Postactivation performance enhancement in the vertical jump using loads above or below the optimum-power load for a jump squat.

BACKGROUND: Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an acute response of increased muscle performance following a conditioning activity (CA), generally prescribed based on the percentage of a one-repetition maximum. However, it is unknown how the PAPE response is affected when the CA is performed near the optimum power zone. The purpose of this study was to examine PAPE using loads that were 20% above or below the optimum-power load (OPL). METHODS: Fifteen recreationally trained subjects, with at least one-year resistance training experience participated in this study. First, the OPL for the JS was determined. Then, subjects performed two protocols in a counterbalanced order: 20% above (+20%OPL) or below (-20%OPL). To examine PAPE on performance, the vertical jump was performed prior to and seven times following each jump squat protocol, with a 2-min rest interval between trials. RESULTS: The two-way ANOVA revealed main effects for condition (F=4.978; P<0.001) for jump height and jump power (F=2.589; P=0.017), but post-hoc comparisons did not show differences. Between baseline and the best trial following each jump squat protocol, two-way ANOVA did not reveal main effects (F=3.048; P=0.103) or interactions (F=0.304; P=0.590). Paired t-tests did not show significant differences between conditions for relative changes in jump height (P=0.543) or jump power (P=0.233). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed similar results between 20% above or below the OPL on subsequent vertical jump performance.

Association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A total of 75 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome participated in this study. Muscle strength was assessed via a hydraulic grip strength dynamometer; physical fitness tests included a timed-up-and-go, arm curl test, and 30-s chair stand. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance, from which estimates of fat mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and visceral fat area were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured via blood sample analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using handgrip strength as the dependent variable and using body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers as independent variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that 52% of the total sample were classified as obese, 37.3% as overweight, and only 10.7% as normal weight. Significant correlations were present between handgrip strength and fat-free mass (p=0.002; R=0.590), mean blood pressure (p=0.002; R=0.450), and arm curl (p=0.001; R=0.795). CONCLUSION: This study showed that handgrip strength was predictive of fat-free mass, blood pressure, and upper limb strength performance.

Association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A total of 75 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome participated in this study. Muscle strength was assessed via a hydraulic grip strength dynamometer; physical fitness tests included a timed-up-and-go, arm curl test, and 30-s chair stand. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance, from which estimates of fat mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and visceral fat area were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured via blood sample analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using handgrip strength as the dependent variable and using body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers as independent variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that 52% of the total sample were classified as obese, 37.3% as overweight, and only 10.7% as normal weight. Significant correlations were present between handgrip strength and fat-free mass (p=0.002; R=0.590), mean blood pressure (p=0.002; R=0.450), and arm curl (p=0.001; R=0.795). CONCLUSION: This study showed that handgrip strength was predictive of fat-free mass, blood pressure, and upper limb strength performance.

The effect of self myofascial release and static stretching on the antagonist muscles before agonist performance / Efecto de la autoliberación miofascial y el estiramiento estático previos de la musculatura antagonista en el rendimento de la musculatura agonista / Efeito da auto-liberação miofascial e alongamento estático no músculo antagonista antes do desempenho agonista

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare differences in volume load, total repetition performed and rating of perceived exertion between static stretching and self-myofascial release on antagonist muscles.Methods: Eighteen recreationally trained men (23.4 ± 3.3 years; 80.7 ± 11.1 kg; 1.76 ± 0.06 cm) performed 10 repetitions maximum test and retest in the leg extension exercise on the first two visits. Then, three experimental sessions were conducted in a random order, in which two consisted of self-myofascial release and static stretching on hamstrings, and the other was used as a control.Results: Significant higher repetitions were performed in the third set of static stretching when compared to control protocol. Additionally, significant reductions in total repetitions performed were observed only in the control session. No significant differences were noticed in the volume load of leg extension and rating of perceived exertion between protocols.Conclusion: Self-myofascial release and static stretching performed before a session in the antagonist muscles can maintain repetitions performance by optimizing recovery between sets and reducing fatigue of agonist muscle. (AU)

