Vectorial Image Representation for Image Classification.

This paper proposes the transformation S→C→, where S is a digital gray-level image and C→ is a vector expressed through the textural space. The proposed transformation is denominated Vectorial Image Representation on the Texture Space (VIR-TS), given that the digital image S is represented by the textural vector C→. This vector C→ contains all of the local texture characteristics in the image of interest, and the texture unit T→ entertains a vectorial character, since it is defined through the resolution of a homogeneous equation system. For the application of this transformation, a new classifier for multiple classes is proposed in the texture space, where the vector C→ is employed as a characteristics vector. To verify its efficiency, it was experimentally deployed for the recognition of digital images of tree barks, obtaining an effective performance. In these experiments, the parametric value λ employed to solve the homogeneous equation system does not affect the results of the image classification. The VIR-TS transform possesses potential applications in specific tasks, such as locating missing persons, and the analysis and classification of diagnostic and medical images.

A New Texture Spectrum Based on Parallel Encoded Texture Unit and Its Application on Image Classification: A Potential Prospect for Vision Sensing.

In industrial applications based on texture classification, efficient and fast classifiers are extremely useful for quality control of industrial processes. The classifier of texture images has to satisfy two requirements: It must be efficient and fast. In this work, a texture unit is coded in parallel, and using observation windows larger than 3×3, a new texture spectrum called Texture Spectrum based on the Parallel Encoded Texture Unit (TS_PETU) is proposed, calculated, and used as a characteristic vector in a multi-class classifier, and then two image databases are classified. The first database contains images from the company Interceramic®® and the images were acquired under controlled conditions, and the second database contains tree stems and the images were acquired in natural environments. Based on our experimental results, the TS_PETU satisfied both requirements (efficiency and speed), was developed for binary images, and had high efficiency, and its compute time could be reduced by applying parallel coding concepts. The classification efficiency increased by using larger observational windows, and this one was selected based on the window size. Since the TS_PETU had high efficiency for Interceramic®® tile classification, we consider that the proposed technique has significant industrial applications.

Evidencias de validez del examen final de la asignatura Metabolismo y Nutrición / Evidences of validity in the final test of the subject Metabolism and Nutrition

Introducción: En los exámenes finales de las asignaturas es necesario conocer la calidad de los instrumentos evaluativos que se emplean porque los defectos en su elaboración provocan efectos negativos en el currículo, el proceso docente y los estudiantes. Objetivo: Analizar la validez del examen final de la asignatura Metabolismo y Nutrición de la carrera de Medicina. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico transversal, en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque, el universo fue estudiado en su totalidad, se constituyó por los resultados del examen final ordinario de la asignatura Metabolismo y Nutrición de la carrera de Medicina del curso 2018-2019. Para argumentar la validez se utilizaron el contenido y la estructura interna. Resultados: Fueron aplicados dos temarios A y B a 47 y 45 estudiantes. Hubo una adecuada correspondencia entre el fondo de tiempo asignado en la planificación docente de los contenidos y la cantidad de incisos que los exploraron, más de un tercio de los distractoresde ambos temarios resultaron no funcionales. El 63.2 por ciento en el temario A y 70.5 por ciento del temarioB resultaron fáciles, elevada proporción de incisos con pobre o pésimo poder discriminativo. Conclusiones: Los dos temarios aplicados presentan resultados similares. Las principales deficiencias queafectan la validez del examen se detectan en el predominio del carácter reproductivo y elnivel de asimilación del conocimiento, alto porcentaje de distractores no funcionales; inadecuada distribución de ítems según el nivel de dificultad y un tercio no discrimina de forma adecuada.(AU)

Introduction: In the final test of the subjects it is necessary to know the quality of the evaluativeinstruments that are used because defects in their elaboration cause negative effects in the curriculum, the teaching process and the students. Objective: To analyze the validity in the final test of the subject Metabolism and Nutrition in Medicinestudies. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out at Mayabeque Faculty ofMedical sciences, the universe was totally studied, it was formed by the results of the ordinary final test of the subject Metabolism and Nutrition in Medicine del course 2018-2019. To argue validity, the content and the internal structure of the examinations wereused. Results: Sets A and B to 47 and 45 students were applied. There were an adequate correspondence between the assigned time for the teaching planning time of the contents and the quantity of items which explored them, more than the third part of the distractors of both setsresulted non-functional. The 63.2 per cent in set A and 70.5 per cent in set B resulted easy, high proportion of items with poor or very bad discriminative power. Conclusions: Both sets presented similar results. The main deficiencies which affect the validity of thetests are the prevalence of the reproductive character and the level of assimilation of the knowledge, high percentage of non- functional distractors; inadequate distribution of items according to the level of difficulty and a third part does not discriminate in adequate form.(AU)

Trophic ecology of Mexican Pacific harbor seal colonies using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes.

