Hydrogen Peroxide as an Adjuvant Therapy for COVID-19: A Case Series of Patients and Caregivers in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.

Knowledge of the antiseptic effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dates back to the late 19th century, and its mechanisms of action has been amply described. Globally, many physicians have reported using H2O2 successfully, in different modalities, against COVID-19. Given its anti-infective and oxygenating properties, hydrogen peroxide may offer prophylactic and therapeutic applications for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. We report a consecutive case series of twenty-three COVID-19 patients (of 36 initially enrolled) who had been diagnosed by their primary care physician (mean age: 39, range: 8 months-70 years; 74% male) and twenty-eight caregivers in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area who received a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) telemedicine treatment with H2O2 taken by mouth (PO, at a concentration of 0.06%), oral rinse (mouthwash, 1.5%), and/or nebulization (0.2%). We describe the treatment program and report the response of the COVID-19 patients and their caregivers. The patients mainly recovered well, reporting feeling "completely better" at 9.5 days on average. Two (9%) were hospitalized prior to joining the study, and one did not fully recover. Patients frequently reported nausea and sometimes dizziness or vomiting related to the oral treatment. None of the twenty-eight caregivers in close contact with the patients reported contracting COVID-19. Given its low cost and medical potential and considering its relative safety if used properly, we suggest that randomized controlled trials should be conducted. These should include both SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative participants, with single or combined modes of administration of H2O2, to study the benefits of this simple molecule and offer safe guidance regarding its use by health professionals.

Un estudio exploratorio de la evolución de los actos de habla en psicoterapia grupal de niños con problemas de aprendizaje / Um estudo exploratório da evolução dos atos de fala em psicoterapia grupal de crianças com problemas de aprendizagem / An exploratory study of the evolution of speech acts in group psychotherapy of children with learning difficulties

Estudiamos un proceso psicoterapéutico grupal de niños con problemas de aprendizaje. Tras un estudio preliminar del léxico utilizado por terapeutas y niños en 29 sesiones videograbadas, nos centramos en su análisis pragmático mediante la identificación de los actos de habla y su categorización según: acto de habla, contenido referido, ámbito referido y medio de expresión utilizado. Los resultados de la aplicación de métodos de la estadística multivariada revelaron cambios importantes en el léxico y en los actos de habla de terapeutas y niños en el transcurso del tratamiento, lo cual aporta aspectos claves para la comprensión de su evolución.

This study focuses on the psychotherapeutic process of a group of children with learning difficulties. After preliminary examination of the vocabulary used by therapists and children during 29 videotaped sessions, the analysis focused on its pragmatic characteristics through the identification of speech acts and their categorization according to speech act type, content referred to, environment referred to, and means of expression used. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed important changes in the vocabulary and speech acts of children and therapists throughout the course of treatment, a result that contributes in an essential way to the understanding of the evolution of therapy.

Estudamos um processo psicoterapêutico grupal de crianças com problemas de aprendizagem. Após um estudo preliminar do léxico utilizado por terapeutas e crianças em 29 sessões videogravadas, centramo-nos em sua análise pragmática mediante a identificação dos atos de fala e sua categorização segundo: ato de fala, conteúdo referido, âmbito referido e meio de expressão utilizado. Os resultados da aplicação de métodos da estatística multivariada revelaram mudanças importantes no léxico e nos atos de falta de terapeutas e crianças no transcurso do tratamento, o que contribui aspectos-chave para a compreensão de sua evolução.

El aprendizaje de distintos dominios notacionales según niños de preescolar y primer grado / A aprendizagem de distintos domínios notacionais de acordo com crianças de pré-escolar ou primeira série do ensino fundamental / Learning of different notational domains according to kindergarten and first grade children

Se investiga si las concepciones de los niños acerca del aprendizaje adoptan matices diferentes según tres dominios notacionales: dibujo, escritura y notación numérica. Se entrevistó individualmente a 120 alumnos de preescolar (60) y primer grado (60) de escuelas públicas en Argentina. Se aplicó la lexicometríaa las transcripciones de sus respuestas completas a tres preguntas referidas a la actividad, dificultades y metasen relación al propio aprendizaje del dibujo, escritura o notación numérica. Los resultados revelan diferenciassignificativas en cómo los niños refieren el contenido de aprendizaje y a sí mismos como aprendices según eldominio, indicando una teoría interpretativa del aprendizaje en relación al dibujo y la notación numérica, y una teoría directa en relación a la escritura.

