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to the family of sandflies. Dogs are the main reservoir of the disease and humans, accidental hosts. This [...](AU)

Com a relação mais estreita entre as pessoas e os animais, as zoonoses se tornam mais importantes na saúde pública. Entre elas, podem ser destacadas a raiva, leishmaniose, brucelose canina, febre maculosa, toxoplasmose e leptospirose que apresentam aspectos epidemiológicos e de controle diferentes entre elas. A Raiva é 100 % fatal em animais e humanos, causando encefalomielite aguda e sendo considerada ainda um grave problema de saúde pública. Desde as décadas de 1950 e 1960, quando houve elevado número de casos de raiva humana transmitida principalmente por cães no Brasil, pôde-se observar uma preocupação nas atividades governamentais, como, por exemplo, a implantação do Programa Nacional de Profilaxia da Raiva Humana (PNPR) em 1973, a nível nacional, e, posteriormente, em 1983, o Plano de Ação para Eliminação da Raiva Urbana das Principais Cidades da América Latina, desenvolvido pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Alguns avanços foram obtidos no controle dessa doença, com redução do número de casos humanos, tendo sido reportado apenas um caso de raiva humana no Brasil em 2015. A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) vem se expandindo no Brasil, sendo uma zoonose de extrema importância para a saúde pública. Seu agente etiológico é um protozoário do gênero Leishmania, transmitido pela picada de mosquitos flebotomíneos. Os cães são os principais reservatórios [...](AU)

Zoonosis principales en pequeños animales: una breve revisón / Principal zoonoses in small animals: a brief review / Principais zoonoses em pequenos animais: breve revisão

Con la estrecha relación entre las personas y los animales, zoonosis toman un papel aún más importante en la salud pública. Entre las principales zoonosis se pueden destacar la rabia, la leishmaniasis, la brucelosis canina, la fiebre maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas, la toxoplasmosis y la leptospirosis que apresenteam epidemiológivos aspectos y control diferente entre ellos. La Rabia es 100% mortal en los animales y los seres humanos, causando encefalomielitis aguda, todavía se considera un problema grave de salud pública. Desde la década de 1950 y 1960, cuando hubo un alto número de casos de rabia humana transmitida por perros, principalmente en Brasil, se observó crecimiento de las actividades gubernamentales, tales como la implementación del "Programa Nacional de Prevención de la rabia humana" ( PNPR) en 1973, a nivel nacional, y luego en 1983 el "plan de Acción para la eliminación de la rabia urbana de las ciudades de América Latina", desarrollado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Se han hecho algunos avances en el control de la enfermedad, lo que reduce el número de casos humanos se han reportado un solo caso de rabia humana en Brasil en 2015. Leishmaniasis Visceral Canina (LVC) no se está expandiendo en Brasil. Es una zoonosis de importancia para la salud pública. El agente causante de la leishmaniasis visceral canina es un protozoo del género Leishmania [...]

With the close relationship between people and animals, zoonosis take an even more important role in public health. Among the main zoonoses can be highlighted rabies, leishmaniasis, canine brucellosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis wich have different epidemiological and control aspects. Rabies is 100% fatal in animals and humans, causing acute encephalomyelitis, it is still considered a serious public health problem. Since the 1950s and 1960s, when there was a high number of cases of human rabies transmitted mainly by dogs in Brazil, it was observed growing in government activities, such as the implementation of the "Prevention National Program of Human Rabies" ( PNPR) in 1973, at national level, and then in 1983 the "Action Plan for the Elimination of Urban rabies the Cities of Latin America", developed by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Some progress has been made in controlling the disease, reducing the number of human cases. In Brazil, in 2015, was reported only one case of human rabies. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is expanding in Brazil. It is a zoonosis of importance to public health. The causative agent of canine visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to the family of sandflies. Dogs are the main reservoir of the disease and humans, accidental hosts. This [...]