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las diferencias entre el volumen de la carga, el número total de repeticiones y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo, de la musculatura agonista, tras estiramiento estático y liberación miofascial de los músculos antagonistas.Método: Dieciocho hombres entrenados recreativamente (23.4 ± 3.3 años; 80.7 ± 11.1 kg; 1.76 ± 0.06 cm) realizaron un test retest de 10 repeticiones máximas de extensión de rodilla en las dos primeras visitas. A continuación, se llevaron a cabo tres series en orden aleatorio que consistieron dos en autoliberación miofascial y estiramiento estático de los isquiosurales, y la otra se usó como control.Resultados: En la tercera serie se obtuvo un mayor número de repeticiones tras estiramientos estáticos en comparación con el control. Además, se encontraron reducciones significativas en las repeticiones solo en la serie control. Entre los protocolos, no hubo diferencias en el volumen de rendimiento y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo.Conclusión: La liberación miofascial y el estiramiento estático de los músculos antagonistas, realizados antes de la sesión pueden mantener el rendimento en repeticiones a lo largo de las series, al optimizar la recuperación entre series y reducir la fatiga del músculo agonista. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar diferenças no volume de treinamento, repetições totais e percepção subjetiva de esforço entre alongamento estático e auto-liberação miofascial nos músculos antagonistas.Método: Dezoito homens recreacionalmente treinados (23.4 ± 3.3 anos; 80.7 ± 11,1 kg; 1.76 ± 0.06 cm) realizaram teste e reteste de 10 repetições máximas na cadeira extensora nas primeiras duas visitas. Em seguida, foram realizadas três sessões de ordem aleatória, onde duas consistiram de auto-liberação miofascial e alongamento estático, e outra foi usada como controle.Resultados: A terceira série apresentou maior número de repetições no alongamento estático em comparação ao controle. Além disso, foram verificadas reduções significativas de repetições somente no controle. Entre protocolos, não foram verificadas diferenças no volume de treinamento e percepção subjetiva de esforço.Conclusão: Auto-liberação miofascial e alongamento estático realizados nos músculos antagonistas antes de uma sessão podem manter o desempenho de repetições ao longo das séries a partir de uma recuperação entre séries e redução da fadiga nos músculos agonistas. (AU)

The Effect of Set Configuration and Load on Post-Activation Potentiation on Vertical Jump in Athletes.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of post-activation potentiation (PAP) on countermovement jump (CMJ) using different set configurations and loads on conditioning activity (CA) in highly trained athletes. Sixteen national level swimmers participated in this study and performed a total of six visits to the laboratory. The first session was used for familiarization, the second session was utilized to determine five repetitions maximum (RM) in the half squat (HS), and the following four visits consisted of four CA protocols performed in a counterbalanced order. Two CAs were performed as traditional sets (TS) with sequential repetition, with different load, which involved one set of five repetitions at 100% (TS100) or 65% of 5 RM load (TS65). Additionally, two CAs included one set of five repetitions with intraset rests, 30 second inter-repetition rest (IRR), with both relative loads (IRR100 and IRR65). Countermovement jump height was measured at baseline, immediately after the CA, and every two-minutes until twelve-minutes. Significantly faster peak and mean barbell velocity was observed for the CAs with lower relative loads (p < 0.05). When evaluating the best result at individual time point of CMJ height after the CA, TS100 improved CMJ performance (ES = 0.38, p = 0.028, Δ% = 4.8 ± 7.3). Thus, set configuration using IRR does not promote PAP in the current study and TS with a high-load should be adopted for an acute improvement in CMJ for highly trained athletes.

Limited cardiopulmonary capacity in patients with liver cirrhosis when compared to healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVES: The present study compared cardiorespiratory capacity between cirrhotic patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Nineteen cirrhotic patients and 19 healthy subjects, paired by age and gender, participated in the study. Volunteers performed an incremental cardiopulmonary test with a ramp protocol, a ventilatory and metabolic variables were obtained and analyzed. The recovery was analyzed by calculating the time needed for 50% of oxygen consumption (VO2) recovery to occur as the median between the peak of the exercise and the end of recovery on the VO2 curve (T1/2). The VE/VCO2 slope were performed by the linear regression of ventilation (VE) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) data. RESULTS: During resting condition, cirrhotic patients presented significantly higher levels of VO2 compared to healthy subjects. The VE/ VO2 and VE/ VCO2 values were significantly higher in the control group at the anaerobic threshold and at the peak of the test compared to cirrhotic patients. Time under effort was significantly higher for healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that liver cirrhosis can compromise the patients' quality of life, mainly by inducing metabolic alterations which can impair functional capacity and lead to a sedentary lifestyle.