Investiga-se se as concepções das crianças sobre a aprendizagem adotam matizes diferentesconforme três domínios notacionais: desenho, escritura e notação numérica. Foram entrevistados individualmente120 alunos de pré-escolar (60) e de primeira série do ensino primário (60) de escolas públicas na Argentina.Foi aplicada a lexicometria às transcrições de suas respostas completas a três perguntas referidas à atividade, às dificuldades e metas em relação à própria aprendizagem do desenho, escritura ou notação numérica. Os resultados revelam diferenças significativas em como as crianças referem o conteúdo da aprendizagem e a si mesmos como aprendizes de acordo com o domínio, indicando uma teoria interpretativa da aprendizagem emrelação ao desenho e à notação numérica, e uma teoria direta em relação à escritura.

The study explores whether children’s conceptions of learning vary according to three notational domains: i.e., drawing, writing and numerical notation. One hundred and twenty children were individually interviewed in public schools in Argentina (60 Kindergartners and 60 first-graders). Lexicometry was appliedto the transcriptions of children’s complete responses to questions about the activity, difficulties and goals inrelation with the own learning of drawing, numerical notation or writing. Results reveal significant differencesin how children refer to the content of learning and to themselves as learners according to the domain. In relation to drawing and numerical notation, an interpretative implicit theory of learning is inferred. Instead,children seem to hold a direct theory of learning in the domain of writing.

Sulfated polysaccharides promote the assembly of amyloid beta(1-42) peptide into stable fibrils of reduced cytotoxicity.

The histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are the self-aggregation of the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) in extracellular amyloid fibrils and the formation of intraneuronal Tau filaments, but a convincing mechanism connecting both processes has yet to be provided. Here we show that the endogenous polysaccharide chondroitin sulfate B (CSB) promotes the formation of fibrillar structures of the 42-residue fragment, Abeta(1-42). Atomic force microscopy visualization, thioflavin T fluorescence, CD measurements, and cell viability assays indicate that CSB-induced fibrils are highly stable entities with abundant beta-sheet structure that have little toxicity for neuroblastoma cells. We propose a wedged cylinder model for Abeta(1-42) fibrils that is consistent with the majority of available data, it is an energetically favorable assembly that minimizes the exposure of hydrophobic areas, and it explains why fibrils do not grow in thickness. Fluorescence measurements of the effect of different Abeta(1-42) species on Ca(2+) homeostasis show that weakly structured nodular fibrils, but not CSB-induced smooth fibrils, trigger a rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) that depends on the presence of both extracellular and intracellular stocks. In vitro assays indicate that such transient, local Ca(2+) increases can have a direct effect in promoting the formation of Tau filaments similar to those isolated from Alzheimer disease brains.

Adverse side effects of statins in the oral cavity

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Increased plasma levels of cholesterol are high risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Statins are drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis at both pancreatic and extrahepathic levels, being the treatment of choice for hypercholesterolemia.Objective: To analyze the side effects of statins in the mouth cavity, and to analyze the symptoms after interruption of the treatment.Design: Observational study, preliminary.Material and methods: Patients aged 50-70, diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and undergoing treatment withstatins, referred from their primary care physician to the dentist’s office. Anamnesis over oral symptoms was performed in the first visit. Statin treatment was discontinued, followed by lab tests and control visits seven and fifteen days later. We monitored the improvement and/or remission of oral symptoms. Statin treatment was resumed, sending out a report of the patient evolution to the PCP. Symptoms were registered in sheet specially designed for the study.Exclusion criteria: patient refusal, use of drugs for dry mouth treatment, Sjögren’s syndrome.Results: n=26 patients. Dry mouth patients: improvement in 17 out of 23 patients (88.5%). Itchiness: 6 out of 15cases improved (57.7%). Bitterness: improvement in 13 out of 14 patients (53.8%). Cough: improvement in 11 outof 12 patients (46.1%).Discussion: A high percentage of oral symptoms are associated to treatment with statins. There is a marked improvement after temporary interruption of the treatment. Little is known regarding the side effects of oral treatment with statins. This preliminary study includes a relatively small number of patients. The design of experimental treatments will be required to establish a true correlation between statin treatment and oral symptoms

Adverse side effects of statins in the oral cavity.

