Linfadenectomía de rescate en pacientes con cáncer de próstata tratados con prostatectomía radical o radioterapia y tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) con colina positiva / Salvage lymph node dissection in patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy and positive choline positron emission tomography (PET/CT) scan

Introducción y objetivos: La recidiva ganglionar en el cáncer de próstata es un escenario terapéutico controvertido. Las guías clínicas recomiendan el uso de terapia hormonal, tratamiento "la carta" o incluir en ensayos clínicos. Estudiamos en el presente estudio el impacto de la linfadenectomía de rescate en pacientes seleccionados. Material y métodos: Revisamos retrospectivamente a 23 pacientes consecutivos con cáncer de próstata tratados mediante prostatectomía radical o radioterapia externa, a quienes se les practicó linfadenectomía de rescate desde diciembre del 2005 hasta noviembre del 2015. Se realizó análisis univariante y bivariante para evaluar la relación entre factores de riesgo y respuesta a la linfadenectomía. Resultados: Encontramos que en los pacientes con respuesta bioquímica; la hormonoterapia fue retrasada 14,9 meses comparándolo con los que no respondieron (2,8 meses), p = 0,00026. A pesar de que no se alcanzó la significación estadística (p = 0,072), el tiempo de duplicación de PSA podría ser un factor pronóstico de recidiva radiológica ya que los pacientes con tiempo de duplicación < 6 meses desarrollaron recidiva radiológica 7,6 meses antes. Conclusiones: La linfadenectomía de rescate es un tratamiento que puede retrasar el uso de hormonoterapia en pacientes seleccionados

Introduction and objectives: Nodal prostate cancer recurrence is a challenging scenario. Current guidelines recommend the use of androgen deprivation therapy, tailored treatment or clinical trials. We studied the impact of Salvage lymph node dissection in selected patients. Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of 23 consecutive patients with prostate cancer and previous Radical prostatectomy or Radiotherapy who underwent SLND from December 2005 to November 2015. Results: We found that in patients that showed biochemical response the introduction of ADT was delayed 14.9 months compared to patients that did not responded (2.8 months) p = 0.00026. Furthermore although statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.072) PSA-DT could be a potential prognostic factor of radiological recurrence since patients with PSA-DT < 6 months developed radiological recurrence 7.6 months earlier compared to their counterparts. Conclusions: Salvage lymph node dissection is a potential treatment that could delay ADT in selected patients

Salvage lymph node dissection in patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy and positive choline positron emission tomography (PET/CT) scan. / Linfadenectomía de rescate en pacientes con cáncer de próstata tratados con prostatectomía radical o radioterapia y tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) con colina positiva.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Nodal prostate cancer recurrence is a challenging scenario. Current guidelines recommend the use of androgen deprivation therapy, tailored treatment or clinical trials. We studied the impact of Salvage lymph node dissection in selected patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of 23 consecutive patients with prostate cancer and previous Radical prostatectomy or Radiotherapy who underwent SLND from December 2005 to November 2015. RESULTS: We found that in patients that showed biochemical response the introduction of ADT was delayed 14.9 months compared to patients that did not responded (2.8 months) P=.00026. Furthermore although statistical significance was not reached (P=.072) PSA-DT could be a potential prognostic factor of radiological recurrence since patients with PSA-DT<6 months developed radiological recurrence 7.6 months earlier compared to their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage lymph node dissection is a potential treatment that could delay ADT in selected patients.

Estudio comparativo entre abordaje abierto y laparoscópico en la cistectomía radical con reservorio ortotópico ileal continente / A comparative study between open and laparoscopic approach in radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder

Objetivo: La cistectomía radical laparoscópica con neovejiga ileal y anastomosis neovesicouretral realizada por laparoscopia posiblemente sea uno de los procedimientos más complejos de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo realizado entre enero de 2008 y octubre de 2013 con 72 pacientes afectos de neoplasia vesical infiltrante, intervenidos mediante cistectomía radical con neovejiga ileal (33 mediante técnica abierta y 39 laparoscópica). Evaluamos de forma comparativa los resultados quirúrgicos, la tasa de continencia y las complicaciones postoperatorias. Resultados: La edad media fue 63,5 ± 9 años (64,3 abierta vs. 62,7 laparoscópica, p = 0,46), el tiempo medio quirúrgico 323,6 ± 78,7 min (321,3 vs. 326,5, p = 0,77), la estancia media 14,8 ± 8,1 días (16,2 vs. 13,6, p = 0,2), la tasa de transfusión 40,3% (66,7% vs. 17,9%, p < 0,0001), la tasa de complicaciones 47,2% (63,6% vs. 33,3%, p = 0,01). Sucedieron complicaciones mayores en 29,1% (39,4% abierta vs. 20,5% laparoscópica, p = 0,07). La media de seguimiento fue 42,5 + 19,2 meses (rango 15-70); 50 pacientes (69,4%) estaban vivos y libres de enfermedad y pudieron ser evaluados con respecto al estado de continencia. La tasa de continencia total fue 38% (50% vs. 27%, p = 0,09) y la tasa de continencia diurna 58% (70,8% vs. 46,1%, p = 0,07). La proporción de pacientes con autocateterismo fue 8% (4,2% vs. 11,5%, p = 0,67). La tasa de incontinencia total fue 34% (25% vs. 42,3%, p = 0,19). Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia la tasa de transfusión, el número y severidad de complicaciones es menor en la cistectomía radical con neovejiga realizada mediante abordaje laparoscópico, sin claro impacto en el tiempo quirúrgico y en la estancia hospitalaria. La tasa de continencia de los pacientes intervenidos mediante abordaje laparoscópico es inferior, aunque sin alcanzar significación estadística