Postactivation potentiation improves jumps performance in children ages 6 to 8 years old / La potenciación postactivación mejora el rendimiento de saltos en niños de 6 a 8 años

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of postactivation potentiation (PAP) in vertical andhorizontal jump performance in pre-pubertal children.Material and method: One hundred and nineteen children (65 girls and 54 boys; 6.8 ± 0.7 years old; 124.5 ± 6.4 cm; 25.2 ±5.1 kg) participated in this study. This was a transversal cross-sectional study which incorporated a within-subjects repeated-measures design, where participants completed all protocols. The experimental procedure required four total testing, separatedby one week, using a counterbalanced. This study investigated jumping performance associated with weighted jumps, low-load vertical jumps, and horizontal jumps. During two sessions the participants performed vertical jumps with and withoutPAP, the other two sessions the same procedures were performed for horizontal jumps. The PAP protocol consisted of oneset of five weighted countermovement jumps with low-load (10% of body mass) and a rest interval of four minutes prior tothe jump tests. Paired t-tests were used between conditions (PAP and control) in the vertical jump and horizontal jump test.In addition, Cohen’s d effect size and 95% confidence interval was used.Results: Significant jump height was observed in the vertical jump in the PAP condition compared to the control condition(p = 0.007). Similar results were observed for the horizontal jump tests, with significant longer distance observed in the PAPcondition (p = 0.036).Conclusions: Pre-pubertal children can benefit from the effects of PAP in vertical and horizontal jumping performance whenpreceded by low-load ballistic movements. A protocol implementing low-loads, determined by a relative percentage of bodymass is effective to promote PAP for young children.(AU)

Introducción: El objetivo del presente artículo fue investigar los efectos de la potenciación postactivación (PAP) en el rendi-miento del salto vertical y horizontal en niños prepuberal.Material y método: Ciento diecinueve niños (65 niñas y 54 niños; 6,8 ± 0,7 años; 124,5 ± 6,4 cm; 25,2 ± 5,1 kg) participaronen este artículo. Este fue un estudio transversal que incorporó un diseño de medidas repetidas dentro de los sujetos, dondelos participantes completaron todos los protocolos. El procedimiento experimental requirió cuatro pruebas totales, separadaspor una semana, utilizando orden aleatorio. Este estudio analizó el rendimiento de salto asociado con saltos ponderados, saltosverticales de baja carga y saltos horizontales. Durante dos sesiones, los participantes realizaron saltos verticales con y sin PAP,en las otras dos sesiones se realizaron los mismos procedimientos para saltos horizontales. El protocolo PAP consistió en unconjunto de cinco saltos de contra movimiento ponderados con baja carga (10% de la masa corporal) y un intervalo de des-canso de cuatro minutos antes de las pruebas de salto. Se utilizaron pruebas t pareadas entre condiciones (PAP y control) en laprueba de salto vertical y salto horizontal. Además, se utilizó el tamaño del efecto de Cohen y el intervalo de confianza del 95%.Resultados: Se observó una altura de salto significativa en el salto vertical en la condición PAP en comparación con lacondición de control (p = 0,007). Se observaron resultados similares para las pruebas de salto horizontal, con una distanciasignificativamente mayor observada en la condición PAP (p = 0,036).Conclusiones: Los niños prepuberales pueden beneficiarse de los efectos de la PAP en el rendimiento de salto vertical yhorizontal cuando están precedidos por movimientos balísticos de baja carga. Un protocolo que implementa cargas bajas,determinado por un porcentaje relativo de la masa corporal, es efectivo para promover la PAP en niños pequeños.(AU)

