Terrorist threat, dehumanization, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of discrimination.

This study analyzed the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination, operationalized by support for retributive justice against Islamic groups suspect of terrorist crimes. Two experimental studies were performed. Study 1 (N = 215) showed that the terrorist threat against the ingroup raises the support for the retributive procedures through the dehumanization of the outgroup. Study 2 (N = 304) analyzed how the mediating role of dehumanization in the relationship between terrorist threat and support for retributive justice is moderated by right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). In addition, the study aimed to verify if the dehumanization of outgroup and RWA could explain the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination of Muslim immigrants. The results indicated that adherence to RWA favors dehumanization of the outgroup and, consecutively, the discrimination, operationalized as support for the use of retributive justice. The adherence to RWA has been identified as the mechanism that explains the discrimination against Muslim immigrants.

Unemployment, Self-esteem, and Depression: Differences between Men and Women.

Although there is a vast bibliography on the negative consequences of unemployment for mental health, there are no studies that analyze the differences between men and women in relation to the consequences that unemployment could have simultaneously on self-esteem and depression. The main objective of this study was to analyze whether, unemployment is differentially associated with the self-esteem of men and women, and to test whether this circumstance can be considered a psychological mechanism by which we could explain differences in depression for men and women. Results show that self-esteem is a mediating variable (indirect effect = .11; 90% CI [.04, .19]), considering its differential impact on depression, but this mediation is moderated by the gender of the respondents (b = .21, 90% IC [.01, .40]. In summary, unemployment is associated with lower self-esteem, which in turn is related to greater depressive symptoms. This relationship is only observed for men and not for women.

Unemployment, self-esteem, and depression: differences between men and women

Although there is a vast bibliography on the negative consequences of unemployment for mental health, there are no studies that analyze the differences between men and women in relation to the consequences that unemployment could have simultaneously on self-esteem and depression. The main objective of this study was to analyze whether, unemployment is differentially associated with the self-esteem of men and women, and to test whether this circumstance can be considered a psychological mechanism by which we could explain differences in depression for men and women. Results show that self-esteem is a mediating variable (indirect effect = .11; 90% CI [.04, .19]), considering its differential impact on depression, but this mediation is moderated by the gender of the respondents (b = .21, 90% IC [.01, .40]. In summary, unemployment is associated with lower self-esteem, which in turn is related to greater depressive symptoms. This relationship is only observed for men and not for women

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The Ego-Defensive Role of Legitimacy: How Threat-Based Justifications Protect the Self-Esteem of Discriminators.

This article analyzes the ego-defensive role played by legitimation, by examining the hypothesis that threat-based justifications attenuate the negative effect on an individual's self-esteem caused by his or her becoming aware of his or her own discriminatory behavior. Across three studies (including a pilot experiment), participants who were led to believe that they had acted in a discriminatory way experienced a decrease in their self-esteem. In Study 1 ( N = 116), this effect was nullified when discrimination was justified by either symbolic or realistic threat perceptions. Study 2 ( N = 250) replicated this pattern of results and went further by showing that discrimination affects self-esteem only in more egalitarian individuals, whereas for those less egalitarian, it affects their social image. According to the ego-defensive role of legitimation, a meta-analytical integration of the results confirmed that the influence of discrimination in depressing self-esteem is moderated by threat-based justifications.

Significados do trabalho e do dinheiro: quais suas funções sociais? / The meanings of work and money: what are their social functions? / Los significados del trabajo y del dinero: ¿Cuáles sus funciones sociales?