Objective: Probably, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder and neovesicourethral anastomosis is one of the most complex procedures in minimally invasive surgery. Material and methods: Prospective study carried out in 72 patients surgically treated for invasive bladder neoplasia between January 2008 and October 2013. Patients were undergone to radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder (open approach in 33 patients and laparoscopic approach in 39). The study assessed comparatively surgical outcomes, continence rate and postoperative complications. Results: Mean age was 63.5 ± 9 years (64.3 open vs. 62.7 laparoscopic, P = .46) mean surgery time 323.6 ± 78.7 minutes (321.3 vs. 326.5, P = .77), average hospital stay 14.8 days ± 8,1 (16.2 vs. 13.6, P = .2), transfusion rate 40.3% (66.7% vs. 17.9%, P < .0001) and complications rate 47.2% (63.6% vs. 33.3%, P = .01). Major complications were reported in 29.1% of cases (39.4% open vs. 20,5% laparoscopic, P = .07). With a mean follow-up rate of 42.5 ± 19.2 months (range 15-70), 50 (69.4%) patients remain alive and free of disease. Continence was evaluated in these patients: total continence rate was 38% (50% vs. 27%, P = .09) and diurnal continence rate 58% (70.8% vs. 46.1%, P = .07). Self-catheterization rate was 8% (4.2% vs. 11.5%, P = .67). Total incontinence rate was 34% (25% vs. 42.3%, P = .19). Conclusion: According to our experience, transfusion rate, number and severity of complications are lower in laparoscopic cystectomy with ileal neobladder. No statistically significant impact on operative time and on hospital stay was observed. In patients undergone to laparoscopic approach, continence rate is lower but not statistically significant

A comparative study between open and laparoscopic approach in radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder.

OBJECTIVE: Probably, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder and neovesicourethral anastomosis is one of the most complex procedures in minimally invasive surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study carried out in 72 patients surgically treated for invasive bladder neoplasia between January 2008 and October 2013. Patients were undergone to radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder (open approach in 33 patients and laparoscopic approach in 39). The study assessed comparatively surgical outcomes, continence rate and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Mean age was 63.5±9 years (64.3 open vs. 62.7 laparoscopic, P=.46) mean surgery time 323.6±78.7 minutes (321.3 vs. 326.5, P=.77), average hospital stay 14.8 days±8,1 (16.2 vs. 13.6, P=.2), transfusion rate 40.3% (66.7% vs. 17.9%, P<.0001) and complications rate 47.2% (63.6% vs. 33.3%, P=.01). Major complications were reported in 29.1% of cases (39.4% open vs. 20,5% laparoscopic, P=.07). With a mean follow-up rate of 42.5±19.2 months (range 15-70), 50 (69.4%) patients remain alive and free of disease. Continence was evaluated in these patients: total continence rate was 38% (50% vs. 27%, P=.09) and diurnal continence rate 58% (70.8% vs. 46.1%, P=.07). Self-catheterization rate was 8% (4.2% vs. 11.5%, P=.67). Total incontinence rate was 34% (25% vs. 42.3%, P=.19). CONCLUSION: According to our experience, transfusion rate, number and severity of complications are lower in laparoscopic cystectomy with ileal neobladder. No statistically significant impact on operative time and on hospital stay was observed. In patients undergone to laparoscopic approach, continence rate is lower but not statistically significant.

Utilidad de HistoScanning™ previo a biopsia prostática para el diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de próstata / Utility of HistoscanningTM prior to prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma

Objetivos: HistoScanning™ (HS) es un método de diagnóstico ecográfico del cáncer de próstata. Analizamos la eficacia de la realización de HS previo a las biopsias para el diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de próstata. Material y métodos: Entre agosto y octubre de 2012 hemos realizado estudio con HS previo a las biopsias en 32 pacientes. En todos los casos se realizaron biopsias transrectales por sextantes (2 tomas en cada sextante) de la zona periférica. En aquellos sextantes en los que hubo áreas sospechosas con HS las biopsias se dirigieron a dichas áreas. Se añadieron biopsias transperineales en aquellas áreas situadas en la zona media-anterior o apical prostática. La edad media fue de 63,7 años (rango: 40-82), con un PSA medio de 8,0 ng/ml (rango: 3,5-36,2) y un volumen prostático medio de 46,6 cc (rango: 18,2-103,2). En 8 casos se trataba de primera biopsia, en 14 de biopsias de repetición y 10 pacientes tenían diagnóstico previo de adenocarcinoma de próstata (8 en programa de vigilancia activa y 2 T1a en RTU de próstata previa). Resultados: En los 32 pacientes se biopsiaron una media de 7,5 zonas (rango: 6-9) con un total de 239 zonas estudiadas. Se identificaron una media de 3,2 zonas con áreas sospechosas (ZS) con HS (rango: 2-5), con un total de 103 ZS. Se encontró adenocarcinoma o PIN en 72 zonas de 25 pacientes (2 PIN, 11 score Gleason 6, 7 score Gleason 7, 3 score Gleason 8 y 2 score Gleason 9). Hubo 35 zonas falsos positivos en 20 pacientes (11 parénquima normal y 9 inflamación crónica). Se produjeron falsos negativos en 5 zonas en 5 pacientes (2 PIN, 2 score Gleason 6 y un score Gleason 7), aunque en los 5 casos se descubrió adenocarcinoma en otras zonas. El HS presentó una sensibilidad del 93,5% con una especificidad del 79,5%. El valor predictivo positivo fue del 67,35% con un valor predictivo negativo del 96,5%. Conclusiones: A pesar de tratarse de una serie seleccionada, con alta tasa de pacientes con adenocarcinoma, la exploración con HS ha presentado una gran sensibilidad y un elevado valor predictivo negativo. Estos datos, aunque deben ser confirmados en series menos seleccionadas, indican que la exploración previa con HS puede ayudar tanto al diagnóstico en las biopsias como en el seguimiento en programas de vigilancia activa (AU)