Com a relação mais estreita entre as pessoas e os animais, as zoonoses se tornam mais importantes na saúde pública. Entre elas, podem ser destacadas a raiva, leishmaniose, brucelose canina, febre maculosa, toxoplasmose e leptospirose que apresentam aspectos epidemiológicos e de controle diferentes entre elas. A Raiva é 100 % fatal em animais e humanos, causando encefalomielite aguda e sendo considerada ainda um grave problema de saúde pública. Desde as décadas de 1950 e 1960, quando houve elevado número de casos de raiva humana transmitida principalmente por cães no Brasil, pôde-se observar uma preocupação nas atividades governamentais, como, por exemplo, a implantação do Programa Nacional de Profilaxia da Raiva Humana (PNPR) em 1973, a nível nacional, e, posteriormente, em 1983, o Plano de Ação para Eliminação da Raiva Urbana das Principais Cidades da América Latina, desenvolvido pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Alguns avanços foram obtidos no controle dessa doença, com redução do número de casos humanos, tendo sido reportado apenas um caso de raiva humana no Brasil em 2015. A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) vem se expandindo no Brasil, sendo uma zoonose de extrema importância para a saúde pública. Seu agente etiológico é um protozoário do gênero Leishmania, transmitido pela picada de mosquitos flebotomíneos. Os cães são os principais reservatórios [...]

Zoonosis en animales de producción: aspectos generales / Zoonoses in animal production: general aspects / Zoonoses em animais de produção: aspectos gerais

Brasil se ha destacado en la producción animal y en su economía uno de los sectores de más rápido crecimiento en el país y que genera ingresos es la agropecuária, especialmente la producción y el ganado vacuno, cerdos y caballos. Las diferentes especies de animales se ven afectados por muchas enfermedades, entre ellas las zoonosis, como la tuberculosis, la brucelosis, cisticercosis complejo teniasis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis y la rabia. En esta revisión, se discuten los aspectos relevantes relacionados con estas enfermedades, con un enfoque en etioepidemiologia, diagnóstico y control. También se discutirá el papel del medico veterinario en la prevención y control y su inclusión en la salud pública, en el que más allá de los aspectos productivos y de bienestar de los animales, es responsable de la seguridad de los productos de origen animal que se ofrecen para el consumo, principalmente por su participación directa en las actividades de inspección de alimentos saludables(AU)

Brazil has excelled in animal production and in its economy one of the fastest growing sectors in the country that generates income is agriculture, especially the production and cattle, pigs and horses. The different animal livestock species are affected by many diseases, among them zoonoses, such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, complex taeniasis cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis and rabies. In this review, relevant aspects related to these diseases are discussed, with a focus on etioepidemiologia, diagnosis and control. It will also be discussed the role of the veterinarian in the prevention and control and his inclusion in public health, in that beyond the productive aspects and animal welfare, he is responsible for safety of animal products offered for consumption, mainly for his direct involvement in health food inspection activities(AU)

O Brasil tem se destacado na produção animal e na sua economia, sendo que um dos setores que mais cresce e gera renda ao país é a agropecuária, especialmente com a produção e criação de bovinos, suínos e equinos. As diferentes espécies animais de interesse zootécnico são acometidas por inúmeras enfermidades, dentre elas as zoonoses, tais como tuberculose, brucelose, complexo teníase-cisticercose, toxoplasmose, leptospirose e raiva. Nesta revisão, são abordados aspectos relevantes referentes a essas enfermidades, com enfoque na etioepidemiologia, diagnóstico e controle. Será discutido ainda o papel do médico veterinário na prevenção e controle e sua inserção na saúde pública, na medida em que, além dos aspectos produtivos e do bem estar animal, ele é responsável pela inocuidade dos produtos de origem animal oferecidos para consumo, principalmente pelo seu envolvimento direto nas atividades de inspeção sanitária de alimentos(AU)

Zoonosis en animales de producción: aspectos generales / Zoonoses in animal production: general aspects / Zoonoses em animais de produção: aspectos gerais

Brasil se ha destacado en la producción animal y en su economía uno de los sectores de más rápido crecimiento en el país y que genera ingresos es la agropecuária, especialmente la producción y el ganado vacuno, cerdos y caballos. Las diferentes especies de animales se ven afectados por muchas enfermedades, entre ellas las zoonosis, como la tuberculosis, la brucelosis, cisticercosis complejo teniasis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis y la rabia. En esta revisión, se discuten los aspectos relevantes relacionados con estas enfermedades, con un enfoque en etioepidemiologia, diagnóstico y control. También se discutirá el papel del medico veterinario en la prevención y control y su inclusión en la salud pública, en el que más allá de los aspectos productivos y de bienestar de los animales, es responsable de la seguridad de los productos de origen animal que se ofrecen para el consumo, principalmente por su participación directa en las actividades de inspección de alimentos saludables