Efeitos de diferentes protocolos de pré-ativação antagonista contralateral sobre o desempenho de repetições múltiplas / Effects of diferent protocols of pre-activation antagonist contralateral on the performance of multiple repetitions

: A educação cruzada corresponde a uma adaptação neural em que ocorre melhoria de desempenho do membro não treinado após um período de prática unilateral do membro contralateral. A co-ativação da musculatura antagonista também corresponde a um fenômeno neural que pode limitar a produção de força e estratégias de como a pré-ativação procuram melhorar o desempenho. A combinação de ambos pode resultar em aumento de desempenho n o treinamento de força. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de pré-ativação antagonista contralateral sobre o desempenho de repetições múltiplas. Quinze mulheres treinadas realizaram a pré-ativação da musculatura antagonista contralateral de forma unilateral em quatro protocolos distintos: no protocolo preferido e não preferido flexor-extensor era realizado a CF do membro preferido ou não e em seguida a CE do membro contralateral. No protocolo p referido e não preferido extensor-flexor era realizado a CE do membro preferido ou não preferido e em seguida a CF do membro contralateral. Eram realizadas t rês séries usando cargas máximas de dez repetições com intervalo de dois minutos. Em relação à CE, verificou-se volume de treinamento (VTT) significativamente maior no protocolo flexor-extensor (23,5s). Quanto a CF, verificou-se resultado significativamente maior no protocolo extensor-flexor (10,6%; 22,2%). Em relação ao TST, foi significativamente maior no protocolo extensor-flexor para ambos os membros (23,2s.; 23,9s.). Não houve diferença significativa para percepção subjetiva de esforço. A pré-ativação antagonista contralateral permitiu um aumento no VTT e no TST em ambos os protocolos na CE e CF sendo um a possível alternativa para tal objetivo....(AU)

: The cross education corresponds a neural adaptation in which the performance improvement of the utrained limb o ccurs aft er a period of unilateral practice by the contralateral limb. The co-activation of the antagonistic also corresponds a neural phenomenon t hat can limit the muscle strength and strategies like as pre-activation seek to improve performance. The combination of both can result in increased resistance training performance. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of diferente protoco ls o s p re- activation antago nist contralateral on the performance of repetitions. Fifteen trained women performed pre-activation of thecontralateral antagonist musculature unilateral in four diferente protocols: in the preferred and not preferred flexor-extensor protocol, the LC of the preferred or non-preferred lim was performed and then the LE of the contralaterals limb. In the preferred and not preferred extensor-flexor protocol, the LE of preferredor non-preferred limb was performed and then the LC of the contralateral limb. Three sets were performed usin g m ax imum lo ads of tem repetitions with and interval of two minutes. In the LE, there was a significantly higher training v o lume (VTT) in th e flex or -extensor protocol (14,9%; 16,9%). About time under tension (TST), LE a significant increase in TST was identified in the non-preferred m em ber of the flexor extensor protocol (23,5s.). As for LG, there was a significantly higher result in the extensor-flexor protocol (10,6%; 2 2,2%). In relation to TST, it was significantly higher in the extensor-flexor protocol for both members (23,2s; 2 3,9s). There was no significant difference for subjective perception of effort. The controlateral antagonista pre-activation provided na increase in the VTT and the TST in both protocols in LE and LC, being a possible alternative for this objective....(AU)

Limited cardiopulmonary capacity in patients with liver cirrhosis when compared to healthy subjects

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: The present study compared cardiorespiratory capacity between cirrhotic patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Nineteen cirrhotic patients and 19 healthy subjects, paired by age and gender, participated in the study. Volunteers performed an incremental cardiopulmonary test with a ramp protocol, a ventilatory and metabolic variables were obtained and analyzed. The recovery was analyzed by calculating the time needed for 50% of oxygen consumption (VO2) recovery to occur as the median between the peak of the exercise and the end of recovery on the VO2 curve (T1/2). The VE/VCO2 slope were performed by the linear regression of ventilation (VE) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) data. RESULTS: During resting condition, cirrhotic patients presented significantly higher levels of VO2 compared to healthy subjects. The VE/ VO2 and VE/ VCO2 values were significantly higher in the control group at the anaerobic threshold and at the peak of the test compared to cirrhotic patients. Time under effort was significantly higher for healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that liver cirrhosis can compromise the patients' quality of life, mainly by inducing metabolic alterations which can impair functional capacity and lead to a sedentary lifestyle.