Objectives: HistoScanning™ (HS) is a method of ecographic diagnosis of prostate cancer. We analyze the effectiveness of the HS realization prior to the biopsys for the prostate adenocarcinoma diagnosis. Material and methods: From August to October 2012 we have carried out a study with HS prior to the biopsys in 32 patients. In all cases sextants transrectalbiopsys have been realized (two cores in each sextant) in the periphery zone. In those sextants in which there were suspicious areas with HS, the biopsys were addressed to those areas. Transperinealbiopsys were added to those zones placed in the half-front or apical prostatic zone. The medium age was 63.7 years (range 40-82) with a medium PSA of 8.0ng/ml (range 3.5-36.2) and a medium prostatic volume of 46.6 cc (range 18.2-103.2). In eight cases it was the first biopsy, in 14 cases they were repetition biopsys and 10 patients had a previous diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma (8 in a program of active surveillance and 2 T1a in RTU of previous prostate). Results: In the 32 patients a medium of 7,5 zones were biopsed (range 6-9) with a total of 239 zones studied. There were identified a medium of 3.2 zones with suspictious areas (ZS) with HS (range 2-5) with a total of 103 ZS. In 72 zones of 25 patients it was found adenocarcinoma or PIN (2 PIN, 11 score Gleason 6, 7 score Gleason 7, 3 score Gleason 8 and 2 score Gleason 9). There were 35 positive falses zones in 20 patients (11 normal parenquima and 9 cronic inflammation). Negative falses were produced in 5 zones in 5 patients (2 PIN, 2 score Gleason 6 and 1 score Gleason 7) although in all 5 cases adenocarcinoma was encountered (o discovered) in other zones. The HS presented a sensibility of a 93.5% with a specificity of 79.5%. The positive predictive value was of the 67.35% with a negative predictive value of 96.5%. Conclusions: In spite of being a selected serie, with a high rate of patients with adenocarcinoma, the exploration with HS has presented a great sensibility and a high negative predictive value. These data, although they must be confirmed in less selected series, state that the prior exploration with HS can help as in the diagnostic in the biopsies as in the follow-up of programs of active surveillance (AU)

Utility of Histoscanning™ prior to prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: HistoScanning™ (HS) is a method of ecographic diagnosis of prostate cancer. We analyze the effectiveness of the HS realization prior to the biopsies for the prostate adenocarcinoma diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From August to October 2012 we have carried out a study with HS prior to the biopsies in 32 patients. In all cases sextants transrectal biopsies have been realized (two cores in each sextant) in the periphery zone. In those sextants in which there were suspicious areas with HS, the biopsies were addressed to those areas. Transperineal biopsies were added to those zones placed in the half-front or apical prostatic zone. The medium age was 63.7 years (range 40-82) with a medium PSA of 8.0 ng/ml (range 3.5-36.2) and a medium prostatic volume of 46.6cc (range 18.2-103.2). In eight cases it was the first biopsy, in 14 cases they were repetition biopsies and 10 patients had a previous diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma (8 in a program of active surveillance and 2 T1a in RTU of previous prostate). RESULTS: In the 32 patients a medium of 7,5 zones were biopsied (range 6-9) with a total of 239 zones studied. There were identified a medium of 3.2 zones with suspicious areas (ZS) with HS (range 2-5) with a total of 103 ZS. In 72 zones of 25 patients it was found adenocarcinoma or PIN (2 PIN, 11 score Gleason 6, 7 score Gleason 7, 3 score Gleason 8 and 2 score Gleason 9). There were 35 positive false zones in 20 patients (11 normal parenquima and 9 chronic inflammation). Negative falses were produced in 5 zones in 5 patients (2PIN, 2 score Gleason 6 and 1 score Gleason 7) although in all 5 cases adenocarcinoma was encountered (o discovered) in other zones. The HS presented a sensibility of a 93.5% with a specificity of 79.5%. The positive predictive value was of the 67.35% with a negative predictive value of 96.5%. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of being a selected serie, with a high rate of patients with adenocarcinoma, the exploration with HS has presented a great sensibility and a high negative predictive value. These data, although they must be confirmed in less selected series, state that the prior exploration with HS can help as in the diagnostic in the biopsies as in the follow-up of programs of active surveillance.

Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica / Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Objetivo: Analizar el resultado quirúrgico y oncológico de una experiencia prospectiva con nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica y los resultados oncológicos conseguidos a medio plazo. Material y métodos: Fueron intervenidos 60 pacientes mediante esta técnica entre junio de 2005 y junio de 2009. La edad media de los pacientes fue 58,9 (38-77 años), siendo 40 (66,7%) varones y 20 (33,3%) mujeres. El IMC medio fue 26,8 (18-40). La lateralidad fue 28 (46,7%) tumores derechos y 32 (53,3%) izquierdos, localizándose en el polo superior en 14 (23,3%) pacientes, en la zona media en 13 (21,7%), en el polo inferior en 22 (36,7%) y en la zona hiliar en 11 (18,3%). En 23 (38,3%) casos el tumor se localizó en la valva anterior, en 24 (40%) en la valva posterior, en 10 (16,7%) en el borde externo y en 3 (5%) en el borde interno. El tamaño medio tumoral en la TAC fue 3,3 (1-6,4) cm y en la pieza quirúrgica 3,1 (1,2-7) cm. Resultados: El tiempo medio quirúrgico fue 107,17 (50-185) minutos, con un tiempo de isquemia caliente de 33 (0-70) minutos. En 56 casos (93,3%) había una sola arteria y en 4 (6,7%) dos. Se realizó clampaje sólo de la arteria en 15 pacientes (25%), de la arteria y la vena en 44 (73,3%) y no se realizó clampaje en uno (1,7%). Se realizó reparación de la vía urinaria en 32 pacientes (53,3%), dejándose catéter ureteral en todos ellos. Precisaron transfusión el 20% de los pacientes (12). Se produjeron complicaciones intraoperatorias en 5 pacientes (8,7%). Estas fueron: una lesión esplénica que requirió esplenectomía (1,7%), un desgarro de la vena cava que se suturó laparoscópicamente (1,7%) y tres casos de sangrado por mal funcionamiento del «bulldog» (5%). Se produjeron complicaciones postquirúrgicas en 11 pacientes (18,7%) y estas fueron: un hematoma de pared que requirió reintervención (1,7%), una fístula urinaria que terminó en atrofia renal y posterior nefrectomía (1,7%), tres hematomas intracavitarios que se resolvieron de manera conservadora (5%), una fístula arteriovenosa que precisó embolización selectiva (1,7%), un urinoma que se solucionó con drenaje percutáneo (1,7%) y tres casos de fiebre postoperatoria (5%). Hubo márgenes positivos en un paciente (1,7%). En 49 casos (81,7%) la histología fue carcinoma renal, en 8 (13,3%) oncocitoma, en dos (3,3%) angiomiolipoma y en uno (1,7%) metástasis. La estancia media fue 5 (3-29) días. El seguimiento medio fue de 31 (12-61) meses. Se produjo una recidiva local a los 16 meses (tumor primario hiliar de 2,5 cm) y una metástasis en la suprarrenal ipsilateral a los 34 meses (tumor primario de 5,6 cm en el polo inferior izquierdo). Conclusiones: En esta serie de nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica se demuestra la baja tasa de complicaciones, los buenos resultados oncológicos y la baja tasa de recidiva a corto plazo. Se precisa mayor número de pacientes y seguimiento para afianzar los resultados oncológicos y funcionales de esta técnica quirúrgica (AU)