UNLABELLED: Increased plasma levels of cholesterol are high risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Statins are drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis at both pancreatic and extrahepathic levels, being the treatment of choice for hypercholesterolemia. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the side effects of statins in the mouth cavity, and to analyze the symptoms after interruption of the treatment. DESIGN: Observational study, preliminary. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients aged 50-70, diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and undergoing treatment with statins, referred from their primary care physician to the dentist's office. Anamnesis over oral symptoms was performed in the first visit. Statin treatment was discontinued, followed by lab tests and control visits seven and fifteen days later. We monitored the improvement and/or remission of oral symptoms. Statin treatment was resumed, sending out a report of the patient evolution to the PCP. Symptoms were registered in sheet specially designed for the study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patient refusal, use of drugs for dry mouth treatment, Sjögren's syndrome. RESULTS: n=26 patients. Dry mouth patients: improvement in 17 out of 23 patients (88.5%). Itchiness: 6 out of 15 cases improved (57.7%). Bitterness: improvement in 13 out of 14 patients (53.8%). Cough: improvement in 11 out of 12 patients (46.1%). DISCUSSION: A high percentage of oral symptoms are associated to treatment with statins. There is a marked improvement after temporary interruption of the treatment. Little is known regarding the side effects of oral treatment with statins. This preliminary study includes a relatively small number of patients. The design of experimental treatments will be required to establish a true correlation between statin treatment and oral symptoms.

Poliposis adenomatosa familiar / Familial adenomatous polyposis

La poliposis adenomatosa familiar es una enfermedad genética poco frecuente caracterizada por la presencia de más de 100 pólipos en el colon y el recto, y que comúnmente se asocia a toda una serie de manifestaciones clínicas extracolónicas. Esta enfermedad hereditaria, habitualmente con patrón autosómico dominante, evoluciona sin tratamiento a cáncer colorrectal. El manejo de esta enfermedad debe iniciarse con un consejo genético para informar del tipo de patología, de la mejor terapéutica y del seguimiento necesario de ella. Actualmente, la cirugía profiláctica es necesaria. Sin embargo, el tipo de técnica quirúrgica dependerá principalmente de la gravedad de la manifestación clínica de la enfermedad, de la edad del paciente al diagnóstico y, finalmente, de algunas circunstancias clínicas especiales. Esta enfermedad requerirá además que cada uno de los pacientes tenga un seguimiento de por vida adecuado. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de los principales estudios publicados sobre la poliposis adenomatosa familiar, con el objetivo de conocer cuál es el mejor manejo de estos pacientes

Familial adenomatous polyposis is a rare genetic disease characterized by the development of more than a hundred adenomatous polyps in the colorectal area, as well as by extracolonic manifestations. Without treatment, this inherited disease, usually transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance, predisposes to colorectal cancer. Treatment must be preceded by counseling about the nature of the syndrome and by recommendations for the optimal management and surveillance of the disease. Currently, prophylactic surgical therapy is imperative. However, the type of surgical technique used depends mainly on the severity of the polyposis phenotype, the age of the patient at diagnosis, and a series of special clinical circumstances. Lifetime follow-up of all patients is required. This article reviews the main studies published on familial adenomatous polyposis in order to provide an update on the most appropriate management of these patients

Children's autobiographies of learning to write.