There is limited information that provides a comprehensive understanding of the trophic ecology of Mexican Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) colonies. While scat analysis has been used to determine the diet of some colonies, the integrative characterization of its feeding habits on broader temporal and spatial scales remains limited. We examined potential feeding grounds, trophic niche width, and overlap, and inferred the degree of dietary specialization using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in this subspecies. We analyzed δ13C and δ15N on fur samples from pups collected at five sites along the western coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Fur of natal coat of Pacific harbor seal pups begins to grow during the seventh month in utero until the last stage of gestation. Therefore pup fur is a good proxy for the mother's feeding habits in winter (~December to March), based on the timing of gestation for the subspecies in this region. Our results indicated that the δ13C and δ15N values differed significantly among sampling sites, with the highest mean δ15N value occurring at the southernmost site, reflecting a well-characterized north to south latitudinal 15N-enrichment in the food web. The tendency identified in δ13C values, in which the northern colonies showed the most enriched values, suggests nearshore and benthic-demersal feeding habits. A low variance in δ13C and δ15N values for each colony (<1‰) and relatively small standard ellipse areas suggest a specialized foraging behavior in adult female Pacific harbor seals in Mexican waters.

Sexual Dimorphism and Foraging Trips of the Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) on Guadalupe Island.

Sexual dimorphism in the Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) on Guadalupe Island was evaluated during the breeding seasons of 2015-2018 by measuring and comparing 10 morphological attributes: cranial length, bill length, nostril length, cranial width, bill height, bill width, tarsus length, closed wing length, opened wing length, and wingspan length in reproductive adults (n = 135). Males were larger than females across all traits (Student's t-test, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). We created a logistic model using stepwise regression to predict sex based on morphological variables. This model indicated four significant morphological predictor variables (z < 0.05) and was able to successfully predict the sex of P. immutabilis individuals in more than 90% of the cases. Based on these predictor variables, a web app was developed to determine the sex of the Laysan albatross in the field, providing a non-invasive method for rapid data collection that reduces costs and handling times while improving conservation efforts. We tracked Laysan albatross (n = 36) during breeding seasons and found no significant differences between females and males for either trip length (GLMM, F = 0.017, DF = 1, 1, p = 0.917 > 0.05) or maximum trip distance (GLMM, F = 0.374, DF = 1, 1, p = 0.651 > 0.05). Our results suggest that both sexes show a strong preference to travel to highly productive coastal waters northeast of the breeding colony that are influenced by the California Current. The present research will serve to establish a baseline to protect this species on Guadalupe Island and highlights the importance of understanding sexual dimorphism in at-risk seabird species.

Evidencias de validez del examen final de la asignatura Biología molecular, carrera de Medicina / Evidences of validity of the final test of the subject Molecular Biology, Career of Medicine

Introducción: por su dimensión y por el poderoso impacto social que tienen, la elaboración de exámenes debe ajustarse a rigurosos estándares de calidad, pues los defectos en la elaboración de los mismos tienen efectos negativos en el currículo, el proceso docente y los estudiantes.Objetivo: analizar evidencias que argumentan la validez del examen final de la asignatura Biología molecular de la carrera de Medicina, aplicado en la convocatoria ordinaria del curso 2018/2019, en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque.Métodos: estudio observacional analítico transversal. Universo estudiado en su totalidad, constituido por los resultados del examen final ordinario de 98 estudiantes. Como fuentes de evidencia para argumentar la validez se utilizarán las relacionadas con el contenido y con la estructura interna de los exámenes.Resultados: coeficiente de correlación positivo débil entre el fondo de tiempo asignado en la planificación docente de los contenidos y la cantidad de incisos que los exploran, el 36 % de distractores No funcionales. Ausencia de incisos medianamente difíciles y 16.7% de incisos fáciles. Poder de discriminación de los incisos, excelente, buena en el 56.7% y 33 % pobre o pésimo.Conclusiones: la muestra que explora el examen no es representativa de los contenidos del programa; predominio de preguntas de carácter reproductivo; elevada proporción de incisos fáciles; presencia de varios incisos y de una pregunta que deben ser reelaborados para incrementar su poder discriminativo.(AU)