Objetives: To analyze the surgical and oncologic outcome of prospective experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. We describe the surgical technique and mid term oncological results achieved. Material and methods: 60 patients were operated with this technique between June 2005 and June 2009. The mean age of patients was 58.9 [38-77] years, being 40 (66.7%) males and 20 (33.3%) women. The average BMI was 26.8 [18-40]. Laterality was 28 (46.7%) tumors rights and 32 (53.3%) left, being located in the upper pole in 14 (23.3%) patients, in the middle third in 13 (21.7%) in the lower pole in 22 (36.7%) and hiliar region in 11 (18.3%). In 23 cases (38.3%) tumors were located in the anterior valve, in 24 (40%) in posterior valve, in 10 (16.7%) at the outer edge and 3 (5%) at the inner edge. The average size tumor on CT was 3.3 [1-6.4] cm and in the surgical specimen 3.1 [1.2-7] cm. Results: The mean operative time was 107.17 [50-185] min, with a warm ischemia time of 33 [0-70] min. In 56 cases (93.3%) had a single artery and 4 (6.7%) cases had 2 arteries. The artery was clamped alone in 15 patients (25%), artery and vein in 44 (73.3%) and no clamping was performed in 1 (1.7%). We repaired the urinary tract in 32 patients (53.3%), leaving ureteral catheter in all patients. 20% of patients (12) required transfusion. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (8.7%). These were: 1 splenic injury requiring splenectomy (1.7%), 1 tear in the vena cava, sutured laparoscopically (1.7%) and 3 cases of bleeding due to bulldog malfunction (5%). Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (18.7%) and these were: 1 wall hematoma that required reoperation (1.7%), 1 urinary fistula ending in renal atrophy and subsequent nephrectomy (1.7%), 3 intracavitary hematomas hich resolved conservatively (5%), 1 arteriovenous fistula that needed embolization (1.7%), 1 urinoma that was resolved with percutaneous drainage (1.7%) and 3 cases of postoperative fever (5%). Margins were positive in 1 patient (1.7%). In 49 cases (81.7%) histology was renal cell carcinoma, in 8 (13.3%) oncocytoma, in 2 (3.3%) angiomyolipoma and 1 (1.7%) metastasis. The average stay was 5 [3-29] days. Median follow up was 31 [12-61] months. There was a local recurrence at 16 months (hiliar primary tumor 2.5 cm) and an ipsilateral adrenal metastasis at 34 months (primary tumor 5.6 cm in left lower pole). Conclusions: In this series of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy low rate of complications, good oncologic results and low recurrence rate in the short term are shown. More patients and further monitoring is required to strengthen the functional and oncological outcomes of this surgical technique (AU)

[Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy]. / Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the surgical and oncologic outcome of prospective experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. We describe the surgical technique and mid term oncological results achieved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 patients were operated with this technique between June 2005 and June 2009. The mean age of patients was 58.9 [38-77] years, being 40 (66.7%) males and 20 (33.3%) women. The average BMI was 26.8 [18-40]. Laterality was 28 (46.7%) tumors rights and 32 (53.3%) left, being located in the upper pole in 14 (23.3%) patients, in the middle third in 13 (21.7%) in the lower pole in 22 (36.7%) and hiliar region in 11 (18.3%). In 23 cases (38.3%) tumors were located in the anterior valve, in 24 (40%) in posterior valve, in 10 (16.7%) at the outer edge and 3 (5%) at the inner edge. The average size tumor on CT was 3.3 [1-6.4] cm and in the surgical specimen 3.1 [1.2-7] cm. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 107.17 [50-185] min, with a warm ischemia time of 33 [0-70] min. In 56 cases (93.3%) had a single artery and 4 (6.7%) cases had 2 arteries. The artery was clamped alone in 15 patients (25%), artery and vein in 44 (73.3%) and no clamping was performed in 1 (1.7%). We repaired the urinary tract in 32 patients (53.3%), leaving ureteral catheter in all patients. 20% of patients (12) required transfusion. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (8.7%). These were: 1 splenic injury requiring splenectomy (1.7%), 1 tear in the vena cava, sutured laparoscopically (1.7%) and 3 cases of bleeding due to bulldog malfunction (5%). Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (18.7%) and these were: 1 wall hematoma that required reoperation (1.7%), 1 urinary fistula ending in renal atrophy and subsequent nephrectomy (1.7%), 3 intracavitary hematomas hich resolved conservatively (5%), 1 arteriovenous fistula that needed embolization (1.7%), 1 urinoma that was resolved with percutaneous drainage (1.7%) and 3 cases of postoperative fever (5%). Margins were positive in 1 patient (1.7%). In 49 cases (81.7%) histology was renal cell carcinoma, in 8 (13.3%) oncocytoma, in 2 (3.3%) angiomyolipoma and 1 (1.7%) metastasis. The average stay was 5 [3-29] days. Median follow up was 31 [12-61] months. There was a local recurrence at 16 months (hiliar primary tumor 2.5 cm) and an ipsilateral adrenal metastasis at 34 months (primary tumor 5.6 cm in left lower pole). CONCLUSIONS: In this series of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy low rate of complications, good oncologic results and low recurrence rate in the short term are shown. More patients and further monitoring is required to strengthen the functional and oncological outcomes of this surgical technique.