Estudos sobre o trabalho e o dinheiro têm enfatizado a dimensão institucional desses fenômenos, destacando funções como a capacidade de interligar a satisfação das necessidades individuais e a manutenção da ordem social. Tais funções são ativadas no cotidiano dos indivíduos, sendo construídas socialmente na produção dos significados dos referidos fenômenos. Exploramos as funções que os significados do trabalho e do dinheiro cumpriram na vida dos operários da construção civil. Realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com 44 operários e desenvolvemos análise de conteúdo temática. Identificamos dois grandes eixos norteadores: inclusão e inserção sociais versus exclusão social e realização e sentido de utilidade versus degradação. Os resultados indicaram que as condições de trabalho precárias e a escassez de dinheiro estruturaram os modos de enfrentamento dessas realidades, na valorização dos benefícios alcançados, na naturalização e no conformismo, decorrentes da dureza e limitação de oportunidades experimentadas por esses trabalhadores. Limitações da pesquisa e sugestões são apontadas.

Studies on work and money have emphasized the institutional dimension behind these phenomena, highlighting functions like the ability to interconnect the satisfaction of individual needs and the maintenance of the social order. Individuals construct them socially. We explore the functions that the meanings of work and of money have fulfilled in the lives of construction workers. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 44 workers, and later developed thematic content analysis. We identified two main guiding axes: social inclusion and incorporation versus social exclusion, and achievement and sense of usefulness versus degradation. The results indicated that the precarious working conditions and the scarcity of money experienced daily by the workers structured their ways of coping with these realities, in valuing the benefits achieved, and in acclimation and acceptance, resulting from the hardship and limitation of opportunities experienced by these workers.

Los estudios sobre el trabajo y el dinero han puesto de relieve la dimensión institucional de estos fenómenos, destacando funciones como la capacidad de vincular la satisfacción de necesidades individuales y el mantenimiento del orden social. Dichas funciones son socialmente construidas. Estudiamos las funciones que los significados del trabajo y del dinero cumplieron en la vida de los trabajadores de la construcción civil. Llevamos a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas con 44 trabajadores y desarrollamos análisis de contenido temático. Identificamos dos grandes ejes orientadores: la inclusión e integración social versus la exclusión social y la plenitud y sentido de utilidad versus la degradación. Los resultados indicaron que las condiciones precarias de trabajo y la falta de dinero estructuraron los modos de hacer frente a estas realidades, con valoración de los beneficios logrados, con la naturalización y el conformismo, resultantes de la dureza y de la limitación de oportunidades experimentadas por dichos trabajadores.

Microsociología del estigma: aportes de Erving Goffman a la conceptualización psicosociológica del estigma social / Microsociology of stigma: Erving Goffman's contributions to the psychosociological conceptualization of social stigma

Pese a su presencia temprana en las sociedades humanas, el estudio del estigma desde las ciencias sociales se inicia a mediados del siglo XX, constituyendo la definición de Erving Goffman del estigma como un atributo profundamente desacreditador dentro de una interacción social particular, una de las primeras aproximaciones al estudio sistemático y formal de este concepto. A diferencia de muchos autores contemporaneos, Goffman identifica oportunamente los rasgos propios del estigma social que permiten su clara delimitación con respecto a otros fenómenos vinculados a sus manifestaciones, siendo el reconocimiento de su singularidad conceptual el primer paso hacia el análisis y la compresión de sus complejas manifestaciones en diferentes contextos socio-culturales. La microsociología de Goffman y, de manera particular, su concepto de marcos, como esquemas generales que organizan la experiencia humana, ofrece un enfoque teórico fértil y, a la vez, poco explorado, para el análisis de este fenómeno y los mecanismos implicados tanto en su construcción social como en su impacto en los diferentes ámbitos de la interacción humana. Así, los marcos construidos, entre otros procesos, a partir de las narrativas y otras formas de comunicación popular, facilitan el reconocimiento y la codificación de objetos, situaciones, experiencias y secuencias de acciones desde el sistema de valores asumido por la comunidad, modificándose y ajustándose de manera continua a través del proceso de interacción social. (AU)