Introduction: because of its dimension and the powerful social impact of elaboration of tests the quality standards should be adjusted to rigorous quality standards, because defects in their elaboration have negative effects in the curriculum, the teaching process and the students.Objective: to analyze evidences that argument validity of the final test of the subject Molecular Biology, Career of Medicine, applying an ordinary test, course 2018/2019, Mayabeque Faculty of Medical SciencesMethods: observational analytic transversal study. The universe was totally studied, and it was formed by the results of the ordinary final test of 98 students. As evidence sources to argument its validity, relations between content and internal structure of the tests will be used.Results: weak positive correlation coefficient between the assigned time in teaching planning of the contents and the quantity of items that explore them, the 36 % of Nonfunctional detractors. Absence of mildly difficult items, and the 16.7 % of easy ones. Discrimination power of the items, excellent, good in the 56.7 per cent and 33 per cent of poor or very poorConclusions: the sample that explores the test is not representative of the contents of the syllabus; reproductive questions prevail; high proportion of easy items; presence of some items and a question that should be re-elaborated to increase its discriminative power.(AU)

Estrategia para elevar la eficacia del proceso de desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales en enfermería / Strategy to increase the efficacy in the process of development of professional skills in Nursing fair

Introducción: entre los retos a vencer por la Educación Médica Superior para lograr su encargo social, adquiere especial significación conseguir el mejoramiento continuo de la calidad de la educación. En la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Mayabeque existen deficiencias en el desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales en Enfermería. Objetivo: diseñar una estrategia metodológica dirigida a elevar la eficacia del proceso docente para el desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales en la carrera de Enfermería. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo de tipo pedagógico desde septiembre de 2016 hasta junio de 2017. Se diseñó en dos etapas. En la primera se aplicaron métodos teóricos orientados a procurar los elementos necesarios que sirvieron de fundamento teórico para conformar una propuesta inicial de la estrategia metodológica. En la segunda etapa se recurrió al método de expertos para perfeccionar y validar la estrategia en cuanto a pertinencia, calidad del diseño y factibilidad de aplicación. Se aplicó la técnica de Delphi a 14 profesores seleccionados por muestreo intencional. Resultados: todos los expertos coincidieron en considerar la pertinencia, calidad del diseño y factibilidad de aplicación de la estrategia, como muy adecuada o bastante adecuada. Conclusiones: la estrategia metodológica dirigida a elevar la eficacia del proceso docente para el desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales en la carrera de Enfermería, la cual se caracteriza por ser flexible, contextualizada, sistémica, personalizada, participativa y colaborativa, se evaluó de manera satisfactoria en cuanto a pertinencia, calidad del diseño y factibilidad de aplicación(AU)

Introduction: it has a special importance, the continuous improvement of the quality in education. It is one of the challenges of Higher Medical Education to achieve its social objectives. There are deficiencies in the development of professional skills in Nursing at Mayabeque Faculty of Medical Sciences. Objective: to design a methodological strategy directed to the efficacy in the process of development of professional skills in Nursing. Methods: an investigation of development of pedagogical type was carried out from September, 2016 to June, 2017. It was designed in two stages. In the first stage theoretical methods oriented to treat the necessary elements that worked as theoretical bases to form an initial proposal of the methodological strategy were applied. . In the second stage the method of experts was used to improve and validate the strategy, taking into account pertinence, quality of the design and possibility of application. Delphi technique was applied to 14 selected professors by intentional samples. Results: all the experts coincided in considering the pertinence, quality of the design and possibility of application of the strategy as very adequate or fair adequate. Conclusions: the methodological strategy directed to the efficacy in the teaching process of development of professional skills in the career of Nursing, characterized by being flexible, contextualized, systemic, personalized, participative and collaborative, was evaluated in a satisfactory way taking into consideration pertinence, quality of its design, and possibility of application(AU)