Ventilatory and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Responses Similarly Determine Anaerobic Threshold in Patients With Heart Failure.

PURPOSE: The present study compared the level of agreement of anaerobic threshold (AT) between ventilatory and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and healthy subjects. METHODS: Patients with CHF (n = 9) and a control group (CG; n = 14) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer until physical exhaustion. Determination of AT was performed visually by (1) ventilatory-expired gas analysis curves and (2) oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) curves assessed by NIRS. RESULTS: The CHF group presented significantly lower oxygen consumption (O2), heart rate, and workload at AT when compared with the CG measured by NIRS (P < .05). However, the effect size, measured by the Cohen d, revealed large magnitude (>0.80) in both techniques when compared between CHF patients and the CG. In addition, ventilatory and NIRS techniques demonstrated significant and very strong/strong correlations for relative O2 (r = 0.91) and heart rate (r = 0.85) in the detection of AT in the CHF group. CONCLUSION: Both ventilatory and NIRS assessments are correlated and there are no differences in the responses between CHF patients and healthy subjects in the determination of AT. These findings indicate both approaches may have utility in the assessment of submaximal exercise performance in patients with CHF.

Cardiovascular Acute Effects of Traditional vs. Paired Set Resistance Training in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis.

Purpose: This study compared the acute effects of two different resistance training methods on heart rate variability, blood pressure, and rating of perceived exertion in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: Ten patients with Child-Pugh A (seven women and three men) participated in two experimental sessions, in random order: The traditional set condition consisted of three sets of six exercises performed in a sequential manner, while the paired set condition consisted of alternating sets between two exercises (three pairs of exercises). Ten repetitions were performed for each set with 70% of a 10 repetition maximum load and with 2 min rest between sets. Blood pressure and heart rate variability were assessed pre-workout and for 60 min post-workout. The rating of perceived exertion was assessed at the end of the third set for each exercise. Results: Significant alterations in heart rate variability were observed when considering the lowest value obtained during recovery, in which the SDNN was reduced in both the traditional set and paired set conditions, as well as the root mean square of standard deviation for the traditional set condition (p < .05). Additionally, for the paired set condition, there was a significant reduction in the HFnu band and a significant increase in the LFnu band (p < .05). Effect size showed reductions in diastolic and mean blood pressure until 30 min in a small magnitude for traditional sets. Conclusion: Similar cardiovascular responses were observed between methods eliciting normal physiological responses within safe limits for patients with liver cirrhosis.

Volume load and efficiency with different strength training methods / Carga de volumen y eficiencia con diferentes métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza

This study compared differences in volume load (VL), efficiency and rating of perceived (RPE) exertion between four different workout methods. Twelve trained men selected by convenience (28.1 ± 4.8 years, 1.72 ± 0.6 cm, 72.2 ± 5.5 kg, 24.4 ± 1.4 body mass index) with at least three years’ strength training experience performed the following exercises: biceps curl with a barbell (BC), triceps press using a pulley with a straight bar (TP), seated leg curl (LC), and seated leg extension (LE). Four different workout formats were performed, in a counterbalanced entrance: the traditional method (TM) - three successive sets of each exercise; the paired agonist-antagonist paired set method (APS) - three sets of each exercise alternating between agonist/antagonist muscles (BC/TP and LC/LE); the paired alternating limb method (PAL) - three sets of each exercise in an upper limb/lower limb interaction (BC/LC and TP/LE); and the circuit method (CM) - one set of each exercise repeated three times (BC, TP, LC, LE). The load was held constant at an absolute 15 repetition maximum previous tested, and with one-minute rest intervals between sets and exercises, characterized as an endurance training. Volume load (set x repetition x load), efficiency (VL/workout time) and RPE were recorded. Significantly higher VL and efficiency were observed for the CM versus the TM and APS (p < 0.05). The CM was not significantly different versus the PAL. The CM resulted in the best performance when compared to the other methods and can be a good alternative to improve workout volume and efficiency

