Jogos escolares da rede pública do estado da bahia: análise das edições 2009 a 2017 / Bahia state public schools championship: analysis of editions from 2009 to 2017

RESUMO A partir da análise documental de 210 relatórios dos Jogos Escolares da Rede Pública da Bahia (JERP), este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a evolução histórica do JERP de 2009 a 2017, considerando as modalidades comuns e inovadoras ofertadas, número de escolares, número de escolas, número de professores e recursos financeiros descentralizados. Verificamos que as modalidades inovadoras foram numericamente superiores às modalidades comuns e apresentaram maior diversificação das práticas esportivas; o número de escolares, escolas e professores na primeira etapa dos jogos (dentro das escolas) foi superior a terceira etapa (regional), além de aumentar ao longo dos anos em ambas as etapas; e que o valor financeiro descentralizado tendeu a crescer no período histórico analisado. Concluímos que o JERP se apresenta como uma oportunidade dos alunos vivenciarem diferentes modalidades esportivas, entretanto esta oportunidade é ressaltada apenas na primeira etapa. Em relação aos recursos financeiros descentralizados para o JERP, parece não haver planejamento prévio com relação a proporção destes recursos e a proporção de escolares participantes deste programa. Sugerimos maior concentração de recursos em competições locais do que estaduais, uma vez que atendem mais crianças e jovens e favorecem a valorização da diversificação de modalidades e respeito à cultura esportiva local.

ABSTRACT Based on the documentary analysis of 210 reports of the Scholars Games of the Bahia State Public System (JERP), this study aimed to describe the historical evolution of the JERP from 2009 to 2017 considering the common and innovative modalities offered, number of school children, number of schools , number of teachers and decentralized financial resources. It was verified that the innovative modalities were numerically superior to the common modalities and presented a greater diversification of the sports practices; the number of students, schools, and teachers in the games' first stage (inside of the schools) was superior to the third stage (regional), besides increase over the years in both stages; and that the decentralized financial value tended to grow in the historical period analyzed. It is concluded that the JERP presents itself as an opportunity for students to experience different sports modalities, however this opportunity is highlighted only in the first stage. Regarding the decentralized financial resources for the JERP, there seems to be no prior planning regarding the proportion of these resources and the proportion of students participating in this program. We suggest a higher concentration of resources in local rather than state competitions, since the local competitions serve more children and young people and support the modalities diversification and respect to the local sports culture.

Nonlinear pedagogy and the implications for teaching and training in table tennis

Aim: It is to propose a game-based and player-centred approach to teaching table tennis using nonlinear pedagogy insights. Methods: This is an essay which offers a well-reasoned articulated nonlinear pedagogy perspective on coaching and teaching table tennis issues Results: It offers the description of a propose based on a player-centred and game-based approach for table tennis supported by nonlinear pedagogy, illustrating examples of how to apply nonlinear pedagogical principles to design representative learning tasks in order to adapt them to learners' skills level. Conclusion: A novel perspective for teaching and training table tennis is presented here and we intend that this proposal may help coaches to design an effective learning environment.(AU)

Treinamento de tênis de mesa em ambiente virtual não melhora desempenho de crianças em espaço real / Training table tennis in virtual environment does not improves performance of children in real space

Introdução: O desenvolvimento motor de crianças está associado a fatores físicos, afetivos e cognitivos e ambientes virtuais como videogames ativos (VGA) podem ser uma alternativa inovadora e motivadora. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de cinco dias de treinamento de tênis de mesa em ambiente virtual sobre o desempenho de saque de em espaço real. Materiais e Método: Dois grupos (experimental e controle) de crianças com idade de 9.32±0.6 anos participaram. O grupo experimental praticou o saque do tênis de mesa no VGA diariamente por cinco dias. Após a intervenção, ambos grupos foram submetidos a um teste na mesa tradicional, no qual se verificava a quantidade de acertos no saque. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na quantidade de acertos entre os grupos, assim como uma baixa magnitude do efeito. Conclusões: O treinamento de tênis de mesa em VGA parece não melhorar o desempenho no saque de crianças.