Despite its early presence in human societies, stigma was not addressed by social sciences until mid-twentieth century, with Erving Goffman's definition of stigma as a profoundly discrediting attribute within a specific social interaction being one of the first attempts to produce a systematic and formal study of this phenomenon. Unlike many contemporary authors, Goffman accurately identifies features of social stigma that allow for its clear delimitation from other social phenomena related to its manifestations, understanding the acknowledgment of stigma's conceptual singularity as a first step required for analysis and comprehension of its complex manifestations in different socio-cultural contexts. Goffman's microsociology and, particularly, his concept of frames as schemata of interpretation that organize human experience, provide a fertile and, at the same time, relatively unexplored, theoretical ground for the analysis of social stigma, and the mechanisms involved both in its social construction and its impact in different areas of human interaction. From that perspective, frames constructed, among other social processes, through narratives and other forms of popular communication, facilitate the recognition and coding of objects, situations, experiences and sequences of actions based on the value system assumed by specific communities, being continually modified and adjusted through social interaction. (AU)

Jealousy, Gender, and Culture of Honor: A Study in Portugal and Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether gender and culture of honor were associated with the type of infidelity (sexual or emotional) that affected our subjects more. Samples of 192 Portuguese university students (119 women and 73 men) and 415 Brazilian university students (214 men and 201 women) participated in this research. Participants responded to six dilemmas reflecting a type of infidelity (sexual or emotional), a gender scale, and a culture of honor scale. The results of both samples are compatible with the cultural theses about jealousy. Both men and women were more affected by emotional infidelity. In addition, it was found that the relationship between the sex of the participants and the type of infidelity that induced stress in them was affected by sociocultural variables, such as culture of honor, masculinity, and femininity. Some differences in the response patterns in the case of an infidelity, in both samples (Portuguese and Brazilian), are shown and discussed.

The Role of Values in Attitudes towards Violence: Discrimination against Moroccans and Romanian Gypsies in Spain.

The first objective of this study was to investigate whether police violence is more tolerated when the victim is a member of a social minority (e.g., Moroccan immigrants and Romanian Gypsies in Spain) than when the victim is a member of the social majority (e.g., Spaniards). The second objective was to use Schwartz value theory to examine the moderating role of values on attitudes towards tolerance of police violence. The participants were 207 sociology and social work students from a public university in Madrid. Overall, in this study, police violence was more accepted when the victim was a member of a social minority; F(2, 206) = 77.91, p = .001, ηp 2 = 0.433, and in general, values moderated this acceptance. Thus, greater adherence to the conservation and self-promotion values subsystems would strengthen support for police violence towards a social minority member. On the other hand, greater adherence to the openness to change and self-transcendence subsystems diminish this support.

The role of values in attitudes towards violence: discrimination against Moroccans and Romanian Gypsies in Spain

The first objective of this study was to investigate whether police violence is more tolerated when the victim is a member of a social minority (e.g., Moroccan immigrants and Romanian Gypsies in Spain) than when the victim is a member of the social majority (e.g., Spaniards). The second objective was to use Schwartz value theory to examine the moderating role of values on attitudes towards tolerance of police violence. The participants were 207 sociology and social work students from a public university in Madrid. Overall, in this study, police violence was more accepted when the victim was a member of a social minority; F(2, 206) = 77.91, p = .001, ηp2 = 0.433, and in general, values moderated this acceptance. Thus, greater adherence to the conservation and self-promotion values subsystems would strengthen support for police violence towards a social minority member. On the other hand, greater adherence to the openness to change and self-transcendence subsystems diminish this support (AU)

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Repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários sobre cotas raciais nas universidades públicas brasileiras / Repertorios discursivos de estudiantes universitarios sobre cuotas raciales en las universidades públicas brasilleñas / University students' discursive repertoires about racial quotas in brazilian public universities

Este estudo investiga os repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários sobre as ações afirmativas. Os participantes (N= 105) responderam por escrito a uma pergunta sobre a implantação de cotas raciais nas universidades públicas. As análises feitas a partir do software Alceste evidenciaram quatro classes discursivas, que compartilham uma forte oposição às cotas raciais, diferenciando-se apenas em relação ao argumento utilizado. A primeira classe enfatiza a inexistência de diferenças intelectuais entre negros e brancos e, na segunda classe, vem a ideia de que as desigualdades sociais entre negros e brancos seriam produto do preconceito contra pobres, assim as cotas deveriam ser sociais. As duas últimas classes compartilham a preocupação com a qualidade do ensino, defendendo que o sistema de cotas poderia baixar o nível intelectual das universidades e que o correto seria investir na melhoria do ensino fundamental e médio.(AU)