Este estudio comparó las diferencias en la carga de volumen (CV ), la eficiencia y la calificación del esfuerzo percibido (CEP) entre cuatro métodos de entrenamiento diferentes. Doce hombres entrenados, seleccionados por conveniencia (28,1 ± 4,8 años, 1,72 ± 0,6 cm, 72,2 ± 5,5 kg, índice de masa corporal 24,4 ± 1,4) con al menos tres años de experiencia en entrenamiento de fuerza realizaron los siguientes ejercicios: bíceps con barra recta (BC), tríceps presione usando una polea (TP), flexión de rodillas sentado (FR) y una extensión de pierna sentada (EX). Estos ejercicios se realizaron en cuatro formatos de entrena-miento diferentes, en una entrada contrapesada: el método tradicional (MT ): tres series sucesivas de cada ejercicio; el método emparejado de conjunto agonista-antagonista emparejado (AA): tres conjuntos de cada ejercicio alternando entre músculos agonistas/antagonistas (BC/TP y FR/EX); el método de miembro alterno emparejado (AE): tres series de cada ejercicio en una interacción miembro superior / miembro inferior (BC/FR y TP/EX); y el método del circuito (MC): un juego de cada ejercicio repetido tres veces como un circuito (BC, TP, FR, EX). En todos los formatos de trabajo, la carga se estableció en un absoluto 15 repeticiones máximas antes de la prueba, y con un minuto de intervalo entre los sets y los ejercicios, como un entrenamiento de resistencia. Se registró la CV (series x repetición x carga), la eficiencia (CV/tiempo de entrenamiento) y la CEP. Se observó una CV y una eficacia significativamente mayores para el MC frente a MT y AA (p <0,05). El MC no fue significativamente diferente frente al AE. El MC resultó en el mejor rendimiento en comparación con los otros métodos y puede ser una buena alternativa para mejorar el volumen y la eficiencia del entrenamiento

Effect of Different Circuit Training on Cardiovascular Responses in Cirrhotic Patients.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) responses during and after circuit resistance training with 1 min. (CIR1) vs. 2 min. (CIR2) rest intervals between exercises in liver cirrhosis patients. 10 patients (7 women, 3 men) participated in 2 experimental sessions (CIR1 and CIR2) in random order. Each experimental session consisted of 6 exercises performed for 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 70% of the 10-RM load. The only difference between experimental sessions was taking either 1 min. (CIR1) or 2 min. (CIR2) of rest between exercises. Prior and during each session, BP, HR and HRV (beat-to-beat intervals) were assessed. Training efficiency were significant higher for CIR1 when compared to CIR2, since same total training volume was performed in less time. Both protocols elicited significant changes in HR, SBP, and SampEn. Based on the ∆HR and ∆IRR between protocols, higher cardiovascular stress was observed for CIR1 vs. CIR2. However, the patients presented a similar recovery pattern between experimental sessions, and did not present significant alterations in the HRV at 60 min post-workout. In summary, the fast adjustment of autonomic modulation in HRV and BP suggests that circuit resistance training with 1-min or 2-min rest intervals between exercises elicits typical cardiovascular responses in liver cirrhosis patients.

Análise comparativa de fórmulas preditivas de avaliação da capacidade funcional com o teste cardiopulmonar de jogadoras de futebol profissional / Análisis comparativo de fórmulas predictivas de evaluación de la capacidad funcional con la prueba cardiopulmonar de jugadoras de fútbol profesional / Comparative analysis of predictive formulas for the evaluation of functional capacity with cardiopulmonary test in professional female soccer players

