Prevenção da infecção urinária associada a cateter: efeito de uma intervenção no conhecimento de intensivistas / Prevention of catheter-associated infection: effect of an intervention on the knowledge of intensivists

A infecção do trato urinário é um dos agravos mais comuns durante a assistência à saúde, sobretudo na unidade de terapia intensiva, e, em sua maioria, é associada ao uso do cateter vesical, contribuindo, de forma significativa, na mortalidade, na morbidade e no custo de tratamento. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção educacional no conhecimento dos profissionais intensivistas sobre medidas de prevenção de infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical. Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção, do tipo antes e depois, realizado em unidade de terapia intensiva com dez leitos de um hospital de alta complexidade. A coleta de dados contemplou três momentos: pré-intervenção, intervenção e pós-intervenção, realizada entre janeiro de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. Na pré e na pós-intervenção, foi feita entrevista por meio de um questionário estruturado. A intervenção ocorreu por sessão de treinamento com metodologias ativas e demonstrações práticas. Observou-se uma tendência ao aumento do conhecimento em todos os itens avaliados para prevenção da infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical, com diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nos momentos para higienização das mãos, indicações para inserção do cateter vesical, medidas de barreira na técnica de inserção e prevenção dessa infecção durante a manipulação e manutenção do cateter vesical. A intervenção proporcionou aumento do conhecimento dos profissionais sobre as medidas de prevenção. Entretanto, lacunas relacionadas a estas práticas ainda foram verificadas e intervenções em longo prazo devem ser conduzidas com vistas à melhoria e segurança do cuidado.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common problems during health care, especially in the intensive care unit, and is mostly associated with the use of a urinary catheter, contributing significantly to mortality, morbidity, and the cost of treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention on the knowledge of intensive care professionals upon measures to prevent urinary tract infections associated with the use of a urinary catheter. This is a before-and-after intervention study, carried out in a ten-bed intensive care unit in a high-complexity hospital. Data collection included three moments: pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention, carried out between January 2018 and January 2019. In the pre- and post-intervention, an interview was carried out using a structured questionnaire. The intervention took place through a training session with active methodologies and practical demonstrations. There was a trend towards increased knowledge in all items evaluated for the prevention of urinary tract infections associated with the use of a urinary catheter, with significant differences (p<0.05) concerning hand hygiene, indications for catheter insertion bladder, barrier measures in the insertion technique, and prevention of this infection during manipulation and maintenance of the bladder catheter. The intervention provided an increase in the knowledge of professionals about prevention measures. However, gaps related to these practices were still being verified and long-term interventions should be conducted with a view to the improvement and safety of care.

Microbiological and microstructural analysis of indwelling bladder catheters and urinary tract infection prevention / Análisis microbiológico y microestructural de sondas vesicales permanentes y prevención de infecciones del tracto urinario / Análise microbiológica e microestrutural dos cateteres vesicais de demora e prevenção de infecção do trato urinário

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the microbiological and microstructural part of indwelling urinary catheters and their association with urinary tract infection prevention. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, from June to December 2020, in which 42 indwelling urinary catheter tips and sterile urine samples were collected for analysis of crystals in optical microscopy and biofilms in scanning electron microscopy. Culture analysis and specification of the type of bacteria were performed. Results: It was found that 35.71% of the samples had mature biofilm adhered to the catheter tip. Biofilms of Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterobacter cloacae stood out. The presence of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate crystal was associated with the presence of urinary tract infection and with Proteus mirabilis. There was a significant association (p = 0.001) between the use of prophylactic antibiotics versus urine culture >105 CFU/mL. Conclusion: The analyzes contributed to clinical practice, as it reinforces the development of effective and monitored strategies on cultures and urinary tract infection prevention associated with indwelling urinary catheters.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la parte microbiológica y microestructural de los catéteres urinarios permanentes y su asociación con la prevención de la infección del tracto urinario. Método: Transversal, de junio a diciembre de 2020, en el que se recolectaron 42 puntas de sonda urinaria permanente y muestras de orina estéril para análisis de cristales en microscopía óptica y biopelículas en microscopía electrónica de barrido. Se realizaron análisis de cultivo y especificación del tipo de bacteria. Resultados: Se encontró que el 35,71% de las muestras presentaban biopelícula madura adherida a la punta del catéter. Se destacaron las biopelículas de Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium y Enterobacter cloacae. La presencia de cristales de fosfato de magnesio-amonio se asoció con la presencia de infección del tracto urinario y con Proteus mirabilis. Hubo una asociación significativa (p = 0,001) entre el uso de antibióticos profilácticos versus urocultivo >105 UFC/mL. Conclusión: Los análisis contribuyeron a la práctica clínica, ya que refuerzan el desarrollo de estrategias efectivas y monitoreadas sobre cultivos y prevención de la infección del tracto urinario asociada a los catéteres urinarios permanentes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a parte microbiológica e microestrutural dos cateteres vesicais de demora e sua associação com a prevenção de infecção do trato urinário. Método: Transversal, entre junho e dezembro de 2020, em que foram coletadas 42 pontas cateteres vesicais de demora e amostras de urina estéril para análise de cristais em microscopia óptica e de biofilmes em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Fez-se analise de cultura e especificação do tipo de bactérias. Resultados: Verificou-se que 35,71% das amostras apresentaram o biofilme maduro aderido à ponta do cateter. Destacaram-se biofilmes de Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium e Enterobacter cloacae. A presença do cristal magnésio-amônio-fosfato foi associada à presença de infecção do trato urinário e ao Proteus mirabilis. Verificou-se associação significativa (p = 0,001) entre o uso de antibiótico profilático versus a urocultura >105 UFC/mL. Conclusão: As análises contribuíram para a prática clínica, pois reforçam a elaboração de estratégias efetivas e monitoradas sobre culturas e prevenção de infecção do trato urinário associada ao cateter vesical de demora.

Cumplimiento del indicador Prevención de Infecciones de Vías Urinarias en Pacientes con Sonda Vesical Instalada / Compliance of the indicator Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Installed Urinary Catheter

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el cumplimiento del indicador de Prevención de Infecciones de Vías Urinarias en Pacientes con Sonda Vesical Instalada, en una institución hospitalaria de segundo nivel en Tamaulipas, México. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 80 pacientes con sonda vesical instalada. Se utilizó el instrumento Prevención de Infecciones de Vías urinarias en Pacientes con Sonda Vesical Instalada (F1-PIVUPSVI/05) y una cédula sociodemográfica, para analizar los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS-20. Resultados: En la población predominó el sexo femenino con un 56.3%. El servicio con mayor prevalencia con sonda vesical instalada fue medicina interna con 35% y cirugía general con 31%. El cumplimiento de indicador fue bajo (rojo) con un 62.5% (50) correspondiente a la escala de semaforización de ≤70%, 33.8% (27) medio (amarillo) equivalente a >70≤90 y solo el 3.8% (3) alto. Conclusiones: El cumplimiento del indicador de Prevención de Infecciones de Vías Urinarias en Pacientes con Sonda Vesical Instalada es bajo de acuerdo con la semaforización del sistema INDICAS, los criterios que se encontraron con mayor porcentaje de cumplimiento fueron los relacionados a el sistema de drenaje permanentemente conectado, registra datos de funcionamiento y bolsa colectora se mantiene por debajo del nivel de la vejiga.

