RESUMO
The quail for being an alternative species will be able to supply a new market niche due to its fast growth, high laying rate, low feed intake, in addition to the increase of the acceptance of its products by the consumer. A growing interest in raising the stocking rates in the cages as an alternative to increase the performance of the stock is noticed; although studies demonstrate that high densities can result into unfavorable environment to the birds welfare with alterations in the performance of the flocks and as a stressing factor being able to alter the production and profitability of the flock. At high stocking rates, the birds become predisposed to aggressiveness reactions, presenting cannibalism behavior, besides the combination of factors such as pH, temperature, ventilation and humidity deficiency which create environmental conditions favorable for certain benign bacteria which utilize uric acid of the manure through their enzymatic complexes and produce ammonia, causing stress to birds and which can cause damages to performance with significant economic losses to the producer. The experiment with 112-day duration was conducted with the objective of evaluating the inclusion of acidulants in the Japanese quails drinking water and verifying the effect on the stocking rate in cages. A completely randomized design with four treatments (2 stocking rates of quails x 2 a
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The quail for being an alternative species will be able to supply a new market niche due to its fast growth, high laying rate, low feed intake, in addition to the increase of the acceptance of its products by the consumer. A growing interest in raising the stocking rates in the cages as an alternative to increase the performance of the stock is noticed; although studies demonstrate that high densities can result into unfavorable environment to the birds welfare with alterations in the performance of the flocks and as a stressing factor being able to alter the production and profitability of the flock. At high stocking rates, the birds become predisposed to aggressiveness reactions, presenting cannibalism behavior, besides the combination of factors such as pH, temperature, ventilation and humidity deficiency which create environmental conditions favorable for certain benign bacteria which utilize uric acid of the manure through their enzymatic complexes and produce ammonia, causing stress to birds and which can cause damages to performance with significant economic losses to the producer. The experiment with 112-day duration was conducted with the objective of evaluating the inclusion of acidulants in the Japanese quails drinking water and verifying the effect on the stocking rate in cages. A completely randomized design with four treatments (2 stocking rates of quails x 2 a
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
This study was developed to evaluate the effect of adding natural pigments on the storage of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle submitted to diets based on corn and low-tannin sorghum. A total of 160 eggs from Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 90 - weeks old after forced molting were used. The study evaluated the isolated effect and the interaction of two factors: the inclusion of natural pigments (control diet - 50% low-tannin sorghum replacing the corn; RC - 2% powdered dry turmeric rhizome; PU - 2% dry annatto powder; RCPU - 1% turmeric rhizome + 1% dry annatto powder) combined with the storage period (0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days). The studied variables were: specific gravity, percentages of yolk, albumen and shell in relation to the egg weight, and yolk color. Yolk color was more intense with increasing percentage of annatto. The inclusion of 2% annatto powder promotes and maintains an adequate pigmentation of egg yolk when stored for up to 21 days. Regardless of natural pigment supplementation, the egg quality decreases as storage time increases.
RESUMO
This study was developed to evaluate the effect of adding natural pigments on the storage of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle submitted to diets based on corn and low-tannin sorghum. A total of 160 eggs from Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 90 - weeks old after forced molting were used. The study evaluated the isolated effect and the interaction of two factors: the inclusion of natural pigments (control diet - 50% low-tannin sorghum replacing the corn; RC - 2% powdered dry turmeric rhizome; PU - 2% dry annatto powder; RCPU - 1% turmeric rhizome + 1% dry annatto powder) combined with the storage period (0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days). The studied variables were: specific gravity, percentages of yolk, albumen and shell in relation to the egg weight, and yolk color. Yolk color was more intense with increasing percentage of annatto. The inclusion of 2% annatto powder promotes and maintains an adequate pigmentation of egg yolk when stored for up to 21 days. Regardless of natural pigment supplementation, the egg quality decreases as storage time increases.
RESUMO
This study was developed to evaluate the effect of adding natural pigments on the storage of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle submitted to diets based on corn and low-tannin sorghum. A total of 160 eggs from Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 90 - weeks old after forced molting were used. The study evaluated the isolated effect and the interaction of two factors: the inclusion of natural pigments (control diet - 50% low-tannin sorghum replacing the corn; RC - 2% powdered dry turmeric rhizome; PU - 2% dry annatto powder; RCPU - 1% turmeric rhizome + 1% dry annatto powder) combined with the storage period (0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days). The studied variables were: specific gravity, percentages of yolk, albumen and shell in relation to the egg weight, and yolk color. Yolk color was more intense with increasing percentage of annatto. The inclusion of 2% annatto powder promotes and maintains an adequate pigmentation of egg yolk when stored for up to 21 days. Regardless of natural pigment supplementation, the egg quality decreases as storage time increases.