Principales deficiencias y dificultades de los docentes para lograr la habilidad proceso de atención de enfermería / Main deficiencies and difficulties in professors to obtain the Nursing Care Plan skill

Introducción: la enfermería es una profesión que se caracteriza por emplear el proceso de atención de enfermería como forma particular de aplicación del método científico. Se ha detectado que los profesores presentan dificultades y deficiencias para lograr el desarrollo de las habilidades de dicho proceso. Objetivo: identificar las principales deficiencias y dificultades de los profesores de la disciplina enfermería para lograr en los educandos los conocimientos y habilidades correspondientes al proceso de atención de enfermería.Método: estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. Universo los 69 profesores de la disciplina enfermería. Para la obtención de los datos a cada profesor se le aplicó un cuestionario anónimo auto administrado y se observó una clase. Resultados: el 74 por ciento eran instructores, 13 por ciento asistentes y auxiliares respectivamente. Máster en Ciencias 77 por ciento. Las dificultades referidas fueron: no control por parte de las jefas de sala 78,2 por ciento; exceso de estudiantes por cama 82,6 por ciento. Las deficiencias identificadas: falta de preparación teórica 76,8 por ciento; falta de actualización en el tema 82,6 por ciento; registro en el expediente clínico 75,4 por ciento; respuestas del paciente 75,4 por ciento; etapa de valoración 47,8 por ciento; de evaluación 37,7 por ciento. Métodos de enseñanza utilizados: elaboración conjunta 53,6 por ciento; explicativo-ilustrativo 21,7 por ciento. Conclusiones: las deficiencias fundamentales se evidenciaron en la falta de preparación teórica y de actualización sobre el tema; los elementos del algoritmo del proceso de atención de enfermería registro en el expediente clínico y respuestas del paciente; las etapas de valoración y evaluación. Las principales dificultades identificas fueron: pirámide docente aplanada; exceso de estudiantes por cama; no control de la aplicación del proceso de atención de enfermería por las jefas de sala(AU)

Introduction: Nursing is a professor characterized by using the Nursing Care Plan as a particular way of application the scientific method. It has been detected that professors present deficiencies and difficulties to obtain the development of the abilities in that process. Objective: To Identify the main deficiencies and difficulties of the professors in the discipline Nursing to obtain in the students the knowledge and skills corresponding to the Nursing Care Plan. Method: observational descriptive transversal study. Universe the 69 professors of the discipline Nursing. Fort getting the professors' information an anonymous self-administered questionnaire was applied and lessons were observed. Results: The 74 percent were instructors, 13 percent assistants and associate professors respectively. With Master degree 77 percent. The referred difficulties were: no control by the ward Head Nurses (78,2 percent); excess of students by beds (82,6 percent). The identified deficiencies: lack of theoretical preparation (76,8 percent); lack of up-dating in that topic (82,6 percent); register in the clinical record (75,4 percent); patients' responses (75,4 percent); stage of assessment (47,8 percent); Evaluation (37,7 percent). Used teaching methods: Discussion method (53,6 percent); explicative-illustrative (21,7 percent). Conclusions: The main deficiencies were evidenced in lack of theoretical preparation and in the lack of theoretical preparation; the elements of the algorithm of the Nursing Care Plan, register in the clinical record and patients' responses ; stages of assessments and evaluation. The main identified difficulties were: plane teaching pyramid; excess of students by bed; no control of the application of the of the Nursing Care Plan by the ward Head Nurses(AU)

Propuesta de sistema de trabajo metodológico para la formación técnico profesional en Enfermería / Proposal of methodological work for technical and professional Nursing formation