Abstract Objective: To determine compliance with the indicator of Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with a Bladder catheter installed in a second level hospital institution in Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 80 patients with a bladder catheter installed. The instrument Prevention of urinary tract infections in patients with an installed bladder catheter (F1-PIVUPSVI / 05) and a sociodemographic card were used. The statistical package SPSS-20 was used to analyze the data. Results: In the population, the female sex predominated with 56.3%. The service with the highest prevalence with a bladder catheter installed was internal medicine with 35% and general surgery with 31%. Indicator compliance was low (red) with 62.5% (50) corresponding to the signaling scale of ≤70%, 33.8% (27) medium (yellow) equivalent to> 70≤90 and only 3.8% (3) tall. Conclusions: Compliance with the indicator of prevention of urinary tract infections in patients with a bladder catheter installed is low according to the signaling of the INDICAS system, the criteria found with the highest percentage of compliance were those related to the permanently connected drainage system, records Operating data and collection bag is kept below the level of the bladder.

Urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are an important cause of morbidity in the community, constituting one of the main reasons for hospitalization, and the fourth cause of healthcare-associated infection. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of community-acquired UTI (CA-UTI) with need of hospitalization and healthcare-associated UTI (HA-UTI), their risk factors, etiologic agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility spectrum. METHODS: A prospective and analytic study was conducted, in which all admissions regarding CA-UTI with need of hospitalization and HA-UTI were evaluated during the period between 2016 and 2017 in two university hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 279 episodes of UTI in hospitalized patients were identified and, among those, 178 episodes corresponded to CA-UTI and 101 to HA-UTI. On average, patients were 60 years old in both groups. HA-UTI were more frequently associated with kidney transplant, recurrent UTI and chronic kidney disease compared with CA-UTI. The instrumentation of urinary tract within the previous month was more frequent in HA-UTI (75.2% vs 32.6%, p<0.001). Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolated microorganism (62.9% in CA-UTI and 56.4% in HA-UTI), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 101 multidrug resistant microorganisms were isolated, of which 53.5% were CA-UTI, and were associated with male patients, use of antimicrobials within the previous three months, chronic kidney disease and recurrent UTI. CONCLUSION: It is of great importance for the institutions to identify the local antimicrobial susceptibility spectrum of UTI in order to stablish adequate empiric treatments.

Tiempo de sondaje postquirúrgico recomendado para evitar complicaciones en cirugías endourológicas del tracto urinario inferior / Recommended postsurgical urinary catheterization time to avoid complications in endourological surgeries of the lower urinary tract

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar el tiempo de sondaje postquirúrgico recomendado para evitar complicaciones en cirugías endourológicas del tracto urinario inferior. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica actualizada sobre el tiempo de sondaje postquirúrgico recomendado para evitar complicaciones en cirugías endourológicas del tracto urinario inferior. Resultados: Se encontró asociación entre un mayor tiempo de sondaje y la ocurrencia de posteriores complicaciones relacionadas cirugías endourológicas del tracto urinario inferior, siendo el período menor a 72h el óptimo para la permanencia de la sonda ve-sical postquirúrgica en este tipo de intervenciones. No se identificaron factores de riesgo asociados a la prolongación del tiempo de sondaje postquirúrgico. Recomendaciones: El tipo de abordaje endoscópico se ha convertido en la actualidad en el tratamiento estándar de oro para la mayoría de las patologías del tracto urinario inferior; sin embargo, se requiere realizar más estudios sobre las complicaciones y factores de riesgo relacionados al tiempo de sondaje postquirúrgico para evitar complicaciones en cirugías endourológicas del tracto urinario inferior

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the recommended post-surgical probing time to avoid complications in endourological surgeries of the lower urinary tract. Materials and methods: an updated bibliographic review was carried out on the recommended post-surgical catheterization time to avoid complications in endou-rological surgeries of the lower urinary tract. Results: An association was found between a longer catheterization time and the occurrence of subsequent complications related to endourological surgeries of the lower urinary tract, with the period of less than 72h being the optimal period for the permanence of the postsurgical urinary catheter in this type of intervention. No risk factors associated with prolonged postoperative probing time were identified. Recom-mendations: The type of endoscopic approach has now become the gold standard treatment for most lower urinary tract pathologies; However, more studies are required on the complications and risk factors related to the time of postoperative catheterization to avoid complications in endourological surgeries of the lower urinary tract

Consenso Argentino intersociedades de Infección Urinaria 2018-2019 - Parte II / Argentine Intersociety Consensus on Urinary Infection 2018-2019 - Part II

La segunda parte del Consenso Argentino Intersociedades de Infección Urinaria incluye el análisis de situaciones especiales. En pacientes con sonda vesical se debe solicitar urocultivo solo cuando hay signo-sintomatología de infección del tracto urinario, antes de instrumentaciones de la vía urinaria o como control en pacientes post-trasplante renal. El tratamiento empírico recomendado en pacientes sin factores de riesgo es cefalosporinas de tercera generación o aminoglucósidos. Las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a cálculos son siempre consideradas complicadas. En caso de obstrucción con urosepsis, deberá realizarse drenaje de urgencia por vía percutánea o ureteral. En pacientes con stents o prótesis ureterales, como catéteres doble J, el tratamiento empírico deberá basarse en la epidemiología, los antibióticos previos y el estado clínico. Antes del procedimiento de litotricia extracorpórea se recomienda pesquisar la bacteriuria y, si es positiva, administrar profilaxis antibiótica según el antibiograma. Cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos son opciones válidas. Se recomienda aplicar profilaxis antibiótica con cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos antes de la nefrolitotomía percutánea. La biopsia prostática trans-rectal puede asociarse a complicaciones infecciosas, como infecciones del tracto urinario o prostatitis aguda, principalmente por Escherichia coli u otras enterobacterias. En pacientes sin factores de riesgo para gérmenes multirresistentes y urocultivo negativo se recomienda realizar profilaxis con amikacina o ceftriaxona endovenosas. En pacientes con urocultivo positivo, se realizará profilaxis según antibiograma, 24 horas previas a 24 horas post-procedimiento. Para el tratamiento dirigido de la prostatitis post-biopsia trans-rectal, los carbapenémicos durante 3-4 semanas son el tratamiento de elección.

The second part of the Inter-Society Argentine Consensus on Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) includes the analysis of special situations. In patients with urinary catheter, urine culture should be requested only in the presence of UTI symptomatology, before instrumentation of the urinary tract, or as a post-transplant control. The antibiotics recommended for empirical treatment in patients without risk factors are third-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides. UTIs associated with stones are always considered complicated. In case of obstruction with urosepsis, an emergency drainage should be performed via a percutaneous nefrostomy or ureteral stenting. In patients with stents or ureteral prostheses, such as double J catheters, empirical treatment should be based on epidemiology, prior antibiotics, and clinical status. Before the extracorporeal lithotripsy procedure, bacteriuria should be investigated and antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered in case of positive result, according to the antibiogram. First generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides are valid alternatives. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis with first-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides before percutaneous nephrolithotomy is recommended. Transrectal prostatic biopsy can be associated with infectious complications, such as UTI or acute prostatitis, mainly due to Escherichia coli or other enterobacteria. In patients without risk factors for multiresistant bacteria and negative urine culture, prophylaxis with intravenous amikacin or ceftriaxone is recommended. In patients with positive urine culture, prophylaxis will be performed according to the antibiogram, from 24 hours before to 24 hours post-procedure. For the targeted treatment of post-transrectal biopsy prostatitis, carbapenems for 3-4 weeks are the treatment of choice.

[Argentine Intersociety Consensus on Urinary Infection 2018-2019 - Part II]. / Consenso Argentino Intersociedades de Infección Urinaria 2018-2019 - Parte II.