Vesiculectomía con prostatectomía parcial laparoscópica en el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma primario de vesícula seminal con transformación carcinomatosa del conducto eyaculador / Vesiculectomy with laparoscopic partial prostatectomy in the treatment of primary adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle with carcinomatous transformation of the ejaculatory duct

Introducción: El adenocarcinoma primario de la vesícula seminal es una condición extremadamente rara. Se han descrito algunos casos en relación con quistes congénitos de la vesícula seminal, que a menudo se asocian también con agenesia o disgenesia renal ipsilateral. La rareza de este tipo de lesiones dificulta la planificación de un planteamiento quirúrgico reglado de las mismas, aunque habitualmente se tratan mediante exéresis simple o exenteración, según el estadio de las mismas al comienzo. Material y métodos: Presentamos una nueva técnica quirúrgica, consistente en vesiculectomía radical asociada a prostatectomía parcial laparoscópica (segmentaria total) de la zona central para tratar con éxito un adenocarcinoma primario de vesícula seminal en un varón joven, al que se le detectó por un estudio de azoospermia. Resultados: El estudio de imagen mediante resonancia magnética (RM) con difusión y la biopsia transrectal de la masa permitió una evaluación preoperatoria minuciosa del caso, confirmando malignidad y la precocidad de la lesión. El abordaje laparoscópico permitió llevar a cabo linfadenectomía pélvica y exéresis transperitoneal, incluyendo la zona central prostática y suturando la cara posterior de la uretra a la altura del ápex prostático. La lesión quística seminal confirmó en su pared un adenocarcinoma de células claras infiltrante, y el segmento prostático de la glándula central un adenocarcinoma no invasivo en la luz del conducto eyaculador con crecimiento in situ. Así, el espécimen quirúrgico permitió la exéresis radical con márgenes negativos, garantizando el carácter de cirugía mínimamente invasiva, con preservación de la continencia y de la erección. Conclusión: Se describe un nuevo abordaje integral para el planteamiento quirúrgico radical del adenocarcinoma primario de vesícula seminal localizado. A pesar de su carácter excepcional, el caso permite llevar a cabo una doble reflexión: a) el estudio de difusión con RM puede sugerir el diagnóstico de malignidad en este tipo de lesiones; y b) el tratamiento quirúrgico radical debe incluir la exéresis de la porción central de la glándula prostática (AU)

Introduction: Primary adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle is an extremely rare condition. Some cases have been described in relation to congenital seminal vesicle cysts, which is often also associated with agenesia or ipsilateral renal disgenesia. The rareness of this type of lesions makes it difficult to plan a regulated surgical approach for them, although they are often treated by simple exeresis or exenteration, depending on their stage at the beginning. Materials and methods: We present a new surgical technique that consists of radical vesiculectomy associated with laparoscopic partial prostatectomy (total segmentary) of the central area to successfully treat primary seminal vesicle adenocarcinoma in a young man who was diagnosed through an azoospermia study. Results: A study of the scan (MRI) with diffusion and the transrectal biopsy of the mass allowed us to make a thorough preoperative evaluation of the case, confirming the malignity and precociousness of the lesion. The laparoscopic approach allowed us to perform a pelvic lymphadenectomy and transperitoneal exeresis, including the central prostate area and suture of the posterior face of the urethra at the height of the apex of the prostate. The wall of the seminal cyst lesion confirmed infiltrating clear cell adenocarcinoma and non-invasive adenocarcinoma in the prostate segment of the central gland in the light of the ejaculatory conduct with ‘‘in situ’’ growth. Thus, the surgical specimen allowed radical exeresis with negative margins, guaranteeing minimally invasive surgery with preservation of continence and erection. Conclusion: We describe a new integral approach for the radical surgery of localized primary adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle. Despite its exceptional nature, the case allowed for a double reflection: a) The study of diffusion with MRI may suggest the diagnosis of malignity in this type of lesions; and b) Radical surgical treatment must include exeresis of the central portion of the prostate gland (AU)

[Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in the male patient: technique]. / Técnica de cistectomía radical laparoscópica y derivación urinaria ortotópica en el varón.

Radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy remains the treatment of choice for muscle invasive bladder cancer and non-metastatic chorion-invasive high grade tumors resistant to treatment with intravesical chemotherapy. During the last decade the procedure has been refined and we have acquired the skills necessary to perform it using the laparoscopic approach. In this way, the oncologic and functional outcomes obtained can be compared to those of its open counterpart. This article describes in detail the technique of radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion in the male patient conducted by our group in an attempt to improve the knowledge and spread of this always difficult procedure.

Técnica de cistectomía radical laparoscópica y derivación urinaria ortotópica en el varón / No disponible

La cistectomía radical asociada a linfadenectomía pélvica ampliada, continúa siendo el tratamiento quirúrgico de elección para el carcinoma de vejiga músculo infiltrante no metastático y para los tumores con infiltración del corion de alto grado resistentes al tratamiento con quimioterapia endovesical. Durante la última década se ha conseguido depurar el procedimiento, y se han adquirido las destrezas necesarias para realizar este procedimiento mediante abordaje laparoscópico. De este modo han conseguido obtenerse resultados oncológicos y funcionales superponibles a su homónimo abierto. El presente artículo describe detalladamente la técnica de cistoprostatectomía radical y derivación urinaria en el paciente varón llevada a cabo por nuestro grupo en un intento por mejorar el conocimiento y la difusión de este siempre difícil procedimiento(AU)

Radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy remains the treatment of choice for muscle invasive bladder cancer and non-metastatic cho-rion-invasive high grade tumors resistant to treatment with intravesical chemotherapy. During the last decade the procedure has been refined and we have acquired the skills necessary to perform it using the laparoscopic approach. In this way, the oncologic and functional outcomes obtained can be compared to those of its open counterpart. This article descri-bes in detail the technique of radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion in the male patient conducted by our group in an attempt to improve the knowledge and spread of this always difficult procedure(AU)

[Vesiculectomy with laparoscopic partial prostatectomy in the treatment of primary adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle with carcinomatous transformation of the ejaculatory duct]. / Vesiculectomía con prostatectomía parcial laparoscópica en el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma primario de vesícula seminal con transformación carcinomatosa del conducto eyaculador.