Este estudio investiga los repertorios discursivos de estudiantes universitarios sobre las acciones afirmativas. Los participantes (N= 105) respondieron por escrito a una pregunta sobre la implantación de cuotas raciales en las universidades públicas. Los análisis realizados con el software Alceste evidenciaron cuatro clases discursivas que comparten una fuerte oposición a las cuotas raciales, diferenciándose apenas en los argumentos utilizados. La primera clase enfatiza la inexistencia de diferencias intelectuales entre negros y blancos. La segunda clase se basa en la idea de que las desigualdades sociales entre negros y blancos serían producto del prejuicio contra los pobres, de manera que las cuotas deberían ser sociales. Las dos últimas clases comparten la preocupación con la calidad de la enseñanza, defendiendo que el sistema de cuotas podría bajar el nivel intelectual de las universidades y que lo correcto sería invertir en la mejora de la enseñanza fundamental y media.(AU)

This study investigates university students' discursive repertoires on affirmative actions. Participants (N=105) answered a written questionnaire about the implementation of racial quotas in public universities. Analyses using Alceste software found four discursive classes, sharing a strong opposition to racial quotas and which differ among them just in the type of arguments included in each one The first class emphasizes the lack of intellectual differences between black and white people; the second class emphasizes the idea that social inequalities between black and white Brazilians are the result of the prejudice against poor people, thus, the quotas should be social. The last classes show the concerned about the quality of education, arguing that this quota system could lower the intellectual level at the universities and what should be done is to improve the quality of primary and secondary education.(AU)

Repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários sobre cotas raciais nas universidades públicas brasileiras / Repertorios discursivos de estudiantes universitarios sobre cuotas raciales en las universidades públicas brasilleñas / University students' discursive repertoires about racial quotas in brazilian public universities

Este estudo investiga os repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários sobre as ações afirmativas. Os participantes (N= 105) responderam por escrito a uma pergunta sobre a implantação de cotas raciais nas universidades públicas. As análises feitas a partir do software Alceste evidenciaram quatro classes discursivas, que compartilham uma forte oposição às cotas raciais, diferenciando-se apenas em relação ao argumento utilizado. A primeira classe enfatiza a inexistência de diferenças intelectuais entre negros e brancos e, na segunda classe, vem a ideia de que as desigualdades sociais entre negros e brancos seriam produto do preconceito contra pobres, assim as cotas deveriam ser sociais. As duas últimas classes compartilham a preocupação com a qualidade do ensino, defendendo que o sistema de cotas poderia baixar o nível intelectual das universidades e que o correto seria investir na melhoria do ensino fundamental e médio.

Este estudio investiga los repertorios discursivos de estudiantes universitarios sobre las acciones afirmativas. Los participantes (N= 105) respondieron por escrito a una pregunta sobre la implantación de cuotas raciales en las universidades públicas. Los análisis realizados con el software Alceste evidenciaron cuatro clases discursivas que comparten una fuerte oposición a las cuotas raciales, diferenciándose apenas en los argumentos utilizados. La primera clase enfatiza la inexistencia de diferencias intelectuales entre negros y blancos. La segunda clase se basa en la idea de que las desigualdades sociales entre negros y blancos serían producto del prejuicio contra los pobres, de manera que las cuotas deberían ser sociales. Las dos últimas clases comparten la preocupación con la calidad de la enseñanza, defendiendo que el sistema de cuotas podría bajar el nivel intelectual de las universidades y que lo correcto sería invertir en la mejora de la enseñanza fundamental y media.