The second part of the Inter-Society Argentine Consensus on Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) includes the analysis of special situations. In patients with urinary catheter, urine culture should be requested only in the presence of UTI symptomatology, before instrumentation of the urinary tract, or as a post-transplant control. The antibiotics recommended for empirical treatment in patients without risk factors are third-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides. UTIs associated with stones are always considered complicated. In case of obstruction with urosepsis, an emergency drainage should be performed via a percutaneous nefrostomy or ureteral stenting. In patients with stents or ureteral prostheses, such as double J catheters, empirical treatment should be based on epidemiology, prior antibiotics, and clinical status. Before the extracorporeal lithotripsy procedure, bacteriuria should be investigated and antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered in case of positive result, according to the antibiogram. First generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides are valid alternatives. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis with first-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides before percutaneous nephrolithotomy is recommended. Transrectal prostatic biopsy can be associated with infectious complications, such as UTI or acute prostatitis, mainly due to Escherichia coli or other enterobacteria. In patients without risk factors for multiresistant bacteria and negative urine culture, prophylaxis with intravenous amikacin or ceftriaxone is recommended. In patients with positive urine culture, prophylaxis will be performed according to the antibiogram, from 24 hours before to 24 hours post-procedure. For the targeted treatment of post-transrectal biopsy prostatitis, carbapenems for 3-4 weeks are the treatment of choice.

La segunda parte del Consenso Argentino Intersociedades de Infección Urinaria incluye el análisis de situaciones especiales. En pacientes con sonda vesical se debe solicitar urocultivo solo cuando hay signo-sintomatología de infección del tracto urinario, antes de instrumentaciones de la vía urinaria o como control en pacientes post-trasplante renal. El tratamiento empírico recomendado en pacientes sin factores de riesgo es cefalosporinas de tercera generación o aminoglucósidos. Las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a cálculos son siempre consideradas complicadas. En caso de obstrucción con urosepsis, deberá realizarse drenaje de urgencia por vía percutánea o ureteral. En pacientes con stents o prótesis ureterales, como catéteres doble J, el tratamiento empírico deberá basarse en la epidemiología, los antibióticos previos y el estado clínico. Antes del procedimiento de litotricia extracorpórea se recomienda pesquisar la bacteriuria y, si es positiva, administrar profilaxis antibiótica según el antibiograma. Cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos son opciones válidas. Se recomienda aplicar profilaxis antibiótica con cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos antes de la nefrolitotomía percutánea. La biopsia prostática trans-rectal puede asociarse a complicaciones infecciosas, como infecciones del tracto urinario o prostatitis aguda, principalmente por Escherichia coli u otras enterobacterias. En pacientes sin factores de riesgo para gérmenes multirresistentes y urocultivo negativo se recomienda realizar profilaxis con amikacina o ceftriaxona endovenosas. En pacientes con urocultivo positivo, se realizará profilaxis según antibiograma, 24 horas previas a 24 horas post-procedimiento. Para el tratamiento dirigido de la prostatitis post-biopsia trans-rectal, los carbapenémicos durante 3-4 semanas son el tratamiento de elección.

Biofilms formation and prevention on urinary catheters: a bibliometric analysis / Formação e prevenção de biofilmes em cateteres urinários: uma análise bibliométrica

To map the scientific production about biofilms formation and prevention on urinary catheters. It is a bibliometric, exploratory, and descriptive research performed in Web of Science™, in three stages, and utilizing HistCite™ software. In this regard, descriptors "Biofilm*" AND "Urinary Catheter*" were utilized within the period between 1945 and 2016. A total of 329 articles about biofilm on urinary catheter were found from 1985 to 2016. These articles were written by 1,262 authors from 452 institutions located in 50 countries. The relation among the 15 selected articles, the most impacting ones, evidences the existence of experimental researches; most of them was in vitro. The control of biofilm formation on urinary catheters remains as a major challenge in the health area, because new ways are necessary to improve the prevention and minimization of this phenomenon.

Mapear a produção científica acerca da formação e prevenção de biofilmes em cateteres urinários. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliométrica, exploratória e descritiva, realizada no Web of Science™, em três estágios, e utilizando o software HistCite™. Nesse sentido, foram utilizados os descritores "Biofilme*" E "Cateter Urinário*" no período de 1945 a 2016. Foram encontrados 329 artigos sobre biofilme em cateter urinário no período de 1985 a 2016. Estes artigos foram escritos por 1.262 autores de 452 instituições localizadas em 50 países. A relação entre os 15 artigos selecionados, os mais impactantes, evidencia a existência de pesquisas experimentais; a maioria delas foi in vitro. O controle da formação de biofilme nos cateteres urinários permanece como um grande desafio na área da saúde, pois são necessárias novas formas de melhorar a prevenção e a minimização desse fenômeno.

Randomized Clinical Trial Using Sterile Single Use and Reused Polyvinylchloride Catheters for Intermittent Catheterization with a Clean Technique in Spina Bifida Cases: Short-Term Urinary Tract Infection Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infections are common and severe complications in patients with spina bifida. Management includes intermittent bladder catheterization with single use or reused sterile catheters. There is insufficient evidence to set a standard among the different techniques. We determined whether single use polyvinylchloride catheters would reduce urinary tract infections compared to reused polyvinylchloride catheters in patients with neurogenic bladder due to spina bifida. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a 2-arm randomized parallel clinical trial from 2015 to 2016 with an 8-week followup at our center in patients with neurogenic bladder caused by spina bifida. Patients were divided into single use and reused polyvinylchloride catheter groups. Evaluations were done on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56. Participants reported symptoms and urine cultures were obtained. The primary outcome was urinary tract infection frequency, defined as positive urine culture plus fever, flank pain, malaise, or cloudy or odorous urine. Study eligibility criteria were age 2 years or greater, spina bifida diagnosis with regular clean intermittent bladder catheterization and no urinary tract infection at initial evaluation. RESULTS: The calculated sample size was 75. Of the patients 135 were screened, 83 were randomized and 75 completed followup. Mean age was 12.7 years (range 2-56) and there were 29 males and 46 females. No statistical difference was found between the single use vs reused catheter groups in the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria (32.4% vs 23.7%, p = 0.398) or urinary tract infections (35.2% vs 36.8%, p = 0.877). CONCLUSIONS: Single use polyvinylchloride catheters for intermittent bladder catheterization did not decrease the incidence of urinary tract infections in our patients with neurogenic bladder compared to reused polyvinylchloride catheters. These results are consistent with the 2014 Cochrane Review.

A randomized clinical trial comparing Nitrofurazone-coated and uncoated urinary catheters in kidney transplant recipients: Results from a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections are frequent complications early after kidney transplantation, and the use of antimicrobial coated catheters in settings other than transplantation has shown promising results for infection prevention. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Nitrofurazone-coated silicone urinary catheters with non-impregnated silicone urinary catheters in reducing bacteriuria and urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: This single-center study, randomized controlled trial at the Hospital do Rim, a tertiary referral center in kidney transplantation, located in São Paulo, Brazil. Subjects involved living donor kidney transplant recipients, and were randomized 1:1 ratio with a computer-generated system to a Nitrofurazone-coated silicone urinary catheter and non-impregnated silicone urinary catheter from March 2013 to December 2014. Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria or urinary tract infection at baseline, deceased kidney transplant donors, patients with known hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin, pregnancy, and those refusing to sign the informed consent form were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Two hundred fourteen subjects were randomized and one hundred seventy-six completed the study. There were no differences in the rates of asymptomatic bacteriuria (12.5% in the Nitrofurazone group and 11.4% in the control group, P = 0.99) and urinary tract infection (8% and 6.8%, P = 0.99) and the incidence of side effects was more frequent in the Nitrofurazone-impregnated silicone urinary catheter group (46.6% and 26.1%, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The study suggests that there is no beneficial effect of the employment of Nitrofurazone-coated urinary catheter. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN57888785.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: why do not we control this adverse event? / Infección del tracto urinario asociada con catéter vesical: ¿por qué no controlamos ese evento adverso? / Infecção do trato urinário associada a cateter vesical: por que não controlamos esse evento adverso?