INTRODUCTION: Primary adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle is an extremely rare condition. Some cases have been described in relation to congenital seminal vesicle cysts, which is often also associated with agenesia or ipsilateral renal disgenesia. The rareness of this type of lesions makes it difficult to plan a regulated surgical approach for them, although they are often treated by simple exeresis or exenteration, depending on their stage at the beginning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a new surgical technique that consists of radical vesiculectomy associated with laparoscopic partial prostatectomy (total segmentary) of the central area to successfully treat primary seminal vesicle adenocarcinoma in a young man who was diagnosed through an azoospermia study. RESULTS: A study of the scan (MRI) with diffusion and the transrectal biopsy of the mass allowed us to make a thorough preoperative evaluation of the case, confirming the malignity and precociousness of the lesion. The laparoscopic approach allowed us to perform a pelvic lymphadenectomy and transperitoneal exeresis, including the central prostate area and suture of the posterior face of the urethra at the height of the apex of the prostate. The wall of the seminal cyst lesion confirmed infiltrating clear cell adenocarcinoma and non-invasive adenocarcinoma in the prostate segment of the central gland in the light of the ejaculatory conduct with "in situ" growth. Thus, the surgical specimen allowed radical exeresis with negative margins, guaranteeing minimally invasive surgery with preservation of continence and erection. CONCLUSION: We describe a new integral approach for the radical surgery of localized primary adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle. Despite its exceptional nature, the case allowed for a double reflection: a) The study of diffusion with MRI may suggest the diagnosis of malignity in this type of lesions; and b) Radical surgical treatment must include exeresis of the central portion of the prostate gland.

[Treatment of distal ureteral stricture by laparoscopic ureterovesical reimplantation]. / Tratamiento de la estenosis de uréter distal mediante reimplantación urétero-vesical laparoscópica.

INTRODUCTION: to analyse the results achieved to treat iliac or pelvic ureteric stricture using laparoscopic reimplantation of the ureter in a psoic bladder. MATERIAL AND METHOD: in a four-year period, we performed laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation in a psoic bladder in 6 patients (right/left 1:1; male/female 1:2; mean age 59.2 years, range 47-87). In 4 cases the lesion was iatrogenic and in 2 cases idiopathic. Ureteral resection with bladder cuff and cystorraphy followed by ipsilateral lymph node dissection was performed in idiopathic cases or those with history of previous urothelial tumour (4 cases in total) before ureteral reimplantation. Bladder was extensively mobilized and fixed to minor psoas tendon before performing ureteroneocystostomy. Mixed intra and extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Politano) was used in a case and in the remaining 5 cases extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Goodwin) was used. Mean follow-up was 26 months (range 18-34). RESULTS: there was no need to convert to open surgery. Time of surgery was 230 minutes in the case treated with Politano ureteroneocystostomy and 120 (range 75-150) in those treated purely extravesically. The mean hospital stay was 3.2 days (range 2-5). There were no intra or postoperative complications. Histologic assessment always revealed ureteral fibrosis and in 2 cases accompanying granulomatous inflammation and dysplasia. No patient suffered re-stricture or impairment in renal function during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation is an effective and safe minimally invasive technique to treat benign distal stricture of the ureter. Simplicity of extravesical reimplantation has an advantage over its intravesical counterpart.

Tratamiento de la estenosis de uréter distal mediante reimplantación urétero-vesical laparoscópica / Treatment of distal ureteral stricture by laparoscopic ureterovesical reimplantation

Introducción: analizar los resultados obtenidos para tratar la estenosis de uréter iliaco-pelviano sin tumor activo mediante reimplantación laparoscópica en vejiga psoica. Material y método: en un período de 4 años hemos practicado reimplantación ureteral laparoscópica en vejiga psoica a 6 pacientes (derecho/izquierdo 1:1; hombre/mujer 1:2; edad media 59,2 años, rango 47-85). En 4 casos la etiología fue iatrogénica y en 2 idiopática. En los pacientes con causa idiopática o antecedentes de tumor urotelial (4 casos en total) se realizó resección ureteral laparoscópica con rodete vesical, cistorrafia y linfadenectomía ipsilateral antes de la reimplantación. Se movilizó ampliamente la vejiga y se fijó al tendón del psoas. La reimplantación se realizó mediante técnica mixta intra-extravesical con túnel submucoso (Politano) en un caso, y mediante técnica extravesical con túnel submucoso (Goodwin) en el resto. El seguimiento medio fue 26 meses (rango 18-34). Resultados: no hubo reconversión a cirugía abierta y la duración fue 230 minutos en el caso de la reimplantación tipo Politano y 120 minutos (rango 75-150) para la reimplantación extravesical. La estancia postoperatoria fue 3,2 días (rango 2-5). No se produjeron complicaciones intra o postoperatorias. El estudio histológico mostró en todos los casos fibrosis ureteral sin signos de malignidad y ausencia de metástasis ganglionares. Ningún paciente ha presentado reestenosis ni deterioro de la función renal durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones: en casos seleccionados la reimplantación ureteral laparoscópica es una técnica mínimamente invasiva, eficaz y segura para el tratamiento de las estenosis ureterales distales sin tumor activo. Por su simplicidad de ejecución es preferible la reimplantación extravesical (AU)