This study investigates university students' discursive repertoires on affirmative actions. Participants (N=105) answered a written questionnaire about the implementation of racial quotas in public universities. Analyses using Alceste software found four discursive classes, sharing a strong opposition to racial quotas and which differ among them just in the type of arguments included in each one The first class emphasizes the lack of intellectual differences between black and white people; the second class emphasizes the idea that social inequalities between black and white Brazilians are the result of the prejudice against poor people, thus, the quotas should be social. The last classes show the concerned about the quality of education, arguing that this quota system could lower the intellectual level at the universities and what should be done is to improve the quality of primary and secondary education.

Explaining social discrimination: racism in Brazil and xenophobia in Spain.

The present study investigates the arguments used by university students in order to explain social differences between social minorities and majorities. In Brazil, the issues investigated refer to White and Black people. In Spain, the reference is to native Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants. The participants were 144 Brazilians and 93 Spaniards, who answered a questionnaire composed of socio-demographic variables and one open question about the causes of social inequalities between Black and White people in Brazil and between autochthonous Spaniards and Moroccan Immigrants. A model is proposed to integrate the four discursive classes found using ALCESTE software. In Brazil, the strongest argument is based on the historical roots of the exploitation of Black people. In Spain, cultural differences are the main explanation for social inequalities.

Brazilian Social Psychology in the international setting / A Psicologia Social brasileira no cenário internacional

The objective of this work was to discuss the Social Psychology that has been developing in Brazil, placing it in the international theoretical-methodological setting. To achieve this goal, we initially present a brief historical account of the founding of the Brazilian Association of Social Psychology and the Latin American Association of Social Psychology, providing insight into the political struggle that surrounded the emergence of these two organizations and that, to a certain degree, is still present today. We then present the results of research conducted with 150 Brazilian social psychologists concerning the definition of social psychology, the academic training perspective, and the theories used in the conduct of research. The results point to the existence of several contradictions, since, among other matters, they highlight the fact that while most participants advocate research practices tied to a more sociological perspective, the definitions given indicate a more psychological view of social psychology.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir a psicologia social que vem sendo desenvolvida no Brasil inserindo-a no cenário teórico-metodológico internacional. Para alcançar este objetivo, inicialmente apresentamos um breve relato histórico da fundação da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Social e da Associação Latino Americana de Psicologia Social, fornecendo subsídios para o entendimento do embate político que envolveu o surgimento dessas duas organizações e que, de certa forma, ainda está presente na atualidade. Em seguida, apresentamos os resultados da pesquisa realizada com 150 psicólogos sociais brasileiros sobre a definição de psicologia social, sobre a perspectiva de formação e sobre as teorias utilizadas na atividade de pesquisa. Os resultados indicam a existência de algumas contradições, pois, dentre outros aspectos, destaca-se o fato que, embora a maioria dos participantes advogue uma prática de pesquisa ligada a uma perspectiva mais sociológica, as definições dadas apontam para uma visão mais psicológica da psicologia social.(AU)

Social Psychology: research methods and techniques / Psicologia Social: métodos e técnicas de pesquisa