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify factors related to the occurrence of urinary tract infection associated with urinary catheter use. Method: A longitudinal, retrospective cohort study carried out by analyzing the electronic medical records of patients admitted to an intensive care unit of a high-complexity hospital from July 2016 to June 2017. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical analysis. Results: The incidence density of urinary tract infection related to urinary catheter use was 4.8 per 1000 catheters/day, the majority (80.6%) with no indication for catheter use, and there was no prescription for insertion and/or maintenance in 86.7%. The mean time between catheter insertion and infection diagnosis was 11.3 ± 6.3 days (6 to 28 days). Statistically significant factors (p < 0.001) related to urinary infection linked to catheter use were hospitalization time in the unit (16.7 ± 9 days), catheter permanence time (12.7 ± 6.9 days), and the use of antimicrobials in the intensive care unit (8.6 ± 6.3 days). Conclusion: The association of indication absence and the record of the need for maintenance possibly potentiated the occurrence of urinary tract infection associated to catheter use.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar factores relacionados con la ocurrencia de infección del tracto urinario asociado con el uso del catéter vesical. Método: Estudio longitudinal, de cohorte retrospectivo, realizado por análisis de la ficha electrónica de pacientes ingresados en unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de alta complejidad, de julio de 2016 a junio de 2017. Se evaluaron los datos demográficos y clínicos, por análisis descriptivo y analítico. Resultados: La densidad de incidencia de la infección urinaria relacionada con el uso del catéter vesical fue de 4,8 por 1.000 catéter/día, siendo la mayoría (80,6%) sin indicación para uso del catéter y, en el 86,7%, no había prescripción para inserción y/o mantenimiento. El tiempo medio entre inserción del catéter vesical y diagnóstico de infección fue de 111,3±6,3 días (6 a 28 días). Los factores estadísticamente significativos (p<0,001) relacionados con la infección urinaria relacionada con el uso del catéter vesical fueron tiempo de estancia hospitalaria en la unidad (12,7±6,9 días) y uso de antimicrobianos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (8,6±6,3 días). Conclusión: La asociación de la ausencia de la indicación y del registro de la necesidad de mantenimiento posiblemente potenció la ocurrencia de infección urinaria relacionada con el uso del catéter vesical.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores relacionados à ocorrência de infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical. Método: Estudo longitudinal, coorte retrospectivo, realizado pela análise do prontuário eletrônico de pacientes admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital de alta complexidade, de julho de 2016 a junho de 2017. Avaliaram-se dados demográficos e clínicos, por análise descritiva e analítica. Resultados: A densidade de incidência da infecção urinária relacionada ao uso do cateter vesical foi de 4,8 por 1.000 cateter/dia, sendo a maioria (80,6%) sem indicação para uso do cateter e, em 86,7%, não havia prescrição para inserção e/ou manutenção. O tempo médio entre inserção do cateter vesical e diagnóstico de infecção foi de 11,3±6,3 dias (6 a 28 dias). Os fatores estatisticamente significativos (p<0,001) relacionados à infecção urinária relacionada ao uso do cateter vesical foram tempo de internação na unidade (16,7±9 dias), tempo de permanência do cateter vesical (12,7±6,9 dias) e uso de antimicrobianos na unidade de terapia intensiva (8,6±6,3 dias). Conclusão: A associação da ausência da indicação e do registro da necessidade de manutenção possivelmente potencializou a ocorrência de infecção urinária relacionada ao uso do cateter vesical.

Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection: what is the gap in clinical practice? / Prevención de infección del trato urinario asociada a cateter: ¿qué gap en la práctica clínica? / Prevenção de infecção do trato urinário associada a cateter: qual o gap na prática clínica?

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the gap in the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Method: an observational study conducted by an audit of process indicators in relation to the recommendations for preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection during its maintenance and handling. The collection was carried out between July and September of 2017 in an adult intensive care unit located in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The observations were made with the help of a developed instrument for the present study and the data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. Results: 451 evaluations were performed related to maintenance of the urinary catheter with a focus on its fixation, the collector bag maintenance, and volume and urinary flow of the drainage system. Regarding clinical practice gaps, inadequate fixation of the urinary catheter and drainage pocket were found, with more than three-quarters of its capacity filled (97.7% and 3.5%, respectively). Regarding the handling of 556 urinary catheters, there was non-conformity in the hygiene of the urethral meatus in 22.9% of the situations, and non-adherence to hands hygiene before and after handling the urinary catheter was 94.2% and 66.5%, respectively (p=0.002). Conclusion: isolated measures had good adherence rates, but prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection should be based on adherence to several measures simultaneously. The prevention gap is in the awareness of health professionals that the recognized prevention measures of catheter - associated urinary tract infection should be adopted collectively in order to guarantee patient and clinical practice safety.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar el gap para prevención de infección del tracto urinario asociado al uso del catéter vesical. Métodos: estudio observacional conducido por auditoría de indicadores de proceso en relación a las recomendaciones para prevención de la infección del tracto urinario asociada al uso de catéter vesical durante su mantenimiento y manipulación. La recolección se realizó entre julio y septiembre de 2017, en una unidad de cuidados intensivos adultos, en el Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Las observaciones fueron realizadas con ayuda de un instrumento desarrollado para el presente estudio y los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se realizaron 451 evaluaciones relacionadas con el mantenimiento del catéter vesical con foco en su fijación, mantenimiento de la bolsa colectora, y volumen y flujo urinario del sistema de drenaje. Como lagunas de la práctica clínica, se verificó la fijación inadecuada del catéter vesical y bolsa colectora de drenaje con más de tres cuartos de su capacidad llenada (97,7% y 3,5%, respectivamente). En cuanto a la manipulación, de 556 cateteres vesicales, hubo inconformidad en la higiene del meato uretral en el 22,9% de las situaciones, y la no adhesión a la higienización de las manos antes y después del manejo del catéter vesical fue del 94,2% y 66,5%, respectivamente (p=0,002). Conclusión: medidas aisladas presentaron buenas tasas de adhesión, pero la prevención de la infección del tracto urinario asociada al uso del catéter vesical debe basarse en la adhesión a varias medidas de forma simultánea. El gap para prevención está en la concientización de los profesionales de salud de que las medidas reconocidas para prevenir la infección del tracto urinario asociada al uso del catéter vesical deben ser adoptadas de forma colectiva, para garantizar la seguridad del paciente y de la práctica clínica.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o gap para prevenção de infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical. Método: estudo observacional conduzido por auditoria de indicadores de processo em relação às recomendações para prevenção da infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso de cateter vesical durante sua manutenção e manipulação. A coleta foi realizada entre julho e setembro de 2017, em uma unidade terapia intensiva adulto, localizada no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As observações foram realizadas com auxílio de um instrumento desenvolvido para o presente estudo e os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: foram realizadas 451 avaliações relacionadas à manutenção do cateter vesical com foco em sua fixação, manutenção da bolsa coletora e volume e fluxo urinário do sistema de drenagem. Como lacunas da prática clínica, foram verificadas fixação inadequada do cateter vesical e bolsa coletora de drenagem com mais de três quartos de sua capacidade preenchida (97,7% e 3,5%, respectivamente). No tocante à manipulação, de 556 cateteres vesicais, houve inconformidade na higiene do meato uretral em 22,9% das situações, e a não adesão à higienização das mãos antes e após o manuseio do cateter vesical foi de 94,2% e 66,5%, respectivamente (p=0,002). Conclusão: medidas isoladas apresentaram boas taxas de adesão, mas a prevenção da infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical deve se basear na adesão a várias medidas de forma simultânea. O gap para prevenção está na conscientização dos profissionais de saúde de que as medidas reconhecidas para prevenção da infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical devem ser adotadas de forma coletiva, visando garantir a segurança do paciente e da prática clínica.