A pesquisa foi desenvolvida objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de pigmentantes naturais no período de estocagem de ovos de poedeiras em segundo ciclo de produção, submetidas a dietas à base de milho e sorgo baixo tanino. Foram utilizados 160 ovos, provenientes de aves da linhagem Hy-Line Brown de 90 semanas pós-muda forçada. Foi avaliado o efeito isolado e a interação de dois fatores: inclusão de pigmentantes naturais na dieta-controle - 50% sorgo baixo tanino em substituição ao milho; RC - 2% pó de rizoma de cúrcuma seco; PU - 2% pó de urucum seco; RCPU - 1% cúrcuma + 1% urucum associada ao período de estocagem (zero, três, sete, 14 e 21 dias). As variáveis estudadas foram: gravidade específica (GE), percentagens de gema, albúmen e casca em relação ao peso do ovo, e coloração da gema. A coloração da gema apresentou-se mais intensa quanto maior foi a percentagem de urucum utilizada. A inclusão de 2% de pó de urucum promove e mantém adequada a pigmentação das gemas dos ovos quando armazenados por até 21 dias. Independente da suplementação de pigmentantes naturais, a qualidade do ovo decresce com o incremento do tempo de armazenamento.
Assuntos
Animais , Aves , Pigmentação , Curcuma , Bixaceae , Dieta , Gema de Ovo , OvosRESUMO
The room temperature plays great influence in feed consumption and with this, the weight gain and the alimentary conversion is directly affects. The first reply of the bird to heat stress is the decrease in consumption, or either, the loss of the appetite, not receiving the essential nutrients for the production and its well fare. Increases in the protein and the energy of case of diet, to balance the reduction in the consumption are frequently recommended in heat stress. This revision brings up in a short term, some strategies, mainly for the fat and protein use in diet, used in the last years, in attempt to minimize the effects of heat stress in poultry development.
A temperatura ambiente exerce grande influência no consumo de ração e com isto, afeta diretamente o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. A primeira resposta da ave ao estresse por calor é o decréscimo no consumo de alimentos, ou seja, a perda do apetite, deixando de receber os nutrientes essenciais para a produção e o seu bem-estar. Aumentos na proteína e na energia da dieta, para compensar a redução no consumo são freqüentemente recomendados no estresse por calor. Essa revisão traz de forma resumida algumas estratégias, principalmente no que se refere ao uso de gordura e proteína da dieta, utilizadas nos últimos anos, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos do estresse por calor na produtividade de frangos de corte.
RESUMO
The room temperature plays great influence in feed consumption and with this, the weight gain and the alimentary conversion is directly affects. The first reply of the bird to heat stress is the decrease in consumption, or either, the loss of the appetite, not receiving the essential nutrients for the production and its well fare. Increases in the protein and the energy of case of diet, to balance the reduction in the consumption are frequently recommended in heat stress. This revision brings up in a short term, some strategies, mainly for the fat and protein use in diet, used in the last years, in attempt to minimize the effects of heat stress in poultry development.
A temperatura ambiente exerce grande influência no consumo de ração e com isto, afeta diretamente o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. A primeira resposta da ave ao estresse por calor é o decréscimo no consumo de alimentos, ou seja, a perda do apetite, deixando de receber os nutrientes essenciais para a produção e o seu bem-estar. Aumentos na proteína e na energia da dieta, para compensar a redução no consumo são freqüentemente recomendados no estresse por calor. Essa revisão traz de forma resumida algumas estratégias, principalmente no que se refere ao uso de gordura e proteína da dieta, utilizadas nos últimos anos, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos do estresse por calor na produtividade de frangos de corte.
RESUMO
In order to keep a good position in the world poultry production, Brazilians producers have to improve their knowledge about stress conditions in high temperatures, due to the temperatures of most area of our country and mainly in the scene of global warming. Research has shown higher needs of vitamins and minerals in the diet of heat stresses birds, but during the hotter periods of the year their consumption of food decreases and the vitamins stability of the pre-mixes also tend to decrease. This literature review resumes some strategies to minimize heatwarming effects in the poultry production.