The objective of this paper is to identify the research methods adopted by researchers in the field of Social Psychology, differentiating them by considerations derived from the four epistemic dimensions. Our starting point was a study conducted to identify the theoretical references and research methods used by educators and researchers in the field of social psychology. The results presented here refer to data, obtained in the years 2011 and 2012, relating to 545 social psychologists and professors of social psychology, of which 157 responded in Portuguese and 388 in Spanish. The average age of participants was 41.5 years (standard deviation = 11.4; minimum = 21 years; maximum = 78), being 54% female and 43% male. The participants originated from 19 countries, with Spain (158), Brazil (149), Mexico (64), and Argentina (45) the most frequent. Based on the results, we sought to classify and subsequently to estimate the frequency of use of the methods, considering them based on the distribution of the researchers from two geographic regions, Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Since geographical distribution did not provide a consistent criterion for differentiating between methods, we tried to understand the differences by considering ultimately the theoretical approach embraced by the researcher.(AU)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar os métodos de pesquisa adotados por pesquisadores da área da Psicologia Social, diferenciando-os a partir de considerações oriundas de quatro dimensões epistêmicas. O nosso ponto de partida foi um estudo conduzido com a finalidade de identificar os referenciais teóricos e os métodos de pesquisa utilizados por professores e pesquisadores da área da psicologia social. Os resultados aqui apresentados se referem aos dados, obtidos nos anos de 2011 e 2012, concernentes a 545 psicólogos sociais e professores de psicologia social, dos quais 157 responderam na língua portuguesa e 388 em espanhol. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 41,5 anos (desvio-padrão = 11.4; mínimo = 21 anos; máximo = 78), sendo 54% do sexo feminino e 43% do sexo masculino. Os participantes se declaram originários de 19 países, sendo Espanha (158), Brasil (149), México (64) e Argentina (45) os mais frequentes. Com base nos resultados, procuramos classificar e posteriormente fazer uma estimativa da frequência de utilização dos métodos, considerando-os a partir da distribuição dos pesquisadores de duas regiões geográficas, América Latina e Península Ibérica. Dado que a distribuição geográfica não proporcionou um critério consistente para a diferenciação entre os métodos, procuramos entender as diferenças levando em consideração fundamentalmente a abordagem teórica acolhida pelo pesquisador.(AU)

Social psychology: research methods and techniques / Psicologia social: métodos e técnicas de pesquisa

The objective of this paper is to identify the research methods adopted by researchers in the field of Social Psychology, differentiating them by considerations derived from the four epistemic dimensions. Our starting point was a study conducted to identify the theoretical references and research methods used by educators and researchers in the field of social psychology. The results presented here refer to data, obtained in the years 2011 and 2012, relating to 545 social psychologists and professors of social psychology, of which 157 responded in Portuguese and 388 in Spanish. The average age of participants was 41.5 years (standard deviation = 11.4; minimum = 21 years; maximum = 78), being 54% female and 43% male. The participants originated from 19 countries, with Spain (158), Brazil (149), Mexico (64), and Argentina (45) the most frequent. Based on the results, we sought to classify and subsequently to estimate the frequency of use of the methods, considering them based on the distribution of the researchers from two geographic regions, Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Since geographical distribution did not provide a consistent criterion for differentiating between methods, we tried to understand the differences by considering ultimately the theoretical approach embraced by the researcher.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar os métodos de pesquisa adotados por pesquisadores da área da Psicologia Social, diferenciando-os a partir de considerações oriundas de quatro dimensões epistêmicas. O nosso ponto de partida foi um estudo conduzido com a finalidade de identificar os referenciais teóricos e os métodos de pesquisa utilizados por professores e pesquisadores da área da psicologia social. Os resultados aqui apresentados se referem aos dados, obtidos nos anos de 2011 e 2012, concernentes a 545 psicólogos sociais e professores de psicologia social, dos quais 157 responderam na língua portuguesa e 388 em espanhol. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 41,5 anos (desvio-padrão = 11.4; mínimo = 21 anos; máximo = 78), sendo 54% do sexo feminino e 43% do sexo masculino. Os participantes se declaram originários de 19 países, sendo Espanha (158), Brasil (149), México (64) e Argentina (45) os mais frequentes. Com base nos resultados, procuramos classificar e posteriormente fazer uma estimativa da frequência de utilização dos métodos, considerando-os a partir da distribuição dos pesquisadores de duas regiões geográficas, América Latina e Península Ibérica. Dado que a distribuição geográfica não proporcionou um critério consistente para a diferenciação entre os métodos, procuramos entender as diferenças levando em consideração fundamentalmente a abordagem teórica acolhida pelo pesquisador.