Incidentes associados ao uso de cateter vesical de demora em pacientes hospitalizados / Incidents associated with the use of late bladder cateter in hospitalized patients

Estima-se que 15 a 25% dos pacientes internados no ambiente hospitalar utilizam cateter vesical de demora (CVD), tendo aproximadamente 80% das infecções do trato urinário associadas à instalação do CVD. A utilização excessiva e a permanência maior que a necessária do cateter, pode acarretar graves incidentes como dor, sangramento, desconforto, trauma e até mesmo uma grave infecção do trato urinário. O monitoramento do paciente em uso de CVD, pela equipe de enfermagem, bem como o conhecimento acerca dos principais incidentes associados ao manejo do cateter, podem ser importantes ferramentas na mitigação de agravos clínicos. Objetivos: verificar a frequência de incidentes vinculados ao uso de cateter vesical de demora em pacientes internados nos setores de clínica médica e cirúrgica; analisar a ocorrência de incidentes originados do manejo em pacientes em uso do cateter vesical de demora e sua interface com o cuidado seguro em saúde; discutir estratégias voltadas para atuação da equipe de enfermagem com vistas a mitigação de incidentes vinculados a cateter vesical de demora. Metodologia: estudo observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo, descritivo, de natureza quantitativa, realizado com 79 participantes internados em unidades de clínica médica e/ou cirúrgica de um Hospital Universitário Federal do Rio de Janeiro, selecionados a partir dos critérios elegibilidade estabelecidos. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: 55,7% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino, com faixa etária predominante (40,5%) entre 63 a 74 anos. Em média os pacientes foram cateterizados nos primeiros oito dias de internação. 94,9% dos pacientes apresentaram pelo menos um incidente durante o período do estudo. Verifica-se que sexo, idade, tempo de uso, diâmetro do cateter utilizado, e fixação do CVD tiveram associações estatísticas significativas. 18 pacientes apresentaram infecção, desses somente um participante possuía resultado de urocultura. Conclusão: a presente dissertação identificou os principais incidentes advindos do manejo e manutenção do cateter, verificando que em maioria, as circunstâncias notificáveis foram as mais recorrentes, verificando também a necessidade da realização de estratégias diretas com o profissional em campo de trabalho, vislumbrando que esse possa conferir um cuidado especializado, direcionado e seguro a probabilidade de fatores que possam levar a ocorrência de situações indesejadas na prática do cuidado.

It is estimated that 15 to 25% of the patients hospitalized in the hospital use delayed bladder catheter (CVD), with approximately 80% of the urinary tract infections associated with CVD. Overuse and overuse of the catheter can lead to serious incidents such as pain, bleeding, discomfort, trauma and even a serious urinary tract infection. The monitoring of the patient using CVD by the nursing team, as well as the knowledge about the main incidents associated with catheter management can be important tools in the mitigation of clinical injuries. Objectives: to verify the frequency of incidents related to the use of late bladder catheter in patients hospitalized in the medical and surgical clinic sectors; to analyze the occurrence of incidents originating from the management in patients in use of the bladder catheter of delay and its interface with the safe health care; to discuss strategies aimed at the nursing team's action in order to mitigate incidents related to delayed bladder catheter. Methods: this was a prospective, descriptive, longitudinal, prospective, quantitative study of 79 participants hospitalized at a medical and / or surgical clinic of a Federal University Hospital of Rio de Janeiro, selected from the established eligibility criteria. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: 55.7% of the participants were male, with a predominant age group (40.5%) between 63 and 74 years. On average, the patients were catheterized in the first eight days of hospitalization. 94.9% of patients had at least one incident during the study period. It is verified that sex, age, time of use, diameter of the catheter used, and fixation of CVD had significant statistical associations. 18 patients presented infection, of which only one participant had a result of uroculture. Conclusion: the present dissertation identified the main incidents resulting from the management and maintenance of the catheter, verifying that the majority of the reportable circumstances were the most recurrent, and also verified the need to carry out direct strategies with the professional in the field of work, a specialized, directed and safe care the probability of factors that can lead to the occurrence of undesirable situations in the practice of the care.

Se estima que entre el 15 y el 25% de los pacientes internados en el ambiente hospitalario utilizan catéter vesical de demora (CVD), con aproximadamente el 80% de las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a la instalación del CVD. El uso excesivo y la permanencia mayor que la necesaria del catéter, puede acarrear graves incidentes como dolor, sangrado, incomodidad, trauma e incluso una grave infección del tracto urinario. El monitoreo del paciente en uso de CVD, por el equipo de enfermería, así como el conocimiento acerca de los principales incidentes asociados al manejo del catéter, pueden ser importantes herramientas en la mitigación de los agravios clínicos. Objetivos: verificar la frecuencia de incidentes vinculados al uso de catéter vesical de demora en pacientes internados en los sectores de clínica médica y quirúrgica; analizar la ocurrencia de incidentes originados del manejo en pacientes en uso del catéter vesical de demora y su interfaz con el cuidado seguro en salud; discutir estrategias dirigidas a la actuación del equipo de enfermería con miras a la mitigación de incidentes vinculados a catéter vesical de demora. Metodología: estudio observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo, descriptivo, de naturaleza cuantitativa, realizado con 79 participantes internados en unidades de clínica médica y / o quirúrgica de un Hospital Universitario Federal de Río de Janeiro, seleccionados a partir de los criterios elegibles establecidos. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: El 55,7% de los participantes eran del sexo masculino, con rango de edad predominante (40,5%) entre 63 y 74 años. En promedio los pacientes fueron cateterizados en los primeros ocho días de internación. El 94,9% de los pacientes presentó al menos un incidente durante el período del estudio. Se observa que el sexo, la edad, el tiempo de uso, el diámetro del catéter utilizado, y la fijación del CVD han tenido asociaciones estadísticas significativas. 18 pacientes presentaron infección, de los cuales un participante poseía un resultado de urocultura. Conclusión: La presente disertación identificó los principales incidentes provenientes del manejo y mantenimiento del catéter, verificando que en su mayoría, las circunstancias notificables fueron las más recurrentes, verificando también la necesidad de la realización de estrategias directas con el profesional en campo de trabajo, vislumbrando que ese pueda conferir un cuidado especializado, dirigido y seguro a la probabilidad de factores que puedan llevar a la ocurrencia de situaciones indeseadas en la práctica del cuidado.

Infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical em paciente crítico: impacto do bundle na prevenção / Urinary tract infection associated with the use of bladder catheter in critically ill patients: impact of the bundle on prevention

A infecção do trato urinário é um dos agravos mais comuns durante a assistência à saúde, sobretudo na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), e, em sua maioria, é associada ao uso do cateter vesical (ITU-AC), contribuindo, de forma significativa, na mortalidade, na morbidade e no custo de tratamento. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o impacto da implantação do bundle na prevenção da ITU-AC em paciente crítico, bem como avaliar o conhecimento e a adesão dos profissionais que inserem e manipulam o cateter vesical (CV), em relação às medidas de prevenção dessa infecção. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico, de intervenção, realizado em UTI para pacientes adultos, em hospital filantrópico de alta complexidade no Estado de Minas Gerais. As etapas do estudo contemplaram três momentos: pré-intervenção, intervenção e pós-intervenção. Na pré-intervenção, ou período basal, foi determinada a densidade de incidência da ITU-AC no período entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2017, pela análise dos prontuários eletrônicos. Paralelo a esse levantamento, profissionais envolvidos na inserção ou manipulação do CV foram convidados a responder um instrumento, por meio de entrevistas face a face, para avaliação do conhecimento e, para adesão às práticas recomendadas de prevenção da ITU-AC, foram realizadas observações direta. Na etapa de intervenção, o bundle foi implementado na unidade, e os profissionais foram convidados a assistirem a uma sessão de treinamento/revisão/atualização em medidas de prevenção da ITU-AC, na qual foram adotadas metodologias ativas, com demonstrações práticas, intervenções lúdicas e simulação de procedimentos (vídeo de animação). Na pós-intervenção, com 30 dias após a realização da intervenção, a ocorrência de ITU-AC foi monitorada, e uma segunda avaliação do conhecimento e da adesão dos profissionais às medidas de prevenção da ITU-AC foi conduzida. Análises descritivas foram realizadas e, para comparação dos dois períodos (pré e pósintervenção), para as variáveis categóricas, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher e, para variáveis numéricas, foi usado o teste não paramétrico de MannWhitney. Para testar a normalidade da distribuição, foi utilizado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O nível de significância para inferência estatística foi de 0,05, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, sob parecer 2.069.140 e CAAE: 66149217.3.0000.5149. Na pré-intervenção, o CV foi utilizado em 402 (93,3%) pacientes, com predomínio no sexo masculino (56,7%). A densidade de incidência da ITU-AC foi de 4,8 por 1.000 cateter/dia, sendo a maioria (80,6%) sem indicação para uso do cateter e, em 86,7%, não havia prescrição para inserção e/ou manutenção. O tempo médio entre inserção do cateter vesical e diagnóstico de infecção foi de 11,3±6,3 dias (6 a 28 dias). Os fatores estatisticamente significativos (p<0,005) relacionados à ITU-AC foram tempo de internação na unidade (16,7±9 dias), tempo de permanência do CV (12,7±6,9 dias) e uso de antimicrobianos durante internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (8,6±6,3 dias). Na avaliação da adesão dos profissionais às medidas de prevenção de ITU-AC, foram realizadas 451 observações relacionadas à manutenção do CV com foco em sua fixação, manutenção da bolsa coletora, e volume e fluxo urinário do sistema de drenagem. Como não conformidades, foram verificadas fixação inadequada e bolsa coletora de drenagem com mais de três quartos de sua capacidade preenchida (97,7% e 3,5%, respectivamente). No tocante à manipulação de 556 CV, a inconformidade à higiene do meato uretral ocorreu em 22,9% das situações, e a não adesão à higienização das mãos antes e após o manuseio do CV foi de 94,2% e 66,5%, respectivamente (p=0,002). No conhecimento autorreferido da equipe multiprofissional, fizeram parte do estudo 32 profissionais, sendo 20 técnicos de enfermagem, oito médicos e quatro enfermeiros. A mediana percentual do conhecimento autorreferido nas indicações para inserção do CV foi de 16,7% e da técnica de inserção foi de 50%. Os profissionais com maior mediana de acerto nas indicações foram os médicos (16,6%) e, na técnica de inserção, os técnicos de enfermagem (50%). Em relação às medidas de prevenção de ITU-AC, a mediana do conhecimento foi de 23,1%, e os profissionais com maior conhecimento foram os enfermeiros e médicos, com 30,8%. Na intervenção, foram utilizadas metodologias ativas e participaram das sessões de treinamento nos diversos turnos (matutino, vespertino e noturno) 23 (96%) técnicos de enfermagem, quatro (100%) enfermeiros e quatro (30%) médicos. Na pós-intervenção, o CV foi utilizado por 94,3% dos pacientes, com aumento da densidade de incidência para 7,4 por 1.000 CV/dia. Houve melhora significativa na diminuição do tempo de permanência do CV e no percentual de uso de antimicrobianos. Para indicação adequada de inserção do CV, a diferença entre os dois períodos não foi significativa (p=0,06). Os fatores que se apresentaram significativamente associados à ITU-AC foram os mesmos da pré-intervenção: tempo de internação do paciente na UTI (p=0,006) e no hospital (p=0,015), tempo de permanência do CV (p=0,001) e dias de uso de antimicrobianos na UTI (p=0,017). Na adesão dos profissionais às medidas de prevenção de ITU-AC, observou-se melhora em todos os indicadores, alcançando índices de adequação em 100% ou próximos a esse valor na manutenção do CV. Em relação à manipulação, apesar do aumento da adesão em todas as medidas de prevenção de ITU-AC após a intervenção, no tocante à higienização das mãos, esse indicador permaneceu com resultados abaixo de 50%. No conhecimento autorreferido da equipe multiprofissional, observou-se tendência ao aumento em todas as medidas de prevenção da ITU-AC. Diferenças significativas (p<0,05) foram encontradas na descrição dos momentos para higienização das mãos, indicações para inserção do CV, adesão à medida de barreira na técnica de inserção e em ações de prevenção da ITU-AC durante a manipulação e a manutenção do CV. A implementação do bundle para prevenção de ITU-AC alcançou resultados positivos. No entanto, em algumas ações, como registro das indicações adequadas para uso do CV, conhecimento das medidas de prevenção de ITU-AC e baixa adesão à higiene de mãos durante a manipulação e manutenção do CV, verifica-se que ainda são necessários esforço e feedback aos profissionais, deixando claramente evidenciado que o bundle pode ser uma estratégia efetiva, desde que seu seguimento seja de forma sustentada e em longo prazo, para incorporar conhecimento à prática dos profissionais, e não apenas uma intervenção pontual. Apesar disso, sua implementação na prática clínica, nesta investigação, serviu para identificar lacunas que requerem mudanças e envolvem educação e comprometimento na implantação de protocolos institucionais. É necessário ainda que os profissionais conheçam e incorporem como habilidade e atitude todas as medidas adequadamente, considerando que o conhecimento isoladamente pode não ser suficiente para garantir a segurança do cuidado prestado e a redução de riscos ao paciente assistido.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common health care problems, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU), and is mostly associated with the use of bladder catheter (ITU-AC), significantly impacting mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment. This study aims to analyze the impact of bundle implantation on ITU-AC prevention in critically ill patients, as well as to evaluate the skills of professionals who insert and manipulate the bladder catheter (BC) in relation to prevention measures of this infection. This is an epidemiological intervention study conducted in the ICU for adult patients in a highly complex philanthropic hospital in the state of Minas Gerais. The study stages comprised three moments: pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention. In the pre-intervention, or baseline period, the incidence density of ITU-AC from July 2016 to June 2017 was determined by analyzing the medical records. It was complemented by an approach to the professionals involved in the insertion or manipulation of the CV, through interviews to assess knowledge and direct observation to adhere to the ITUAC best practices for prevention. In the intervention, the bundle was implemented in the unit and professionals were invited to attend a training/review/update session on ITU-AC prevention measures in which active methodologies were adopted, with practical demonstrations, playful interventions and procedure simulation (animation video). After the intervention, 30 days after the intervention, the occurrence of UTI-AC was monitored and a second assessment of the knowledge and adherence of professionals to the UTI-AC prevention measures was conducted. Descriptive analyzes were performed and in the comparison of the two periods (pre and post intervention), for categorical variables Pearson's Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test were performed and numerical variables were used the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. To test normality, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The significance level for statistical inference was 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, under opinion 2.069.140 and CAAE: 66149217.3.0000.5149. In the pre-intervention, the BC was used in 402 (93.3%) patients, with a predominance in males (56.7%). The ITU-AC incidence density was 4.8 per 1,000 catheter/day, most (80.6%) with no indication for catheter use and 86.7% had no prescription for insertion and/or maintenance. The average time between BC insertion and diagnosis of infection was 11.3±6.3 days (6 to 28 days). The statistically significant factors (p<0.005) related to UTI-AC were length of stay in the unit (16.7±9 days), length of stay of the BC (12.7±6.9 days) and use of antimicrobials during intensive care unit admission (8.6±6.3 days). In the evaluation of the adherence of professionals to the prevention measures of UTIAC, 451 observations were made related to the maintenance of the BC focusing on its fixation, maintenance of the collecting bag, and volume and urinary flow of the drainage system. As nonconformities, inadequate fixation and drainage bag were verified with more than three quarters of its filled capacity (97.7% and 3.5%, respectively). Regarding the manipulation of 556 BC, non-compliance with urethral meatus hygiene occurred in 22.9% of the situations, and non-adherence to hand hygiene before and after BC handling was 94.2% and 66.5%, respectively (p=0.002). In the self-reported knowledge of the multiprofessional team, 32 professionals were part of the study, 20 nursing technicians, eight doctors and four nurses. The median percentage of self-reported knowledge on indications for BC insertion was 16.7% and the insertion technique was 50%. The professionals with the highest median accuracy in the indications were doctors (16.6%) and in the insertion technique, nursing technicians (50%). Regarding prevention measures for UTI-AC, the median knowledge was 23.1% and the professionals with the most knowledge were nurses and doctors with 30.8%. During the intervention, 23 (96%) nursing technicians, four (100%) nurses and four (30%) doctors participated in the training sessions in the various shifts (morning, afternoon and evening). Post-intervention, BC was used by 94.3% of patients, increasing incidence density to 7.39 per 1,000 BC/day. There was a significant improvement in the decrease in the length of stay of the BC and in the percentage of antimicrobial use. For adequate indication of BC insertion, the difference between the two periods was not significant (p = 0.06). The factors that were significantly associated with UTI-AC were the same as those of the pre-intervention: length of stay in ICU and hospital, length of stay of BC and days of antimicrobial use in ICU (p<0.05). The adherence of professionals to the ITU-AC prevention measures showed improvement in all indicators, reaching adequacy rates of 100% or close to this value in maintaining the BC. Regarding manipulation, despite the increase in adherence in all preventive measures of UTIAC after the intervention, regarding hand hygiene, this indicator remained below 50%. In the self-reported knowledge of the multiprofessional team, there was a tendency to increase in all preventive measures of UTI-AC. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the description of the moments for hand hygiene, indications for insertion of the BC, measurement of adherence to the barrier measurement in the insertion technique, and prevention measures of ITU-AC during manipulation and BC maintenance. The impact of the ITU-AC prevention bundle achieved positive results. However, in some actions, such as: registration of the appropriate indications for the use of BC, knowledge about the prevention measures of ITU-AC and poor adherence to hand hygiene during manipulation and maintenance of VC, it is found that efforts and feedback are needed from professionals, clearly showing that bundle can be an effective strategy, as long as its follow-up is sustained and long-term to incorporate knowledge into the practice of professionals and not just a punctual intervention. Nevertheless, its implementation in clinical practice, in this research, served to identify gaps that require change and usually involve education, commitment and implementation of institutional protocols. Professionals need to know and execute all measures properly, as knowledge in isolated measures is not sufficient to ensure excellence in the care provided.