Introduction: Motor development is associated with many physical, emotional and cognitive factors of children and virtual environments, such as active video games, maybe an innovative and motivating alternative. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a five-day of table tennis training in virtual environment on the performance of serve of in real space. Material and Method: Two groups (experimental and control) with children aged 9.32±0.6 years old participated in the study. The experimental group practiced the serve of table tennis in the active videogame daily for five days. After the intervention, all volunteers underwent a test in the traditional table and, and were verified the amount of hits each child. Results: no significant differences (p>0.05) in the amount of hits between the groups were found, as well as a low magnitude of the effect of the difference. Conclusions: The results suggest that short-term training of table tennis in active videogame does not seem to improve performance in the serve of children.

Validade e reprodutibilidade de receptores para o GPS em relação à distância percorrida / Validez y reproducibilidad de receptores GPS en relación de la distancia recorrida

Objetivo. El presente estudio evaluó la validez y reproducibilidad de dos modelos de receptores para el Global Positioning System (GPS). La validez fue evaluada comparando la distancia registrada por los receptores con la distancia conocida de estos trayectos. Método. Seis jóvenes tenistas (177,6 ± 6,2 cm; 76,6 ± 3,2 kg) recorrieron tres trayectos: 1) 100 m en la pista de atletismo (número de "disparos" = 120); 2) 400 m en la pista de atletismo (número de "disparos" = 60) y 3) 100 m con cambios de dirección (número de "disparos" = 120), utilizando los equipos Garmin© Forerunner 405 y Polar© RS800. Resultados. En los trayectos sin cambios de dirección (100 y 400 m), a través de la ANOVA two way (distancia y velocidad) no se detectaron diferencias entre la distancia conocida y las distancias registradas por los receptores analizados (p > 0,05). En el trayecto de 100 m con cambios de dirección, se observaron diferencias entre la distancia conocida y las registradas tanto por el Polar© RS800 como por el Garmin© Forerunner 405 (p < 0,05). También se verificó la diferencia en las distancias registradas por el Polar® RS800 y por el Garmin© Forerunner 405 para el trayecto realizado con cambios de dirección (p < 0,05). Conclusión. A través de los datos, se puede afirmar que los receptores para GPS evaluados presentaron un nivel aceptable de precisión para distancias recorridas sin cambios de dirección, sin embargo, la precisión de estos equipos en trayectos con cambios de dirección fue limitada (AU)

Objective. The present study evaluated the reproducibility and validity of two models of receivers for the Global Positioning System (GPS). Validity was assessed by comparing the distance recorded by the GPS receivers with the known distance. Method. Six young players (177.6 ± 6.2 cm; 76.6 ± 3.2 kg) performed three routes with different characteristics: 1) 100 m in the athletics track (number of "sprints" = 120); 2) 400 m in the athletics track (number of "sprints" = 60) and 3) 100 m with changes of direction (number of "sprints" = 120), using equipment Garmin© Forerunner 405 and Polar© RS800. Results. Regarding linear routes (100 and 400 m), no differences were detected using ANOVA two-way (distance and speed) between the known distance and distance recorded by GPS receivers analyzed (p > 0.05). Regarding non-linear route of, significant differences were observed between the known distance and recorded distance by the GPS receivers (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between the distance recorded by Polar© RS800 and Garmin© Forerunner 405 for the non-linear route (p < 0.05). Analysis of the limits of agreement reinforces the limitation of equipment in relation to accuracy for the non-linear route. Conclusion. These data suggest that the GPS receivers evaluated showed acceptable level of accuracy for linear routes, however, the accuracy of such devices on non-linear routes was limited (AU)

Effect of handedness on gross motor skill acquisition in a novel sports skill task.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in performance and form scores between left and right-handers who observed a demonstration with their non-dominant hand. A lacrosse shot was demonstrated to 69 college-aged participants with equal representations on gender and handedness. Half of each group saw a left-handed demonstration while the other half saw a right-handed demonstration. Participants were assessed on accuracy and form. Results showed left-handers performed better than right-handers on accuracy and form and appeared to be able to glean important information from an opposite-handed demonstration in comparison to right-handers. Implications for teaching and future research possibilities are discussed.