Introducción: el trabajo metodológico para la formación de técnicos de enfermería en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque se ha estado desarrollando a partir de las estructuras propias de la educación superior, por lo que no están instituidos pertinentemente los niveles organizativos funcionales reglamentados para ese trabajo en ese tipo de enseñanza, ni el sistema de tareas básicas para los colectivos metodológicos, por lo que se requiere de las adecuaciones convenientes.Objetivos: elaborar las adecuaciones necesarias de los niveles organizativos funcionales reglamentados para el trabajo metodológico en la educación técnica y profesional y diseñar un sistema de tareas básicas para los colectivos metodológicos a nivel de sede central y sede universitaria municipal.Método: se conformó una propuesta teórica de Sistema de trabajo metodológico para cuya elaboración fueron analizados los principales documentos normativos del Ministerio de Educación y del Área de Docencia e Investigación del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se constituyó un grupo de expertos seleccionados a partir de la determinación de los coeficientes de competencia y argumentación por autovaloración. Los expertos tuvieron una fase inicial de preparación individual, seguida de una sesión de trabajo colectivo. Una vez conformada la propuesta teórica se hizo una ronda de consulta individual para el ajuste final del modelo y se obtuvo respuesta satisfactoria de la totalidad de los expertos participantes en el estudio.Resultados: propuesta de sistema de trabajo metodológico para la formación técnico profesional en Enfermería.Conclusiones: esta propuesta garantiza el enfoque en sistema y el uso racional de recursos humanos y de reuniones (AU)

Introduction: the methodological work for the formation of technicians in Nursing at Mayabeque Faculty of Medical Sciences have been developing following the structures of High Education, because neither the ruled functional organization levels were properly instituted in this kind of teaching , nor the system of basic tasks for the methodological collectives, so, the appropriate modifications are needed.Objectives: to elaborate the appropriate modifications of the ruled functional organization levels for the methodological work in technical and professional education and to design a system of basic tasks for the methodological collectives at municipal and Central centers levels. Method: a theoretical proposal System of Methodological work was conformed and for its elaboration the main normative documents of the Ministry of Education and the documents of the teaching and investigation area belonging to the Ministry of Public Health were analyzed. A group of experts was constituted selecting them, taking into account their competence and argumentation by self-assessing. The experts had an initial phase of individual preparation followed by a collective work session. Once the theoretical proposal was conformed, a round of individual discussion was developed for the final version of the model and an agreeable answer of the total of the experts who participated in the study was obtained.Results: proposal of Methodological work for technical and professional nursing formation. Conclusions: this proposal warrants a system approach and the rational use of the Human Resources and of meetings (AU)

Efectividad en el logro de las habilidades en la asignatura Fundamentos de Enfermería I / Training strategy in the English language for linguistic proficiency in health professionals

Introducción: en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque, el nuevo modelo pedagógico para la carrera de enfermería se implantó a partir del curso 2003–2004. Ha sido constante el propósito de contribuir a elevar, cada vez más, la calidad del proceso docente en esta carrera, conscientes de que egresados con mayor dominio de todas las habilidades y conocimientos previstos en su plan de estudio estarán más aptos para brindar una atención con calidad en los escenarios laborales.Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad del proceso educativo en cuanto al logro de las habilidades previstas en los objetivos educacionales de la asignatura Fundamentos de Enfermería I.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque. El universo de estudio quedó constituido por los resultados de todos los exámenes prácticos de la asignatura Fundamentos de Enfermería I realizados en los cursos 2010-2011, 2011-2012 y 2012-2013. El universo fue estudiado en su totalidad.Resultados: cada año son más los estudiantes que evidencian dificultades en el cumplimiento de todo el algoritmo de trabajo necesario para la ejecución de técnicas y procedimientos. En la presentación y defensa, las principales dificultades estuvieron relacionadas con orden lógico utilizado para la presentación, el uso del vocabulario técnico y su expresión oral, el dominio y la integración de los conocimientos y la utilización de la documentación establecida.Conclusiones: el logro de las habilidades previstas en los objetivos educacionales de la asignatura presenta una tendencia a la disminución (AU)

Introduction: in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Mayabeque, the new pedagogical model for the nurse career was implemented from the academic year 2003-2004. It has been constant the purpose to help increasing ever more the quality of the teaching process in this career being mindful that graduates with greater mastery of all the skills and knowledge set out in the curriculum will be more apt to provide quality care in occupational scenarios.Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational process in achieving the skills provided in the educational objectives of the subject Fundamentals of Nursing I.Methods: an observational, descriptive, longitudinal, retrospective study was performed in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Mayabeque. The study universe was composed of the results of all practical examinations of the subject Fundamentals of Nursing I, made at the Faculty in the courses 2010-2011, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. The universe was studied in its entirety.Results: each year more and more students demonstrate difficulty in meeting all the work algorithm necessary to implement techniques and procedures. In the presentation and defense, the main difficulties were related to logical order used for the presentation, the use of technical vocabulary and its oral expression, the mastery and integration of knowledge and the use of the documentation stipulated.Conclusions: the achievement of the expected skills under the educational objectives of the course has a tendency to decrease (AU)