Does ureteral access sheat usage lead to permanent damage in the ureter? A placebo controlled trial in a rabbit model

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical stenosis or precursor histological changes that ureteral access sheaths commonly used in ureteroscopic surgeries may cause in the long term in ureter. Methods: In this study, the animals were divided into 9 groups and according to their groups, ureters of the rabbits were endoscopically fitted with 2F and 3F ureter catheters. The catheters were left in place and withdrawn after a specified period of time. All the ureters were excised and evaluated macroscopically, microscopically and histologically. Ureter diameters were measured and FGF-2 (+) labeled fibroblasts were counted in connective tissue as stenosis precursors. Results: Macroscopically or microscopically, no stenosis was found in any group. The ureter diameter of the group that were catheterized for the longest time with the catheter that had the widest diameter was significantly lower than the group with the shorter duration and the catheter with the narrower diameter and the control group. When the groups were compared in terms of their FGF values, there was a significant difference in FGF-2 counts at all three ureter levels (p 0.05). Conclusion: The use of ureteral access sheath may lead to histological changes, as its diameter and duration increase.(AU)

Does ureteral access sheat usage lead to permanent damage in the ureter? A placebo controlled trial in a rabbit model

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the clinical stenosis or precursor histological changes that ureteral access sheaths commonly used in ureteroscopic surgeries may cause in the long term in ureter. Methods: In this study, the animals were divided into 9 groups and according to their groups, ureters of the rabbits were endoscopically fitted with 2F and 3F ureter catheters. The catheters were left in place and withdrawn after a specified period of time. All the ureters were excised and evaluated macroscopically, microscopically and histologically. Ureter diameters were measured and FGF-2 (+) labeled fibroblasts were counted in connective tissue as stenosis precursors. Results: Macroscopically or microscopically, no stenosis was found in any group. The ureter diameter of the group that were catheterized for the longest time with the catheter that had the widest diameter was significantly lower than the group with the shorter duration and the catheter with the narrower diameter and the control group. When the groups were compared in terms of their FGF values, there was a significant difference in FGF-2 counts at all three ureter levels (p <0.05). Conclusion: The use of ureteral access sheath may lead to histological changes, as its diameter and duration increase.

Epidemiología de las infecciones urinarias asociadas a catéter y no asociadas a catéter en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel / Nosocomial urinary tract infection: an analysis beyond urinary catheterization

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones urinarias asociadas a la atención de la salud (ITU-AAS) representan un importante problema sanitario, siendo poco conocidas sus características cuando no están asociadas a cateterización urinaria u ocurren fuera de unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Objetivos: Determinar las características de los pacientes con ITU-AAS, etiología y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de las mismas, tanto asociadas a catéter (ITU-C) como no asociadas a catéter (ITU-noC), en UCI y en sala general. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico retrospectivo de corte transversal entre 2009 y 2013 en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Se identificaron todos los episodios de ITU-AAS, diferenciándolas en ITU-C e ITU-noC. Resultados: Se incluyeron 253 episodios de ITU-AAS, siendo más frecuentes las ITU-C (60,9%) respecto a ITU-noC. Un 37,4% de ITU-noC y 59,7% de ITU-C ocurrieron en UCI. Los microorganismos aislados más frecuentemente fueron Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Enterococcus sp. El 19% de los bacilos gramnegativos fueron productores de β-lactamasa de espectro extendido, siendo su frecuencia similar en ambos grupos. Conclusión: Las co-morbilidades de los pacientes con ITU-AAS, los agentes etiológicos responsables y sus correspondientes espectros de sensibilidad, fueron similares en los grupos de ITU-C e ITU-noC, tanto en sala general como en UCI.