Altas temperaturas prevalecem na maioria das regiões brasileiras a maior parte do ano, e para manter a posição obtida em escala de produção e exportação, torna-se relevante que o estímulo às novas pesquisas e informações técnicas sejam melhor detalhadas, na determinação da otimização da criação em condições de estresse por calor. De maneira geral, pesquisas têm demonstrado que aves estressadas necessitam de maior aporte de vitaminas e minerais. Aliado a isto, soma-se o fato de que nas épocas quentes do ano o consumo voluntário de ração diminui e que a estabilidade das vitaminas nos premixes tende a diminuir no verão. Esta revisão procurou apresentar de maneira resumida algumas estratégias, principalmente no que se refere ao uso de alguns minerais e vitaminas, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos deletérios do calor na produtividade de frangos de corte.
RESUMO
In order to keep a good position in the world poultry production, Brazilians producers have to improve their knowledge about stress conditions in high temperatures, due to the temperatures of most area of our country and mainly in the scene of global warming. Research has shown higher needs of vitamins and minerals in the diet of heat stresses birds, but during the hotter periods of the year their consumption of food decreases and the vitamins stability of the pre-mixes also tend to decrease. This literature review resumes some strategies to minimize heatwarming effects in the poultry production.
Altas temperaturas prevalecem na maioria das regiões brasileiras a maior parte do ano, e para manter a posição obtida em escala de produção e exportação, torna-se relevante que o estímulo às novas pesquisas e informações técnicas sejam melhor detalhadas, na determinação da otimização da criação em condições de estresse por calor. De maneira geral, pesquisas têm demonstrado que aves estressadas necessitam de maior aporte de vitaminas e minerais. Aliado a isto, soma-se o fato de que nas épocas quentes do ano o consumo voluntário de ração diminui e que a estabilidade das vitaminas nos premixes tende a diminuir no verão. Esta revisão procurou apresentar de maneira resumida algumas estratégias, principalmente no que se refere ao uso de alguns minerais e vitaminas, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos deletérios do calor na produtividade de frangos de corte.
RESUMO
This research aimed to verify the effect of two nutritional profiles with more fat (2.4 x 4.0%) and less crude protein (19.5 x 18.5%) in the abdominal fat of broilers with 21 to 42 days submitted to cyclic heat stress (25-32C). The direct effect of heat in the abdominal fat of the birds in a pair feeding consumption treatment was also verified. The factorial 2x2+2 was used, being the factors two environments thermoneutral (21-25C and UR 73%) and cyclic heat stress (25- 32C and UR 65%), and two diet profiles - control (2.4% fat and 19.5% protein) and summer (4.0% fat and 18.5% protein) with supplement of Lys and Met + Cys to the level of the control diet. Two treatments were applied in the thermoneutral environment: broilers received paired feeding diet with the birds stressed by heat, for both kinds of ratio. The animals were slaughtered in the 42nd day of treatment. After weighted and slaughtered, their abdominal fat was removed and weighted. The yield was calculated as fat weight by carcass weight. The diet with 1.6 % more fat and 1% less protein did not interfere with the abdominal fat yield. In the equalized consumption treatment, the environmental temperature did not influence the abdominal fat yield.