Brazil has excelled in animal production and in its economy one of the fastest growing sectors in the country that generates income is agriculture, especially the production and cattle, pigs and horses. The different animal livestock species are affected by many diseases, among them zoonoses, such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, complex taeniasis cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis and rabies. In this review, relevant aspects related to these diseases are discussed, with a focus on etioepidemiologia, diagnosis and control. It will also be discussed the role of the veterinarian in the prevention and control and his inclusion in public health, in that beyond the productive aspects and animal welfare, he is responsible for safety of animal products offered for consumption, mainly for his direct involvement in health food inspection activities

O Brasil tem se destacado na produção animal e na sua economia, sendo que um dos setores que mais cresce e gera renda ao país é a agropecuária, especialmente com a produção e criação de bovinos, suínos e equinos. As diferentes espécies animais de interesse zootécnico são acometidas por inúmeras enfermidades, dentre elas as zoonoses, tais como tuberculose, brucelose, complexo teníase-cisticercose, toxoplasmose, leptospirose e raiva. Nesta revisão, são abordados aspectos relevantes referentes a essas enfermidades, com enfoque na etioepidemiologia, diagnóstico e controle. Será discutido ainda o papel do médico veterinário na prevenção e controle e sua inserção na saúde pública, na medida em que, além dos aspectos produtivos e do bem estar animal, ele é responsável pela inocuidade dos produtos de origem animal oferecidos para consumo, principalmente pelo seu envolvimento direto nas atividades de inspeção sanitária de alimentos

Estudo soroepidemiológico prospectivo da Leishmaniose Visceral Americana canina no município de Botucatu, SP / Prospective seroepidemiological study of American Visceral Leishmaniasis canine in Botucatu, SP / Estudio seroepidemiologico prospectivo de Leishmaniasis Visceral Americana canina en Botucatu, SP

A Leishmaniose Visceral Americana (LVA) é uma enfermidade de caráter zoonótico, exposta a cerca de 200 milhões de pessoas entre cinco continentes do mundo e apresenta grande impacto na saúde pública, devido à alta letalidade em humanos. No Brasil, o cão doméstico (Canis familiaris) é o principal reservatório para LVA, sendo este animal a principal fonte de infecção para o homem. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar de forma pareada no intervalo de um ano, a situação soro-epidemiológica prospectiva da LVA da população canina da área urbana de 100km2 do município de Botucatu, SP, que é classificado epidemiologicamente como silencioso não receptivo e vulnerável. Para o presente estudo, foram utilizados 360 cães, selecionados aleatoriamente com representatividade da área urbana, os quais tiveram amostras de sangue colhidas no primeiro momento na 41ª campanha de vacinação anual contra Raiva. Para a determinação do tamanho amostral foi utilizado o nível de 95% de confiança juntamente a um erro de estimação da ordem de 10%, associados à participação casual do animal. Após o período de um ano, foram realizadas as repetições das colheitas de sangue nos mesmos cães nos respectivos domicílios. O método sorológico de diagnóstico utilizado, em ambos os momentos, foi a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Os resultados sorológicos nos cães revelaram-se não reagentes. Desta forma, considerando que o presente estudo encontrou apenas resultados sorológicos pareados não reagentes na identificação da LVA canina no Município e que o tamanho amostrado foi significativo para as condições da pesquisa, pode-se afirmar que a população canina da área urbana estudada encontrava-se, na ocasião, sem indicativos da ocorrência da enfermidade.

The American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) is a zoonotic disease, exposed to about 200 million people across five continents of the world and has a great impact on public health, due to high mortality in humans. In Brazil, the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is the main reservoir for AVL, and this animal is the main source of infection for man. This research aimed to evaluate in the paired form within one year, the situation seroepidemiological prospective AVL in dog population of the urban area of 100km² of Botucatu, SP, which is classified as epidemiologically silent, unreceptive and vulnerable. To the present study, we used 360 dogs randomly selected that were representative of the urban area, which had blood samples taken for the first time at the 41st annual vaccination campaign against rabies. To determine the sample size it was used at the 95% confidence, coupled to an estimation error of about 10%, associated to the casual participation of the animal. After one year, repetitions of blood samples were made on the same dogs, in their homes. The serological diagnostic method used, both times, was the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The serological results in dogs proved nonreactive. Thus, considering that this study found only paired serological results were also negative in the identification of canine LVA in the city and that the size sampled was significant for the conditions of the research, it can be said that the dog population of the urban area studied was at the time, without any indication of the occurrence of the disease.