RESUMO Comparar a validade de duas fórmulas de predição do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) com os valores obtidos no teste cardiopulmonar (TCP) em esteira ergométrica de jogadoras de futebol profissional. Dezoito jogadoras de futebol profissional foram submetidas ao TCP em esteira em um protocolo de carga incremental. Na sequência, foi determinado o VO2 da potência do limiar anaeróbio ventilatório (LAV) e no pico do exercício físico. Posteriormente, as fórmulas de predição de VO2 - i) VO2 = (0,2 x velocidade) + (0,9 x velocidade x inclinação) + 3,5 - velocidade em mph e inclinação %); e ii) MET (equivalente metabólica) = 6xHRI-5, onde HRI = frequência cardíaca máxima/frequência cardíaca de repouso - foram aplicadas nas mesmas potências para comparação. Para a primeira fórmula foi observado que tanto no LAV como no pico do TCP, os dados obtidos ficaram abaixo do previsto, sugerindo que a fórmula superestima o VO2 e, consequentemente, a capacidade e a potência aeróbicas. Na segunda fórmula foi observado que os valores ficaram abaixo do obtido, sugerindo que a fórmula subestimou o VO2 e, consequentemente a potência aeróbica, e mais uma vez a capacidade funcional. Diante disso, as fórmulas de predição não mostraram similaridade na determinação da capacidade funcional (CF) de jogadoras de futebol profissional, sugerindo não serem recomendadas para essa população.

RESUMEN Comparar la validez de dos fórmulas para predecir el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) con los valores obtenidos en la prueba cardiopulmonar (PCP) en una cinta de correr de jugadoras de fútbol profesionales. Dieciocho jugadoras de fútbol profesional se sometieron al PCP en cinta de correr en un protocolo de carga incremental. En la secuencia, se determinó el VO2 de la potencia del Umbral Anaeróbico Ventilatorio (UAV) y en el pico del ejercicio físico. Posteriormente, las fórmulas de predicción de VO2 -i) VO2 = (0,2 × velocidad) + (0,9 × velocidad × inclinación) + 3,5 − velocidad en mph e inclinación %); y ii) MET (equivalente metabólico) = 6xHRI−5, donde HRI = frecuencia cardiaca máxima/frecuencia cardíaca de reposo- se aplicaron en las mismas potencias para comparación. Para la primera fórmula se observó que tanto en la UAV como en el pico del PCP, los datos obtenidos quedaron por debajo de lo previsto, sugiriendo que la fórmula sobrestima el VO2 y, consecuentemente, la capacidad y la potencia aeróbica. En la segunda fórmula se observó que los valores quedaron por debajo de lo obtenido, sugiriendo que la fórmula subestimó el VO2 y, consecuentemente, la potencia aeróbica, y una vez más la capacidad funcional. Por lo tanto, las fórmulas de predicción no mostraron semejanza en la determinación de la capacidad funcional (CF) de las jugadoras de fútbol profesional, sugiriendo que no son recomendadas para esa población.

ABSTRACT To compare the validity of two oxygen consumption (VO2) prediction formulas with the values obtained through cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPT) in a treadmill with professional female soccer players. Eighteen professional female soccer players performed CPT in a treadmill with an incremental protocol. The VO2 of the gas exchange threshold (GET) was determined, as well as at peak exercise. After that, the following formula of VO2prediction i) VO2 = (0.2 x velocity) + (0.9 x velocity x incline) + 3.5 - velocity, in mph and %incline); and ii) MET (metabolic equivalent) = 6xHRI-5, where HRI = maximum heart rate/resting heart rate, were applied in the same power for comparison. In the first formula, the values obtained in GET and at peak exercise were below the estimated, indicating that the formula overestimated VO2 and, consequently, aerobic capacity and power. In the second formula, the values were below the estimated, indicating that the formula also underestimated VO2 and, consequently, aerobic capacity and power. Given these results, the prediction formulas do not present similarity in determining the functional capacity (FC) of professional female soccer players, indicating they are not suitable for this population.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarker responses after a moderate-intensity soccer training session.

The present study investigated the effects of a moderate-intensity soccer training session on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant capacity in athletes along with the biomarkers creatine kinase and transaminases for lesions in muscle and liver cells. Twenty-two male soccer players participated in this study. Blood samples were collected 5 min before and after a moderate-intensity game simulation. The results showed a decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) from an elevation in the production of ROS that maintained the redox homeostasis. Although the session promoted an elevated energy demand, observed by an increase in lactate and glucose levels, damage to muscle and/or liver cells was only suggested by a significant elevation in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT). Of the two biomarkers analysed, the results suggest that measurements of the ALT levels could be adopted as a method to monitor recovery in athletes.