A pesquisa teve como objetivos verificar o efeito de dietas com mais gordura (2,4 vs 4,0%) e menos proteína bruta (19,5 vs 18,5%) no rendimento de gordura abdominal de frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias submetidos a estresse cíclico por calor (25-32C) e verificar o efeito direto do calor no rendimento de gordura abdominal das aves, na situação de consumo pareado. Utilizouse um fatorial 2x2+2, sendo os fatores dois ambientes - termoneutro (21-25C e UR 73%) e estresse cíclico por calor (25-32C e UR 65%), e dois tipos de dieta- controle (2,4% gordura e 19,5% proteína) e verão (4,0% de gordura e 18,5% de proteína com suplementação de Lys e Met + Cys ao nível da dieta controle). No ambiente termoneutro, foram criados mais dois tratamentos, nos quais as aves receberam dieta em quantidade pareada com as aves do estresse por calor, para ambos os tipos de ração. O abate dos animais foi realizado aos 42 dias, para todos os tratamentos. Após a pesagem das aves para se determinar o rendimento de carcaça, a gordura abdominal foi retirada manualmente, pesada e em seguida foi calculada a percentagem de gordura abdominal na forma de rendimento, isto é, peso da gordura dividido pelo peso da carcaça. A dieta com 1,6% a mais de gordura e 1% a menos proteína não influenciou no rendimento de gordura abdominal das aves. Nos tratamentos com consumo equalizado, a temperatura do ambiente não fez com q
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with vitamins C and E and organic minerals Zn and Se on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in broilers under cyclic heat stress (HS) (25 to 35oC or termoneutral environment (TN) (21 to 25 oC), both with 70% humidity. A 4x2 factorial design was used with four levels of vitaminmineral supplementation (T1-control diet: 60/30 UI vitamin E in starter and grower diets, respectively; no vitamin C, 80 ppm of inorganic Zn e 0.3 ppm of inorganic Se); T2- control diet + 100 UI vit E and 300 ppm vit C/kg; T3- control diet + 40 ppm of organic Zn and 0.3 ppm of organic Se/kg and T4- control diet + supplementation levels of T2 and T3) and two environments: cyclic heat stress and termoneutral, from the 14o day of age. The experimental period was from 1 to 35 days of age. By the slaughtering, at 35 days of age, 10mL of blood from six birds per treatment were collected from jugular and sent to analysis of total proteins, glucose, fructosamine, albumin, glubulin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total and differential leukocyte counting and heterophils/ linphocytes (H/L). The lymphoid organs bursa and spleen were weighted and the weight of lymphoid organs/ body weight ratio was established. The cyclic heat stress caused a reduction in the absolute and relative weight of bursa and spleen), reduction in the hemoglobin c
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dietas suplementadas com vitaminas C e E e minerais orgânicos Zn e Se sobre os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos de frangos de corte sob estresse cíclico por calor (EPC) (25 a 32C) ou ambiente termoneutro (ATN) (21 a 25C), ambos com 70% de umidade relativa. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 4x2, com quatro níveis de suplementação vitamínico-mineral (T1-dieta controle: 60/30 UI vit E na ração inicial e crescimento, respectivamente; sem vit C, 80 ppm de Zn inorgânico e 0,3 ppm de Se inorgânico; T2 -dieta controle + 100 UI vit E e 300 ppm vit C kg-1; T3- dieta controle + 40 ppm de Zn orgânico e 0,3 ppm de Se orgânico kg-1; T4 -dieta controle + suplemenmtação dos níveis de T2 e T3) e dois ambientes: Estresse Cíclico por Calor e Ambiente Termoneutro, a partir do 14 o dia de idade. O período experimental foi de 1 a 35 dias de idade das aves. No abate, aos 35 dias, 10mL de sangue de seis aves de cada tratamento foram coletados da jugular e encaminhados para análise de proteínas totais, glicose, fructosamina, albumina, globulinas, hematócrito, hemoglobina, contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos e relação heterófilos/linfócitos (H/ L). Os orgãos linfóides bursa e baço das mesmas aves foram extraídos e pesados e a relação peso vivo/peso órgãos linfóides foi calculada. O estresse provocou redução do peso absoluto e rela
RESUMO
This research aimed to verify the effect of two nutritional profiles with more fat (2.4 x 4.0%) and less crude protein (19.5 x 18.5%) in the abdominal fat of broilers with 21 to 42 days submitted to cyclic heat stress (25-32C). The direct effect of heat in the abdominal fat of the birds in a pair feeding consumption treatment was also verified. The factorial 2x2+2 was used, being the factors two environments thermoneutral (21-25C and UR 73%) and cyclic heat stress (25- 32C and UR 65%), and two diet profiles - control (2.4% fat and 19.5% protein) and summer (4.0% fat and 18.5% protein) with supplement of Lys and Met + Cys to the level of the control diet. Two treatments were applied in the thermoneutral environment: broilers received paired feeding diet with the birds stressed by heat, for both kinds of ratio. The animals were slaughtered in the 42nd day of treatment. After weighted and slaughtered, their abdominal fat was removed and weighted. The yield was calculated as fat weight by carcass weight. The diet with 1.6 % more fat and 1% less protein did not interfere with the abdominal fat yield. In the equalized consumption treatment, the environmental temperature did not influence the abdominal fat yield.