BACKGROUND: Learning conceptions may be studied as specific implicit theories based on theory of mind. Previous studies suggest that a developmental shift from a direct implicit theory of learning to an interpretative one occurs during childhood. Here we explore the development of children's autobiographies of learning to write by adopting this framework. AIMS: We aim to study children's autobiographical accounts of learning to write and whether these accounts change according to the mentioned developmental shift and sociocultural environment. SAMPLE: Sixty children attending public schools in Argentina that were equally distributed according to school level (kindergarten, first grade, fourth grade) and sociocultural environment (middle and marginal). METHODS: Children were interviewed individually at school and requested to write 'as you used to when you were just beginning to write'. This question was repeated for one-year-intervals until child's current age was reached; anticipation of writing next year was also requested. Children's responses were coded into descriptive categories. A multiple correspondence factorial analysis studied the relations among response categories, school grade and sociocultural environment. On the basis of these results, categories were ordered into a Guttman scale. RESULTS: A developmental shift from a focus on isolated products to the integration of procedural and representational changes was evident. School grade and sociocultural environment were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Children's writing autobiographies show developmental differences that suit the shift from a direct to an interpretative theory of learning on the basis of hierarchical integration rather than conceptual replacement.

Lepromatous leprosy: a review and case report.

Leprosy is a contagious and chronic systemic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen s bacillus). It is transmitted from person to person and has a long incubation period (between two and six years). The disease presents polar clinical forms (the multibacillary lepromatous leprosy and the paucibacillary tuberculoid leprosy), as well as other intermediate forms with hybrid characteristics. Oral manifestations usually appear in lepromatous leprosy and occur in 20-60% of cases. They may take the form of multiple nodules (lepromas) that progress to necrosis and ulceration. The ulcers are slow to heal, and produce atrophic scarring or even tissue destruction. The lesions are usually located on the hard and soft palate, in the uvula, on the underside of the tongue, and on the lips and gums. There may also be destruction of the anterior maxilla and loss of teeth. The diagnosis, based on clinical suspicion, is confirmed through bacteriological and histopathological analyses, as well as by means of the lepromin test (intradermal reaction that is usually negative in lepromatous leprosy form and positive in the tuberculoid form). The differential diagnosis includes systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis and other skin diseases, tertiary syphilis, lymphomas, systemic mycosis, traumatic lesions and malignant neoplasias, among other disorders. Treatment is difficult as it must be continued for long periods, requires several drugs with adverse effects and proves very expensive, particularly for less developed countries. The most commonly used drugs are dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. Quinolones, such as ofloxacin and pefloxacin, as well as some macrolides, such as clarithromycin and minocyclin, are also effective. The present case report describes a patient with lepromatous leprosy acquired within a contagious family setting during childhood and adolescence.

Lepromatous leprosy: a review and case report

Leprosy is a contagious and chronic systemic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen’s bacillus).It is transmitted from person to person and has a long incubation period (between two and six years). The disease presents polar clinical forms (the “multibacillary” lepromatous leprosy and the “paucibacillary” tuberculoid leprosy), as well as other intermediate forms with hybrid characteristics. Oral manifestations usually appear in lepromatous leprosy and occur in 20-60% of cases. They may take the form of multiple nodules (lepromas) that progress to necrosis and ulceration. The ulcers are slow to heal, and produce atrophic scarring or even tissue destruction. The lesions are usually located on the hard and soft palate, in the uvula, on the underside of the tongue, and on the lips and gums. There may also be destruction of the anterior maxilla and loss of teeth. The diagnosis, based on clinical suspicion, is confirmed through bacteriological and histopathological analyses, as well as by means of the lepromin test (intradermal reaction that is usually negative in lepromatous leprosy form and positive in the tuberculoid form). The differential diagnosis includes systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis and other skin diseases, tertiary syphilis, lymphomas, systemic mycosis, traumatic lesions and malignant neoplasias, among other disorders. Treatment is difficult as it must be continued for long periods, requires several drugs with adverse effects and proves very expensive, particularlyfor less developed countries. The most commonly used drugs are dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. Quinolones, such as ofloxacin and pefloxacin, as well as some macrolides, such as clarithromycin and minocyclin, are also effective. The present case report describes a patient with lepromatous leprosy acquired within a contagious family setting during childhood and adolescence