Brazilian social psychology in the international setting / A Psicologia social brasileira no cenário internacional

The objective of this work was to discuss the Social Psychology that has been developing in Brazil, placing it in the international theoretical-methodological setting. To achieve this goal, we initially present a brief historical account of the founding of the Brazilian Association of Social Psychology and the Latin American Association of Social Psychology, providing insight into the political struggle that surrounded the emergence of these two organizations and that, to a certain degree, is still present today. We then present the results of research conducted with 150 Brazilian social psychologists concerning the definition of social psychology, the academic training perspective, and the theories used in the conduct of research. The results point to the existence of several contradictions, since, among other matters, they highlight the fact that while most participants advocate research practices tied to a more sociological perspective, the definitions given indicate a more psychological view of social psychology.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir a psicologia social que vem sendo desenvolvida no Brasil inserindo-a no cenário teórico-metodológico internacional. Para alcançar este objetivo, inicialmente apresentamos um breve relato histórico da fundação da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Social e da Associação Latino Americana de Psicologia Social, fornecendo subsídios para o entendimento do embate político que envolveu o surgimento dessas duas organizações e que, de certa forma, ainda está presente na atualidade. Em seguida, apresentamos os resultados da pesquisa realizada com 150 psicólogos sociais brasileiros sobre a definição de psicologia social, sobre a perspectiva de formação e sobre as teorias utilizadas na atividade de pesquisa. Os resultados indicam a existência de algumas contradições, pois, dentre outros aspectos, destaca-se o fato que, embora a maioria dos participantes advogue uma prática de pesquisa ligada a uma perspectiva mais sociológica, as definições dadas apontam para uma visão mais psicológica da psicologia social.

Explaining social discrimination: racism in Brazil and xenophobia in Spain

The present study investigates the arguments used by university students in order to explain social differences between social minorities and majorities. In Brazil, the issues investigated refer to White and Black people. In Spain, the reference is to native Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants. The participants were 144 Brazilians and 93 Spaniards, who answered a questionnaire composed of socio-demographic variables and one open question about the causes of social inequalities between Black and White people in Brazil and between autochthonous Spaniards and Moroccan Immigrants. A model is proposed to integrate the four discursive classes found using ALCESTE software. In Brazil, the strongest argument is based on the historical roots of the exploitation of Black people. In Spain, cultural differences are the main explanation for social inequalities (AU)

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[Relation between personality traits and personal values in cocaine-dependent patients]. / Relación entre rasgos de personalidad y valores personales en pacientes dependientes de la cocaína.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between personal values and personality traits in cocaine-using patients and analyze their specificity in the explanation of different types of constructs. METHOD: A study was carried out to explore the association between these variables in a group of 230 patients receiving treatment for cocaine dependence. The Portrait Values Questionnaire was used for measuring personal values, while the Big-Five Factors Questionnaire was used to measure personality traits. In addition, we explored the relationship of values and traits with the variables "degree of satisfaction with life" (life satisfaction) and "belonging to a religious association" (religiosity). RESULTS: A significant association was found between personal values and personality traits. At the same time, their conceptual and empirical differences were revealed, as it was demonstrated that personal values better explain "belonging to a religious association", whilst personality traits better explain "degree of satisfaction with life". Thus, it was found that personal values better explain behaviours that depend on greater cognitive control, while personality traits would have more influence on tendencies and behaviours that are subject to lower cognitive control levels. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the relationship between the two constructs, and given that cocaine use is associated with both high and low cognitive control, in explanations of cocaine use it would be appropriate to take into account the explanatory contribution of personal values and personality traits in a complementary way.