La leishmaniasis visceral Americana (LVA) es una enfermedad zoonótica, expuesta a unas 200 millones de personas en los cinco continentes del mundo y tiene un gran impacto en la salud pública, debido a la alta mortalidad en seres humanos. En Brasil, el perro doméstico (Canis familiaris) es el principal reservorio de la LVA, y este animal es la principal fuente de infección para el hombre. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar utilizando muestras sucesivas del mismo animal, en el intervalo de un año, la situación seroepidemiológica prospectiva de la LVA en la población canina de la zona urbana de 100km² de Botucatu, SP, que es clasificado epidemiológicamente silencioso, no receptivo y vulnerable. Para el presente estudio, se utilizaron 360 perros seleccionados al azar representativos de la zona urbana, que tuvieron muestras de sangre colectadas por primera vez en la 41ª campaña de vacunación anual contra la Rabia. Para determinar el tamaño de la muestra se utilizó el nivel de confianza del 95% acoplado a un error de estimación de alrededor de 10%, asociado a la participación ocasional del animal. Después de un año, se realizaron repeticiones de colecta de muestras de sangre en los mismos perros en sus domicilios. El método de diagnóstico serológico utilizado, en ambas ocasiones, fue la prueba de reacción de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (RIFI). Los resultados serológicos en perros se demostraron no reactivos. De esta manera, se considera que el presente estudio encontró solamente resultados serológicos pareados no reactivos en la identificación de LVA canina en Botucatu y que el tamaño de muestra fue significativo para las condiciones del estudio, se puede afirmar que la población canina del área urbana estudiada se encuentra, en ocasión, sin indicativos de ocurrencia de la enfermedad.

ESTUDO SOROEPIDEMIOLÓGICO PROSPECTIVO DA LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL AMERICANA CANINA NO MUNICÍPIO DE BOTUCATU, SP

A Leishmaniose Visceral Americana (LVA) é uma enfermidade de caráter zoonótico, exposta a cerca de 200 milhões de pessoas entre cinco continentes do mundo e apresenta grande impacto na saúde pública, devido à alta letalidade em humanos. No Brasil, o cão doméstico (Canis familiaris) é o principal reservatório para LVA, sendo este animal a principal fonte de infecção para o homem. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar de forma pareada no intervalo de um ano, a situação soro-epidemiológica prospectiva da LVA da população canina da área urbana de 100km2 do município de Botucatu, SP, que é classificado epidemiologicamente como silencioso não receptivo e vulnerável. Para o presente estudo, foram utilizados 360 cães, selecionados aleatoriamente com representatividade da área urbana, os quais tiveram amostras de sangue colhidas no primeiro momento na 41a campanha de vacinação anual contra Raiva. Para a determinação do tamanho amostral foi utilizado o nível de 95% de confiança juntamente a um erro de estimação da ordem de 10%, associados à participação casual do animal. Após o período de um ano, foram realizadas as repetições das colheitas de sangue nos mesmos cães nos respectivos domicílios. O método sorológico de diagnóstico utilizado, em ambos os momentos, foi a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Os resultados sorológicos nos cães revelaram-se não reagentes. Como a inte

Molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in road-killed wild mammals in the Central Western area of the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Road-killed wild animals have been classified as sentinels for detecting such zoonotic pathogens as Leishmania spp., offering new opportunities for epidemiological studies of this infection. METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Leishmania spp. and Leishmania chagasi DNA by PCR in tissue samples (lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, mesenteric lymph node and adrenal gland) from 70 road-killed wild animals. RESULTS: DNA was detected in tissues of one Cavia aperea (Brazilian guinea pig), five Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox), one Dasypus septemcinctus (seven-banded armadillo), two Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossum), one Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris (capybara), two Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater), one Procyon cancrivorus (crab-eating raccoon), two Sphiggurus spinosus (porcupine) and one Tamandua tetradactyla (lesser anteater) from different locations in the Central Western part of São Paulo state. The Leishmania chagasi DNA were confirmed in mesenteric lymph node of one Cerdocyon thous. Results indicated common infection in wild animals. CONCLUSIONS: The approach employed herein proved useful for detecting the environmental occurrence of Leishmania spp. and L. chagasi, as well as determining natural wild reservoirs and contributing to understand the host-parasite interaction.

Molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in road-killed wild mammals in the Central Western area of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Road-killed wild animals have been classified as sentinels for detecting such zoonotic pathogens asLeishmania spp., offering new opportunities for epidemiological studies of this infection. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Leishmania spp. and Leishmania chagasi DNA by PCR in tissue samples (lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, mesenteric lymph node and adrenal gland) from 70 road-killed wild animals.