La lepra es una enfermedad granulomatosa sistémica crónica y contagiosa, producida por Mycobacterium leprae (bacilo de Hansen). Se transmite de persona a persona y tiene un largo período de incubación (entre 2 y 6 años). Existen dos formas clínicas polares: lepra lepromatosa (multibacilar) y lepra tuberculoide (paucibacilar), con otras formas intermedias de características híbridas. Las manifestaciones orales suelen aparecer en la lepra lepromatosa y se producen en el 20 al 60% de los casos. Pueden tratarse de nódulos múltiples (lepromas), que progresan a necrosis y ulceración. Las úlceras curan con lentitud; forman cicatrices atróficas o pueden causar la destrucción del tejido. Las lesiones suelen localizarse en el paladar duro y blando, en la úvula, en el dorso de la lengua, en los labios y en las encías. También puede producirse destrucción de la parte frontal del maxilar y pérdida de dientes. El diagnóstico, basado en la presunción clínica, se completa con el examen bacteriológico e histopatológico, así como mediante la prueba de la lepromina (intradermorreacción que suele ser negativa en la forma lepromatosa y positiva en la tuberculoide). El diagnóstico diferencial incluye lupus eritematoso sistémico, sarcoidosis, leishmaniasis cutánea y otras enfermedades de la piel, sífilis terciaria, linfomas, micosis sistémicas, lesiones traumáticas y neoplasias malignas, entre otras. El tratamiento es difícil, ya que ha de prolongarse durante mucho tiempo, requiere varios fármacos con efectos adversos y resulta muy caro, sobre todo para los países menos desarrollados. Los de empleo más frecuente son la dapsona, la rifampicina y la clofazimina. También son eficaces las quinolonas, como ofloxacino y pefloxacino, así como algunos macrólidos, como la claritromicina y la minociclina. En el presente trabajo se expone el caso clínico de un paciente afecto de lepra lepromatosa, adquirida en un ambiente familiar de contagio durante la infancia y adolescencia

[Familial adenomatous polyposis]. / Poliposis adenomatosa familiar.

Familial adenomatous polyposis is a rare genetic disease characterized by the development of more than a hundred adenomatous polyps in the colorectal area, as well as by extracolonic manifestations. Without treatment, this inherited disease, usually transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance, predisposes to colorectal cancer. Treatment must be preceded by counseling about the nature of the syndrome and by recommendations for the optimal management and surveillance of the disease. Currently, prophylactic surgical therapy is imperative. However, the type of surgical technique used depends mainly on the severity of the polyposis phenotype, the age of the patient at diagnosis, and a series of special clinical circumstances. Lifetime follow-up of all patients is required. This article reviews the main studies published on familial adenomatous polyposis in order to provide an update on the most appropriate management of these patients.

Huellas tempranas del género en la adquisición y transmisión cultural: / Gender early paths in cultural acquisition and transmission

• Este estudio pretende integrar el enfoque de género en la investigación de las concepciones en la niñez sobre el aprendizaje. En particular, está orientado a establecer si se observan diferencias de género en las concepciones de niños y niñas acerca del aprendizaje de la escritura y, en el caso en que se registren diferencias, caracterizarlas e interpretarlas. Los sujetos son 30 niños y 30 niñas de sectores sociales medios y marginados en Bariloche, Argentina, que cursan preescolar, primer grado y cuarto grado. Para indagar sus concepciones acerca del aprendizaje de la escritura, se diseñó y empleó una entrevista individual estructurada que incluye preguntas abiertas acerca de: la práctica familiar y personal de la escritura, el proceso de aprendizaje de la escritura, la historia personal del aprendizaje, las dificultades al escribir, la enseñanza de la escritura, las ayudas para aprender y la permanencia del aprendizaje. Las respuestas textuales de los niños y niñas fueron analizadas mediante el método lexicométrico. Se utilizó principalmente el procedimiento de selección automática de las respuestas modales. El análisis cualitativo posterior de las respuestas típicas de niños y niñas muestra importantes diferencias de género en las siguientes dimensiones, en notable coincidencia con los resultados de los estudios de género en la juventud y la adultez: asunción de la agencia y la asertividad en el aprendizaje; uso de comparaciones y de un marco de referencia autobiográfico; consideración y preocupación por las otras personas; referencias mentalistas; referencia a obligaciones; contextos de aprendizaje, enseñanza y práctica; bases de las ayudas para aprender (colaboración o punición); expresión de la emoción.Palabras clave: Género, Aprendizaje, Escritura, Niñez, Concepciones