Introduction: to analyse the results achieved to treat iliac or pelvic ureteric stricture using laparoscopic reimplantation of the ureter in a psoic bladder. Material and method: in a four-year period, we performed laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation in a psoic bladder in 6 patients (right/left 1:1; male/female 1:2; mean age 59.2 years, range 47-87). In 4 cases the lesion was iatrogenic and in 2 cases idiopathic. Ureteral resection with bladder cuff and cystorraphy followed by ipsilateral lymph node dissection was performed in idiopathic cases or those with history of previous urothelial tumour (4 cases in total) before ureteral reimplantation. Bladder was extensively mobilized and fixed to minor psoas tendon before performing ureteroneocystostomy. Mixed intra and extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Politano) was used in a case and in the remaining 5 cases extravesical technique with submucosal tunnel (Goodwin) was used. Mean follow-up was 26 months (range 18-34). Results: there was no need to convert to open surgery. Time of surgery was 230minutes in the case treated with Politano ureteroneocystostomy and 120 (range 75-150) in those treated purely extravesically. The mean hospital stay was 3.2 days (range 2-5). There were no intra or postoperative complications. Histologic assessment always revealed ureteral fibrosis and in 2 cases accompanying granulomatous inflammation and dysplasia. No patient suffered re-stricture or impairment in renal function during follow-up. Conclusions: laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation is an effective and safe minimally invasive technique to treat benign distal stricture of the ureter. Simplicity of extravesical reimplantation has an advantage over its intravesical counterpart (AU)

Adenomectomía extraperitoneal laparoscópica: descripción técnica quirúrgica y resultados preliminares / Laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy: surgical technique and preliminar results

Objetivos: Analizamos los resultados preliminares de la adenomectomía laparoscópica y su descripción técnica, para el tratamiento de la HBP, en glándulas con un tamaño superior a 60cc. Material y métodos: Entre enero y abril de 2009 hemos realizado 10 adenomectomías laparoscópicas. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo y analizamos los resultados obtenidos en el postoperatorio inmediato. El análisis estadístico descriptivo se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 17. Se describe paso a paso la técnica quirúrgica utilizada. Resultados: No hubo conversión a cirugía abierta en ninguno de los casos, tampoco hubo complicaciones peri-postoperatorias de carácter grave. Ningún paciente requirió transfusión sanguínea. La mediana de la duración de la cirugía fue de 112,5min (80–135). La mediana de estancia hospitalaria fue de 3,5 días (2–5) y el tiempo con sonda vesical de 7 días (3–21). El peso medio del tejido enucleado fue de 62 gramos (40–93). El Qmax postoperatorio fue de 18,8ml/seg y la puntuación media del cuestionario IPSS de 5. Conclusiones: La adenomectomía laparoscópica es una técnica con baja morbilidad y reproducible en centros con experiencia laparoscópica. Serán necesarios estudios prospectivos comparativos con cirugía abierta, para elegir la mejor técnica para nuestros pacientes (AU)

Objective: We analyze the laparascopic adenomectomy preliminar results and describe the surgical technique, for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), for glands greater than 60cc. Materials and methods: From January to April 2009 we have performed 10 laparoscopic adenomectomies. We performed a descriptive and retrospective study and early postoperative results were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using IPSS 17.0. The surgical technique is described step by step. Results: Conversion to open surgery was not required, and none of the patients had serious peri-operative and post-operative complications. None of the ten patients required blood transfusions. Median operating time was 112,5min (80–135). Median hospital stay was 3,5 days (2–5) and median catheterization period was 7 days (3–21). The median prostate enucleated weight was 62gr. (40–93). The median postoperative Qmax was 18,8ml/seg and the median score of IPSS was 5. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a low rate morbidity technique and reproducible in centers with laparoscopic skills. Prospective and comparative studies with open surgery will be necessaries to choose the best technique for our patients (AU)

[Laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy: surgical technique and preliminary results]. / Adenomectomía extraperitoneal laparoscópica: descripción técnica quirúrgica y resultados preliminares.

OBJECTIVE: We analyze the laparascopic adenomectomy preliminary results and describe the surgical technique, for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), for glands greater than 60cc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to April 2009 we have performed 10 laparoscopic adenomectomies. We performed a descriptive and retrospective study and early postoperative results were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using IPSS 17.0. The surgical technique is described step by step. RESULTS: Conversion to open surgery was not required, and none of the patients had serious peri-operative and post-operative complications. None of the ten patients required blood transfusions. Median operating time was 112,5min (80-135). Median hospital stay was 3,5 days (2-5) and median catheterization period was 7 days (3-21). The median prostate enucleated weight was 62gr. (40-93). The median postoperative Qmax was 18,8ml/seg and the median score of IPSS was 5. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a low rate morbidity technique and reproducible in centers with laparoscopic skills. Prospective and comparative studies with open surgery will be necessary to choose the best technique for our patients.

Prostatectomía radical asistida por ROBOT (Da Vinci®). Un año de experiencia en el Hospital Clínico San Carlos / Da Vinci® robot assisted radical prostatectomy: one year experience at the Hospital Clínico San Carlos