Diagnóstico tardío de cáncer de colon recurrente en la atención primaria de salud / Late diagnosis of the colon recurrent cancer in the primary health care

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 68 pacientes con cáncer de colon recurrente, que acudieron a consulta de seguimiento por esta causa en el Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 1990 hasta diciembre de 2005. Se obtuvo que esa neoplasia fue generalmente diagnosticada en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad y que los 2 primeros años de seguimiento resultaron decisivos para el diagnóstico de la recurrencia, el cual suele establecerse de forma tardía, de manera que el tratamiento debe ser paliativo en la mayoría de los afectados.

A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study of 68 patients with recurrent colon cancer who attended their follow-up visits due to this cause was carried out in the Saturnino Lora Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 1990 to December, 2005. It was obtained that this neoplasia was generally diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease and that the first 2 years of follow up were decisive for the diagnosis of the recurrence, which may usually be reached in a late stage, so that the treatment should be palliative in most of those affected.

Diagnóstico tardío de cáncer de colon recurrente en la atención primaria de salud / Late diagnosis of the colon recurrent cancer in the primary health care

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 68 pacientes con cáncer de colon recurrente, que acudieron a consulta de seguimiento por esta causa en el Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 1990 hasta diciembre de 2005. Se obtuvo que esa neoplasia fue generalmente diagnosticada en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad y que los 2 primeros años de seguimiento resultaron decisivos para el diagnóstico de la recurrencia, el cual suele establecerse de forma tardía, de manera que el tratamiento debe ser paliativo en la mayoría de los afectados(AU)

A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study of 68 patients with recurrent colon cancer who attended their follow-up visits due to this cause was carried out in the Saturnino Lora Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 1990 to December, 2005. It was obtained that this neoplasia was generally diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease and that the first 2 years of follow up were decisive for the diagnosis of the recurrence, which may usually be reached in a late stage, so that the treatment should be palliative in most of those affected(AU)

Algunos factores biosociales y obstétricos de la enfermedad hipertensiva gravídica en el Hospital de Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe / Some biosocial and obstetric factors of gestational hypertensive disease in Chitungwiza Hospital, Zimbabwe

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 181 gestantes con enfermedad hipertensiva, atendidas por los médicos cubanos en el Hospital de Chitungwiza en Zimbabwe, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2007, a fin de caracterizarles según algunos factores biosociales y obstétricos. Predominaron las embarazadas con edades entre 20-24 años y la preeclampsia, eclampsia e hipertensión crónica como formas de la hipertensión arterial, así como las captaciones tardías, la nuliparidad y el bajo peso al nacer. Se recomendó realizar estudios en otros hospitales de ese país para profundizar en las manifestaciones de este indicador y poder establecer estrategias de intervención comunitaria que disminuyan la morbilidad y mortalidad

hA descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 181 pregnant women with hypertensive disease, attended by Cuban doctors at the Hospital of Chitungwiza in Zimbabwe, from January to December 2007, in order to characterize them according to some biosocial and obstetric factors. Pregnant woman between 20-24 years and preeclampsia, eclampsia and chronic hypertension as forms of arterial hypertension predominated as well as late recruitment of women, nuliparity and low birth weight. It was recommended to carry out studies in other hospitals of that country to increase knowledge of manifestations of this condition and to draw up strategies of community intervention that reduce morbidity and mortality

Algunos factores biosociales y obstétricos de la enfermedad hipertensiva gravídica en el Hospital de Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe / Some biosocial and obstetric factors of gestational hypertensive disease in Chitungwiza Hospital, Zimbabwe