Processo de formação de tenistas talentosos / Formation process of talented tennis players

O objetivo do presente estudo foi obter informações a respeito do processo de formação de tenistas talentosos e os consequentes fatores que contribuíram para o alcance do profissionalismo. Para tanto, se utilizou uma amostra de cinco tenistas brasileiros profissionais, caracterizados por terem pontos na ATP (Associação dos Tenistas Profissionais). A pesquisa foi constituída através de um delineamento qualitativo, que utilizou como instrumento uma entrevista composta por três perguntas abertas, elaboradas para explorar o contexto de formação do talento. Para a análise dos resultados foi utilizado o "Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo". De acordo com os resultados, pode-se observar a importância que os professores tiveram no desenvolvimento destes tenistas talentosos, tanto na iniciação como no treinamento. No que se diz respeito ao planejamento dos treinos, o presente estudo demonstra a falta de profissionalismo nas fases iniciais do processo de formação, e a posterior preocupação apenas quando este atleta demonstra possuir algum potencial para seguir carreira profissional.

The objective of this study was to obtain information about the formation process of talented players and the factors that contributed to their professionalism. We used a sample of five Brazilian professional tennis players, with significant scores earned at the ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals). The study was conducted using a qualitative research design, which used as an instrument interview consisting of three open-ended questions designed to explore the context of training talent in tennis. For the analysis of the results we used the "Collective Subject Discourse." According to the results, we observed the importance instructors have in developing these talented players during the early and the later training process. With regard to the planning of the training sessions, this study demonstrates the lack of professionalism in the early stages of the training process and the primary concern with the athlete's professional career potential.

Application of serum CK and BUN determination in monitoring pre-competition training of badminton athletes.

In order to investigate the feasibility of serum creatine kinase (CK) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in monitoring pre-competition training of badminton athletes, the pre-competition training load of 20 badminton athletes was studied, and serum CK and BUN were determined before, immediate and next morning after training. The results showed that after intensive training for one week, serum CK levels were significantly increased by 57.53 mmol/L (P<0.05). After regulation of the training intensity, average serum CK levels were increased by 21.79 mmol/L (P<0.05). BUN contents were increased by 0.83 mmol/L on average with the difference being not significant (P>0.05). After intermittent training, there was significant difference in the average increased levels of serum CK in athletes (P<0.05). There was significant difference before and after regulation of training (P<0.05). The increased levels of BUN were 0.78 mmol/L without significant difference (P>0.05). It was concluded that serum CK was one of the biochemical indicators monitoring the training load sensitivity of badminton athletes, but BUN was of little value in monitoring the training load. Both serum CK and BUN recovered slowly after one-week intensive training and intermittent training, suggesting the metabolic mechanism of human body in training needs further study.

Cognitive learning strategies: their effectiveness in acquiring racquetball skill.

Racquetball players were compared to assess whether a Self-directed strategy (self-monitoring), a Task-oriented strategy (attentional focusing), or a Combined use of both strategies would be beneficial in acquisition of racquetball skills. According to skill (Beginning, Advanced), players (N=80) were assigned into treatment groups. After treatment, participants executed diagonal lob serves and rallies for Acquisition and Retention phases (Session 1). During Session 2, subjects competed in a modified play setting (Transfer phase). Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed differences by skill during the basic tests favored Advanced players. During modified play, the Task-oriented group won significantly more points and games compared to the Self-directed and Control groups, regardless of skill. Results are discussed relative to skill and the literature on learning strategies.

Stress fracture of the proximal humeral epiphysis in an elite junior badminton player.

An elite junior badminton player presented with a chronic painful dominant shoulder after an intense training course. An acute stress fracture to the proximal humeral epiphysis was found. Two-plane radiography will identify abnormalities of the growth plate but comparative films of the unaffected side may also be required to differentiate subtle changes. Rest with subsequent rehabilitation is the appropriate management of these injuries although ideally they should be subjected to primary prevention.