Objetivo: El Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, es el primer centro público español en disfrutar de la última tecnología en cuanto a cirugía se refiere: el robot Da Vinci®. La primera intervención fue llevada a cabo en nuestro servicio el nueve de octubre de 2006. Desde entonces, se han producido numerosos cambios que nos han permitido ir superando dificultades, hasta superar la curva de aprendizaje. Métodos: Durante el período comprendido entre el 9 de octubre de 2006 y el 30 de noviembre de 2007 hemos realizado 30 prostatectomías radicales con el robot Da Vinci®. La edad media de los pacientes es de 63 años (47-70 años) con riesgo quirúrgico según la Asociación Americana de Anestesia siempre inferior a III, un grado de Gleason entre 2 y 8 y PSA≤15 (3,5-15). El volumen prostático medio valorado por ecografía transrectal fue de 36cc (16-90cc). Resultados/Conclusiones: Se utilizaron 6 trócares y un neuoperitoneo de 15mmHg. La duración media del tiempo de ocupación de quirófano fue de 5,9 horas (4-14horas). Dos casos fueron reconvertidos a cirugía abierta y uno a laparoscopia. No se han producido complicaciones intraoperatorias severas. En el postoperatorio inmediato 2 pacientes presentaron plexopatía y artralgia, 1 infección de uno de los trócares y 2 hematomas por colocación del trócar. 16 pacientes requirieron transfusión (media 1 concentrado (0-4)). La sonda se retiró entre el 5º y 21º días (media 11 días). En lo referente a incontinencia: 10 presentan una continencia completa o incontinencia leve (0-1 absorbentes) y 5 incontinenciamoderada (2-5 absorbentes). La potencia sexual se mantiene en 3 pacientes y en el resto existen diferentes grados de disfunción (AU)

Objectives: Hospital Clínico San Carlos in Madrid is the first Spanish public centre using the latest surgical technology: the Da Vinci® robot. First operation was carried out in our department in October 9th 2006. Since then, numerous changes have happened which enabled us to overcome difficulties, to complete the learning curve. Methods: Between October 9th 2006 and November30th 2007 we performed 30 radical prostatectomies with the Da Vinci® robot. Mean patient age was 63 years (47-70 years) with an ASA (American society of anesthesia) risk below III in all cases, a Gleason score between 2 and 8 and a PSA ≤ 15 (3.5-15). Mean prostatic volume measured by transrectal ultrasound was 36 cc (16-90 cc). Results/Conclusions: Six trocars and a 15 mm Hg pneumoperitoneum were employed. Mean operative room occupation time was 5.9 hours (4-14 hours). Two cases were converted to open surgery and one to laparoscopy. No major intraoperative complications have happened. In the immediate post-operative period,2 patients presented plexopathy and arthralgia, 1 infection at the site of one trocar, and 2 haematomas at the site of trocar insertion. Sixteen patients required transfusion (mean 1 red blood cells unit (0-4)). Bladder catheter was retrieved between 5th and 21st post-operative days (mean 11 days). Regarding continence: 10 patients were completely continent or present mild incontinence (0-1 pad) and 5 had moderate incontinence (2-5 pads). Three patients preserve sexual potency, the rest show different grades of dysfunction (AU)

Resultados iniciales con bioglue en la prevención de fístulas urinarias en cirugía renal conservadora laparoscópica / Preventing urinary fistulas in laparoscopic renal conservative parenchima surgery with purified bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde (Bioglue(R)). Initial outcomes

Introducción: La aparición de una fístula urinaria constituye una complicación de la cirugía renal conservadora de parénquima (CRCP), sobre todo en tumores de localización central o hiliar y en aquellos mayores de 4 cm de diámetro. Presentamos nuestra experiencia inicial en su prevención utilizando Bio Glue tras la realización de CRCP laparoscópica en las que se produce apertura de la vía urinaria. Pacientes y métodos: Entre septiembre de 2005 y febrero de 2006 se han realizado 5 CRC laparoscópicas en las que ha sido necesario proceder a la apertura de la vía urinaria. En todos los casos se realizó cateterismo ureteral previo. Mediante abordaje laparoscópico transperitoneal se realizó clampaje arterial selectivo, tumorectomía o heminefrectomía, sutura de la vía urinaria comprobando estanqueidad, aproximación de los bordes de la incisión renal y recubrimiento de la misma con adhesivo tisular compuesto por glutaraldehido y albúmina (BioGlue). El seguimiento medio fue de 8,2 meses (rango 6-12 meses). Resultados: La duración media de la cirugía fue de 138 minutos (rango 105-180), con un tiempo medio de isquemia de 45 minutos (rango 35-60). El catéter ureteral se retiró en todos los casos entre las 24 y 48 horas postoperatorias. La estancia media fue de 3,8 días (rango 3-5). Como complicaciones se produjo un defecto del clampaje arterial por el torniquete de Rummel que requirió transfusión intraoperatoria y una fístula arterio-calicial al décimo día postoperatorio que requirió reingreso y embolización selectiva. No se produjeron fístulas urinarias ni urinomas. En la TAC al mes de la cirugía se apreció en un caso una fístula urinaria contenida por el Bio-glue. Dicha fístula había desaparecido en el control a los 3 meses de la cirugía. Conclusiones: En la CRCP laparoscópica de masas que interesen la vía renal, la realización de un cateterismo ureteral previo, la sutura de la vía por separado junto con la aplicación de Bio Glue permite reducir la posibilidad de una fístula urinaria (AU)

Introduction: Urinary fistulas remain an important conservative renal parenchyma surgery (CRPS) complication, especially in central or hiliar tumours and bigger than 4 cm. Herein we present our initial experience preventing fistulae with bioglue(R) (Criolife Inc GA, USA) on laparoscopic CRPS in which urinary tract was opened. Patients and methods: We performed 5 laparoscopic CRPS between September 2005 and February 2006 in which urinary tract was necessarily opened. Previous uretheral catheter, transperitoneal approach, selective arterial control, tumorectomy or heminephrectomy, suturing urinary tract and renal parenchyma and bioglue(R) administration was performed. Results: Median follow up time was 8.2 months (6-12 months). Median surgery time was 138 minutes (105-180 minutes) with a median ischemia time of 45 minutes (35-60). Uretheral catheter was removed before second post-op day in all cases. Average discharged day was 3.8 (3-5 days). One patient required intraoperative transfusion due to breaking Rummel tourniquet and one arterio- calyceal fistula on tenth day pos-op that required selective embolization remained the worst complication. Neither urinary fistulas nor urinomas were reported. Conclusions: Uretheral cathetesim, suturing urinary tract and parenchyma in an independent fashion and applying some kind of surgical adhesive such as bioglue(R) seems to reduce the urinary fistulae risk in laparoscopic CRPS (AU)