Respostas pressóricas em mulheres normotensas treinadas adotando diferentes ordens de exercícios nas sessões de treinamento de força / Blood pressure responses in normotensive-trained women adopting different exercises order during resistance training sessions

Introdução: entre as diversas variáveis do treinamento de força (TF), a ordem dos exercícios provavelmente é uma das mais ignoradas pelos praticantes e treinadores na sua prescrição. Objetivo: investigar o efeito de diferentes ordens de exercícios nas respostas da pressão arterial (PA) após uma sessão de TF. Métodos: oito mulheres normotensas com experiência prévia em TF realizaram três protocolos distintos: SEQA foi adotado uma ordem de alternância dos segmentos; SEQB os exercícios foram realizados dos membros inferiores para os membros superiores; e SEQC a ordem foi oposta ao SEQB. Após o treinamento, os valores pressóricos (sistólico, diastólico e médio) foram analisados ao longo de 60 minutos a partir de um aparelho digital. Resultado: a sessão de TF não promoveu efeito hipotensivo pós esforço redução em nenhuma das diferentes ordens e não houve diferença significativa entre os protocolos. Conclusão: a ordem dos exercícios no TF não é uma variável que influencie na PA pós esforço.

Introduction: the exercise order in resistance training (RT) is one of the different variables that can be used but ignored by practitioners and coaches. Objective: investigate the effect of different exercise order in the arterial pressure responses after a RT session. Methods: eigth women experienced in RT performed three distinct protocols: SEQA was performed alternating limbs training session; SEQB was done with exercises for the lower limbs to the upper limbs; and SEQC followed an opposite sequence to SEQB. After each protocol, the blood pressure values (systolic, diastolic and mean) were analyzed during 60 minutes using a digital model. Results: in the present study, the RT did not reduced the arterial pressure values after each protocol and there was no significant diferences between each set configuration. Conclusion: the findings suggest that exercise order in a RT do not alter de arterial pressure responses after session.

Efeito da pré-ativação dos antagonistas sobre a determinação da carga no teste de 10 repetições máximas no exercício supino reto / Effects of antagonist pre-activation on 10 repetition maximum load determination in the bench press exercise

Introdução: Evidências indicam que a pré-ativação do antagonista melhora o desempenho agonista no exercício. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da pré-ativação dos antagonistas (PAA) na determinação de carga no teste de 10 repetições máximas (RM) no supino reto no smith (SRS). Métodos: sessões 1 e 2, o teste e reteste de 10-RM foram aplicados no exercício remada aberta sentado (RAS). Sessões 3, 4, 5 e 6, o teste e reteste para o exercício SRS foram aplicados em duas condições distintas: tradicional, sem pré ativação dos antagonistas; PAA, uma série no RAS foi aplicada até a falha, e seguida pela tentativa no exercício SRS registrando-se o máximo de carga para de 10-RM. Resultado: no exercício SRS sem PAA obteve-se 99 ± 10,5 kg, quando se realizou a PAA através da RAS verificou-se 102,7 ± 12,7 kg. Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou que a pré-ativação dos antagonistas pode aumentar a força dos agonistas melhorando seu desempenho.

Introduction: studies indicate that preactivation of the antagonist can improve performance on agonist exercise. Objective: investigate the effect of antagonist preactivation (PAA) on the 10 maximum repetition performance of the agonists. Methods: on sessions 1 and 2, the volunteers performed a test and retest of 10 maximum repetitions (RM) in the wide grip seated row (WSR). Sessions 3, 4, 5 and 6, a test and retest in the bench press in smith machine (BPS) was made in two conditions: traditional, without preactivation; PAA, one set in the WSR to the fatigue point and immediately a trial in the BPS every attempt, registering the maximum 10-RM load. Results: the BPS test without PAA was obtained 99 ± 10.5 kg, however when PAA was carried out in SR test was obtained 102.7 ± 12.7 kg. Conclusion: The study showed that the proposal to activate the antagonist before agonist may increase the strength of the agonist.