Introduction: Nosocomially acquired urinary tract infections (NAUTI) represent an important public health issue, but its characteristics when they are not catheter associated (CA-UTI) or when they take place outside intensive care units (ICU) are poorly understood. Objectives: To determine the patients' characteristics, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of NAUTI, both CA-UTI and no CA-UTI, in general ward and ICU. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analytic cross-sectional study, between 2009 and 2013, in a third level universitary hospital. All NAUTI episodes were identified, classifying them as CA-UTI and no CA-UTI. Results: We included 253 episodes of NAUTI, being CA-UTI (60,9%) more frequent than no CA-UTI. A 37,4% of no CA-UTI and 59,7% of CA-UTI were identified in ICU. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus sp. A 19% of extended spectrum betalactamase producing gram negative bacilli were found, without differences between groups. Conclusion: Patients's comorbidities, microorganisms associated to NAUTI and its antimicrobial susceptibility were similar in CA-UTI and no CA-UTI, as in general ward and ICU.

Cateter urinário: o tempo de exposição e calibre podem influenciar na formação de biofilme? / Catéter urinario: ¿el tiempo de exposición y calibre puede influir en la formación de biofilm? / Urinary catheter: can exposure time and gauge affect biofilm formation?

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do tempo de exposição e calibre na formação de biofilme em cateteres urinários de Foley (CUFs). Método: Pesquisa in vitro com amostras de fragmentos de CUFs em látex siliconizado de diferentes calibres (n° 14 e n° 16 Frenchs). A urina artificial foi confeccionada, inoculada com bactérias-padrão Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) e incubada a 37 °C por 24 horas e 72 horas. As análises foram realizadas por meio de cultura (carga bacteriana) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Resultados: Não houve diferença na carga bacteriana dos biofilmes formados nas superfícies dos CUFs com relação aos diferentes calibres (p > 0,05). Por outro lado, o tempo de exposição (24 horas e 72 horas) foi o fator determinante para formação do biofilme de P. aeruginosa nos CUFs (p < 0,05). Conclusão: O tempo de exposição influenciou a formação do biofilme de P. aeruginosa nos CUFs, independentemente dos calibres.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del tiempo de exposición y calibre en la formación de biofilm en catéteres urinarios de Foley (CUFs). Método: Investigación in vitro con muestras de fragmentos de CUFs en látex siliconizado de diferentes calibres (n ° 14 y n° 16 Frenchs). La orina artificial fue confeccionada, inoculada con bacterias estándar Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) e incubada a 37 °C durante 24 horas y 72 horas. Los análisis se realizaron por medio de cultivo (carga bacteriana) y microscopía electrónica de exploración. Resultados: No hubo diferencia en la carga bacteriana de los biofilmes formados en las superficies de los CUFs en relación con los diferentes calibres (p> 0,05). Por otro lado, el tiempo de exposición (24 horas y 72 horas) fue el factor determinante para la formación del biofilm de P. aeruginosa en los CUFs (p <0,05). Conclusión: El tiempo de exposición influenció la formación del biofilm de P. aeruginosa en los CUFs, independientemente de los calibres.

Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of exposure time and gauge of Foley catheters in biofilm formation. Method: In vitro study with samples of Foley catheter fragments made of siliconized latex of different gauges (#14 and #16 French gauge). Artificial urine was produced, which was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) standard bacteria, incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours and 72 hours. The material was analyzed by means of culture (bacterial load) and scanning electron microscopy. Results: There was no difference in bacterial load of biofilms formed in Foley catheter surfaces with regard to different gauges (p > 0.05). On the other hand, exposure time (24 hours and 72 hours) was a determining factor for P. aeruginosa biofilm formation in Foley catheters (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Exposure time had an effect on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation in Foley catheters, regardless of gauges.

Estudio clínico y microbiológico de la infección urinaria asociada a catéter, en los servicios de medicina interna de un hospital universitario venezolano / Clinical and microbiological study of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in internal medicine services of a Venezuelan university hospital

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar las características clínicas y microbiológicas de las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a catéter (ITUAC) en pacientes hospitalizados en los servicios de Medicina Interna del Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (HULA), Mérida, Venezuela y establecer la distribución clonal de Enterobacteriaceae multirresistentes productoras de esta infección. Materiales y métodos Se estudiaron 73 pacientes adultos con cateterismo vesical, durante enero a julio de 2015. El procesamiento microbiológico de las muestras de orina se realizó por métodos convencionales y automatizados. Las β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y carbapenemasas fueron detectadas fenotípicamente. La tipificación clonal se determinó por la amplificación de secuencias repetitivas por PCR. Resultados El 53,4% de los pacientes eran varones, con una edad media de 50,6 años. El promedio de permanencia del catéter fue de 10,9 + 6,5 días/paciente. El 54,8% de los pacientes tuvo urocultivos positivos. Las levaduras fueron el principal agente etiológico (44,7%), seguido por las enterobacterias (29,8%). Las enterobacterias, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii produjeron BLEE y carbapenemasas asociadas a otros marcadores de resistencia. Dos grupos clonales fueron identificados en cepas de E. coli y K. pneumoniae multirresistentes, los cuales circularon en la unidad de trauma shock de la emergencia de adulto. Conclusiones Los hallazgos de este estudio permiten evidenciar la necesidad de adoptar estrictos criterios que justifiquen el uso del catéter vesical y la duración del mismo, así como el implementar programas para prevenir y controlar la diseminación de clonas bacterianas multirresistentes en pacientes con ITUAC en los servicios de medicina interna del HULA.

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) in patients admitted to the Internal Medicine services of the Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (HULA), Mérida, Venezuela and to establish the clonal distribution of multi-resistant Enterobacteriaceae that produce this infection. Materials and Methods Seventy-three adult patients with bladder catheterization were studied between January and July 2015. The microbiological processing of the urine samples was performed using conventional and automatized methods. Extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase were detected phenotypically. Clonal classification was determined using repetitive element sequence-based PCR. Results A total of 53.4% of the patients were male, and the average age was 50.6 years. The average time the catheter remained in the patient was 10.9 ± 6.5 days and 54.8% of patients had positive urine cultures. Yeasts were the main etiological agent (44.7%), followed by enterobacteria (29.8%). Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii produced ESBL and carbapenemase associated with other resistance markers. Two clonal groups were identified in multi-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that circulated in the shock trauma unit in the adult emergency department. Conclusions The findings in this study show the need to adopt strict criteria justifying the use of bladder catheterization and its duration, as well as the implementation of programs to prevent and control the spread of multi-resistant bacterial clones in patients with CA-UTI in the HULA Internal Medicine department.

Role of interspecies interactions in dual-species biofilms developed in vitro by uropathogens isolated from polymicrobial urinary catheter-associated bacteriuria.

Most catheter-associated urinary tract infections are polymicrobial. Here, uropathogen interactions in dual-species biofilms were studied. The dual-species associations selected based on their prevalence in clinical settings were Klebsiella pneumoniae-Escherichia coli, E. coli-Enterococcus faecalis, K. pneumoniae-E. faecalis, and K. pneumoniae-Proteus mirabilis. All species developed single-species biofilms in artificial urine. The ability of K. pneumoniae to form biofilms was not affected by E. coli or E. faecalis co-inoculation, but was impaired by P. mirabilis. Conversely, P. mirabilis established a biofilm when co-inoculated with K. pneumoniae. Additionally, E. coli persistence in biofilms was hampered by K. pneumoniae but not by E. faecalis. Interestingly, E. coli, but not K. pneumoniae, partially inhibited E. faecalis attachment to the surface and retarded biofilm development. The findings reveal bacterial interactions between uropathogens in dual-species biofilms ranged from affecting initial adhesion to outcompeting one bacterial species, depending on the identity of the partners involved.