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 181 gestantes con enfermedad hipertensiva, atendidas por los médicos cubanos en el Hospital de Chitungwiza en Zimbabwe, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2007, a fin de caracterizarles según algunos factores biosociales y obstétricos. Predominaron las embarazadas con edades entre 20-24 años y la preeclampsia, eclampsia e hipertensión crónica como formas de la hipertensión arterial, así como las captaciones tardías, la nuliparidad y el bajo peso al nacer. Se recomendó realizar estudios en otros hospitales de ese país para profundizar en las manifestaciones de este indicador y poder establecer estrategias de intervención comunitaria que disminuyan la morbilidad y mortalidad(AU)

hA descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 181 pregnant women with hypertensive disease, attended by Cuban doctors at the Hospital of Chitungwiza in Zimbabwe, from January to December 2007, in order to characterize them according to some biosocial and obstetric factors. Pregnant woman between 20-24 years and preeclampsia, eclampsia and chronic hypertension as forms of arterial hypertension predominated as well as late recruitment of women, nuliparity and low birth weight. It was recommended to carry out studies in other hospitals of that country to increase knowledge of manifestations of this condition and to draw up strategies of community intervention that reduce morbidity and mortality(AU)

Analysis of polymorphisms in genes (AGT, MTHFR, GPIIIa, and GSTP1) associated with hypertension, thrombophilia and oxidative stress in Mestizo and Amerindian populations of México.

Several polymorphisms related to hypertension, thrombophilia, and oxidative stress has been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. We analyzed the frequency of M235T angiotensinogen (AGT), A222V 5,10 methylenete-trahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), L33P glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa), and I105V glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1)} polymorphisms in 285 individuals belonging to Mexican-Mestizo and five Amerindian population from México, by real time PCR allelic discrimination. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared using chi square tests. All populations followed the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for assay markers with the exception of the Triki, whose were in Hardy Weinberg dysequilibrium for the glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism. Interestingly, according to all the analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the Triki population was the most differentiated and homogeneous group of the six populations analyzed. A comparison of our data with those previously published for some Caucasian, Asian and Black populations showed quite significant differences. These differences were remarkable with all the Mexican populations having a lower frequency of the 105V allele of the glutathione S-transferase P1 and reduced occurrence of the 222A allele of the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Our results show the genetic diversity among different Mexican populations and with other racial groups.

Alcoholismo y adolescencia / Alcohol and Adolescents

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo tomando como universo a los 13165 adolescentes entre las edades de 16 a 19 años pertenecientes a 6 consultorios del Casco Urbano del grupo Básico 2 del Policlínico Universitario Luís Li Tregent del municipio Gúines, en el período comprendido desde julio hasta diciembre del año 2007, con el objetivo de detreminar el comportamiento del consumo del alcohol y su relación con diferentes variables como son causas del consumo de alcohol y consecuencias para la salud, psicológicas y sociales. Se realizó una encuesta individual y los resultados fueron a predominio de que el mayor número de sus respuestas se relaciona con la afirmación Toma porque le gusta 188 para un 87,04 por ciento. Se evidencian las posibles consecuencias que genera el consumo de alcohol para la salud, encontrándose que 192 de nuestros adolescentes 88,89 por ciento presentaron cefalea, dentro de las consecuencias psicológicas se plantea alegres y desinhibidos para un 89,81 por ciento y los sociales donde los adolescentes en su gran mayoría no reconocen afectaciones de índole social para un 89,81 por ciento (AU)

It was performed a retrospective study considering as universe 13 165 adolescents between the ages of 16-19 years of age from 6 Family Doctor's Offices of the urban area of Basic Group 2 of Luis Li Tregent University Polyclinic in Güines municipality in the period between July to December 2007 with the aim of identifying the behavior of alcohol consumption and its relation with different variables such as alcohol consumption causes and consequences for health, psychological and social. It was carried out an individual survey and the results indicated that most responses were related to the statement: He drinks because he likes drinking 188 for a 87,04 per cent. It is exposed the possible consequences caused by alcohol consumption for health, it was found that 192 of our teenagers 88, 89 presented headache, as psychological consequences they got tipsy and uninhibited 89,81 and as social consequences where most teenagers do not recognize affectations of social nature 89,81 per cent (AU)

Comportamiento del alcoholismo en la adolescencia / Behavior of alcoholism in adolescence