Relación entre rasgos de personalidad y valores personales en pacientes dependientes de la cocaína / Relation between personality traits and personal values in cocaine-dependent patients

Objetivo: Describir la relación que guardan los valores personales y los rasgos de personalidad en pacientes consumidores de cocaína y conocer su especificidad en la explicación de diferentes constructos. Método: Se realizó un estudio en el que se exploró la relación entre estas variables en un grupo de 230 participantes que se encontraban en tratamiento por dependencia a la cocaína, utilizando el Portrait Values Questionnaire para medir los valores personales y el Big-Five Factors Questionnaire para medir los rasgos de personalidad. Además, se examinó la relación de rasgos y valores con las variables “grado de satisfacción con la vida” (satisfacción vital) y “pertenencia a alguna asociación religiosa” (religiosidad). Resultados: Se encontró una asociación significativa entre valores personales y rasgos de personalidad, a la vez que se distinguieron sus diferencias conceptuales y empíricas, al hallar que los valores personales explican mejor la pertenencia a alguna asociación religiosa, mientras que los rasgos de personalidad explican mejor el grado de satisfacción con la vida. Por tanto, se comprueba que los valores personales explican mejor los comportamientos que dependen de mayor control cognitivo, mientras que los rasgos de personalidad afectarían más a tendencias y conductas sujetas a un reducido control cognitivo. Conclusiones: Tomando en consideración la relación entre ambos constructos y dado que el consumo de cocaína se asocia tanto con alto como con bajo control cognitivo, resultará apropiado tener en cuenta para la comprensión del consumo de cocaína, la aportación explicativa de los valores personales y de los rasgos de personalidad de forma complementaria (AU)

Objective: To describe the relationship between personal values and personality traits in cocaine-using patients and analyze their specificity in the explanation of different types of constructs. Method: A study was carried out to explore the association between these variables in a group of 230 patients receiving treatment for cocaine dependence. The Portrait Values Questionnaire was used for measuring personal values, while the Big-Five Factors Questionnaire was used to measure personality traits. In addition, we explored the relationship of values and traits with the variables “degree of satisfaction with life” (life satisfaction) and “belonging to a religious association” (religiosity). Results: A significant association was found between personal values and personality traits. At the same time, their conceptual and empirical differences were revealed, as it was demonstrated that personal values better explain “belonging to a religious association”, whilst personality traits better explain “degree of satisfaction with life”. Thus, it was found that personal values better explain behaviours that depend on greater cognitive control, while personality traits would have more influence on tendencies and behaviours that are subject to lower cognitive control levels. Conclusions: Considering the relationship between the two constructs, and given that cocaine use is associated with both high and low cognitive control, in explanations of cocaine use it would be appropriate to take into account the explanatory contribution of personal values and personality traits in a complementary way (AU)

Estereótipos e essencialização de brancos e negros: um estudo comparativo / Stereotypes and the essencialization of black and white people: a comparative study

O combate aos efeitos negativos dos estereótipos, dos preconceitos e da exclusão social é um problema recorrente da nossa época. Um dos maiores desafios enfrentados por quem se dedica a refletir acerca deste tema se refere ao papel desempenhado pelo raciocínio categórico essencialista. O objetivo principal do presente artigo é apresentar os resultados de um estudo sobre a essencialização da categoria social raça. O estudo contou com 101 participantes brasileiros e 138 espanhóis. Foi constatado um claro efeito do país no grau de essencialização, assim como foram obtidas evidências de que a essencialização sofreu o impacto da hegemonia da categoria. A análise das explicações adotadas pelos participantes permitiu concluir que, dentre as teorias implícitas, as causas internas foram adotadas com maior frequência, a história causal foi predominantemente utilizada para explicar as mudanças no comportamento e as pressões situacionais foram arroladas para explicar, preferencialmente, a estabilidade da conduta.(AU)

Nowadays, one of the main problems of our societies is to fight against the negative effects of stereotypes, prejudices and social exclusion. One of the greatest challenges faced by anyone doing research on this topic is related to the role played by the categorical essentialist thinking. The main objective of this paper is to present the results of the essentialization of race as a social category. 101 Brazilians and 138 Spaniards took part in this study. The results obtained showed a clear effect of the country and the hegemony of the category on the level of essentialization. The analysis of the explanations used by the participants allows us to conclude that within common sense theories, internal causes were the ones most frequently pointed out, causal history was predominantly adopted to explain changes in behavior and, finally, situational pressures were presented to explain, preferably, stability in behavior.(AU)