A pesquisa teve como objetivos verificar o efeito de dietas com mais gordura (2,4 vs 4,0%) e menos proteína bruta (19,5 vs 18,5%) no rendimento de gordura abdominal de frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias submetidos a estresse cíclico por calor (25-32C) e verificar o efeito direto do calor no rendimento de gordura abdominal das aves, na situação de consumo pareado. Utilizouse um fatorial 2x2+2, sendo os fatores dois ambientes - termoneutro (21-25C e UR 73%) e estresse cíclico por calor (25-32C e UR 65%), e dois tipos de dieta- controle (2,4% gordura e 19,5% proteína) e verão (4,0% de gordura e 18,5% de proteína com suplementação de Lys e Met + Cys ao nível da dieta controle). No ambiente termoneutro, foram criados mais dois tratamentos, nos quais as aves receberam dieta em quantidade pareada com as aves do estresse por calor, para ambos os tipos de ração. O abate dos animais foi realizado aos 42 dias, para todos os tratamentos. Após a pesagem das aves para se determinar o rendimento de carcaça, a gordura abdominal foi retirada manualmente, pesada e em seguida foi calculada a percentagem de gordura abdominal na forma de rendimento, isto é, peso da gordura dividido pelo peso da carcaça. A dieta com 1,6% a mais de gordura e 1% a menos proteína não influenciou no rendimento de gordura abdominal das aves. Nos tratamentos com consumo equalizado, a temperatura do ambiente não fez com q
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with vitamins C and E and organic minerals Zn and Se on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in broilers under cyclic heat stress (HS) (25 to 35oC or termoneutral environment (TN) (21 to 25 oC), both with 70% humidity. A 4x2 factorial design was used with four levels of vitaminmineral supplementation (T1-control diet: 60/30 UI vitamin E in starter and grower diets, respectively; no vitamin C, 80 ppm of inorganic Zn e 0.3 ppm of inorganic Se); T2- control diet + 100 UI vit E and 300 ppm vit C/kg; T3- control diet + 40 ppm of organic Zn and 0.3 ppm of organic Se/kg and T4- control diet + supplementation levels of T2 and T3) and two environments: cyclic heat stress and termoneutral, from the 14o day of age. The experimental period was from 1 to 35 days of age. By the slaughtering, at 35 days of age, 10mL of blood from six birds per treatment were collected from jugular and sent to analysis of total proteins, glucose, fructosamine, albumin, glubulin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total and differential leukocyte counting and heterophils/ linphocytes (H/L). The lymphoid organs bursa and spleen were weighted and the weight of lymphoid organs/ body weight ratio was established. The cyclic heat stress caused a reduction in the absolute and relative weight of bursa and spleen), reduction in the hemoglobin c
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dietas suplementadas com vitaminas C e E e minerais orgânicos Zn e Se sobre os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos de frangos de corte sob estresse cíclico por calor (EPC) (25 a 32C) ou ambiente termoneutro (ATN) (21 a 25C), ambos com 70% de umidade relativa. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 4x2, com quatro níveis de suplementação vitamínico-mineral (T1-dieta controle: 60/30 UI vit E na ração inicial e crescimento, respectivamente; sem vit C, 80 ppm de Zn inorgânico e 0,3 ppm de Se inorgânico; T2 -dieta controle + 100 UI vit E e 300 ppm vit C kg-1; T3- dieta controle + 40 ppm de Zn orgânico e 0,3 ppm de Se orgânico kg-1; T4 -dieta controle + suplemenmtação dos níveis de T2 e T3) e dois ambientes: Estresse Cíclico por Calor e Ambiente Termoneutro, a partir do 14 o dia de idade. O período experimental foi de 1 a 35 dias de idade das aves. No abate, aos 35 dias, 10mL de sangue de seis aves de cada tratamento foram coletados da jugular e encaminhados para análise de proteínas totais, glicose, fructosamina, albumina, globulinas, hematócrito, hemoglobina, contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos e relação heterófilos/linfócitos (H/ L). Os orgãos linfóides bursa e baço das mesmas aves foram extraídos e pesados e a relação peso vivo/peso órgãos linfóides foi calculada. O estresse provocou redução do peso absoluto e rela