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo tomando como universo a los 13165 adolescentes entre las edades de 16 a 19 años pertenecientes a 6 consultorios del casco urbano del grupo básico 2 del Policlínico Universitario Luís Li Tregent del municipio Guines, en el período comprendido entre julio hasta diciembre del año 2007, con el objetivo de identificar el comportamiento del consumo del alcohol y su relación con diferentes variables como sexo, edad, bebidas según consumo, frecuencia de ingestiones. Se realizó una encuesta individual y los resultados fueron: predominio del sexo masculino: 51,78 por ciento con relación al sexo femenino, 48,21 por ciento ; el 96,42 por ciento de adolescentes consumen bebidas alcohólicas prevaleciendo el 30,36 por ciento en la edad de 17 años, 70,01 por ciento lo ejecutan en fiestas, consumiendo con mayor frecuencia cervezas en un 92,50 por ciento (AU)

It was performed a retrospective descriptive study on the universe of 13,165 adolescents aged 16 to 19 years from 6 family doctor's offices in the town center of Basic Group 2 of Luis Li Tregent University polyclinic in Güines municipality, in the period from July to December 2007 with the aim of identifying the behavior of alcohol consumption and its relation to different variables such as sex, age, beverages according to consumption, frequency of ingestion. It was conducted an individual survey and the results were: a male predominance: 51,78 per cent vs. 48,21 per cent female, 96,42 per cent of the adolescents consumed alcohol prevailing 30,36 per cent at the age of 17 years, 70,01 per cent is do it at parties, most often consumed beer at a 92,50 per cent

Factores de riesgo del huésped en las infecciones respiratorias agudas, en menores de 5 años de edad / Risk factors of the host in acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, para analizar los factores de riesgo del huésped, en la morbilidad, por infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) en 112 niños menores de 5 años de edad. El trabajo se desarrolló en los consultorios del médico de la familia, del área urbana del consejo popular 1, del Policlínico Docente Universitario Luis Li Trijent, del municipio de Güines, provincia La Habana, durante el segundo semestre del 2006. Se apreció un mayor predominio de las IRA asociadas a los menores de 3 años de edad, en el sexo masculino y con poco tiempo de utilización de la lactancia materna. El peso al nacer y la malnutrición por defecto, no constituyeron factores de riesgo en este estudio. La anemia nutricional y el asma bronquial fueron las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes. Es necesario aplicar programas de educación comunitaria de salud sobre los factores de riesgo del huésped, para la aparición de IRA, en niños menores de 5 años que garanticen su control por la familia(AU)

It was carried out a descriptive and retrospective study, to analyze the risk factors of the host, in the morbidity, due to acute respiratory infections (ARI) in 112 children under 5 years of age. The work was developed at the family doctor's offices, of the urban area of the popular council number 1 of Luis Li Trijent university teaching polyclinic in Güines, Havana, during the second half of 2006. There was a higher prevalence of ARI's associated with children under 3 years of age in male sex and with little time of breastfeeding use. The birth weight and malnutrition by default, did not constitute risk factors in this study. Nutritional anemia and bronchial asthma were the most frequent associated diseases. It is necessary to implement community education programs on health risk factors of the host, for the emergence of ARIs, in children under 5 years to ensure their control by the family

Identification of novel mutations in the RB1 gene in Mexican patients with retinoblastoma.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a childhood tumor of the eye with an average incidence of one case in every 15,000-20,000 live births and occurs in sporadic or hereditary form. This cancer results from loss or inactivation of the RB1 gene located at 13q14.1. This gene encodes for a 110 Kd nuclear phosphoprotein (pRB) that plays a major role in cell proliferation control. Different types of mutations in the RB1 gene have been reported, but point mutations are the most common. There are no molecular studies on RB1 gene mutation in Mexican patients. In this study, 19 patients with bilateral or unilateral RB were analyzed. Genetic and cytogenetic studies were carried out. Detection of RB1 gene mutations was done using single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP). Five conformational polymorphisms were identified in different exons. In all cases, SSCP sequence showed new non-described mutations that produced a frameshift on the open reading frame. The identification of mutations in the RB1 gene contributes to basic knowledge of this neoplasia and permits the possibility to offer adequate genetic counseling to relatives at risk.