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Resumen Las pruebas internacionales de aplicación masiva permiten evaluar los aportes de los factores individuales, familiares, institucionales y nacionales al logro educativo de los estudiantes expresado en su desempeño. En este contexto, el propósito de este estudio fue proponer y evaluar un modelo de efectos centrado en el procesamiento cognitivo esencial e incidental de las actividades académicas, de acuerdo con el desempeño en las pruebas de matemáticas en estudiantes de sexto grado de 15 países (y el estado de Nuevo León de México) que participaron en el Tercer Estudio Regional Comparativo y Explicativo (TERCE). Se formuló un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en el que se calcularon índices de procesamiento esencial (control atencional, memoria de trabajo y supervisión familiar) y procesamiento incidental (violencia percibida, uso de ocio de la computadora -videojuegos, redes sociales, reproducción de contenidos, etcétera), con base en los ítems o preguntas utilizados en el TERCE. Los índices se diseñaron y obtuvieron según el Modelo de Rasch de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). El modelo planteado afecta el desempeño en la prueba en 24 puntos. La variable con mayor tamaño de efecto es el uso de ocio de computadoras en el hogar. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de las hipótesis cognitivas sobre la distribución de recursos de atención y la de entrenamiento para entender el rol de las tecnologías de la información en el proceso formativo.
Abstract International tests of massive application allow evaluating how individual, institutional, national, and family factors contribute to students' educational achievement through their performance. Consequently, education evaluation is based on the paradigm of general and specific competencies for life. One of these general competencies is the capacity to solve mathematical problems and apply logical thinking to problem-solving. In order to evaluate this general competence, standardized tests have been developed. Among these tests, the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE) in 2013 evaluated the mathematical and other areas' academic performance of children in the third and sixth grade. The TERCE Mathematics evaluation allows researchers to capture the students' academic performance in five domains: numeric, geometric, measurement, statistics, and variation, as well as their cognitive performance in objects and elements recognition and simple and complex problem-solving. In addition, to evaluate these eight dimensions, the TERCE test also asks for information regarding academic context, family environment, and teachers, among others. Despite this information, in Colombia and in general, the evaluation of the socioeconomic context over academic performance has been studied mainly considering the schools' characteristics, families' economic levels, and public expenses. Therefore, there is little evidence of the effects of psycho-pedagogical and psychological factors on academic performance. Psycho-pedagogical models emphasize the dependence of the superior processes on perceptual and attentional processes and the need for activities that demand deep processing and active involvement with information before, during, and after classes. Thus, attending simultaneously to different elements affects the development of cognitive control functions, which leads to low academic achievement and performance. Frequently, students face academic activities in different scenarios where the attentional system should divide its resources between several stimulus sources. Activities in which the attentional system focuses are "essential processing", and those not related to the main academic activity are called "incidental processing". Consequently, increasing the sources of incidental processing would decrease the attentional resources devoted to the essential processing of educational activities producing low academic performance. In this context, the study proposes and evaluates an effects model focused on essential and incidental cognitive processing of academic activities. The information was captured on the mathematics performance of sixth-grade students from 15 countries (and the state of Nuevo León de México) participating in the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE). A Structural Equations model was formulated using indices of Essential Processing (Attentional Control, Working Memory, and Family Supervision) and Incidental Processing (Perceived Violence, Leisure use of the computer, and incidental processing) based on the items or questions used in the TERCE. The indices were designed based on the Item Response Theory (IRT) model. Findings show that the proposed model affects the performance in the test by 24 points. Higher scores in essential processing produce higher scores in the mathematics component of the TERCE test. Family supervision of academic activity is the single element with the highest impact on academic performance (3.020); on the other hand, attentional control (7.48) and working memory (4.295) also impact academic performance positively. Regarding the incidental processing variables, lower levels of perceived violence (1.680), less noise and distractor in class (2.130), and higher use of computers at home for leisure activities (5.851) have the most significant impacts on academic performance. The results are discussed considering the cognitive hypotheses on the distribution of attention resources and the training hypothesis to understand information technologies' role in the academic processes. Suggestions for further research focus on the inclusion of items with a higher theoretical background that allows researchers to evaluate the impact of essential and incidental processing on academic performance using items specially designed with that goal to get more conclusive and robust results.
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The aim of the study was to demonstrate a relationship between the math anxiety (MA) of parents and teachers and the MA of children and the effects on the children's performance in arithmetic. 286 children aged between 7 and 10 years and their parents and mathematics teachers participated in the study. The instruments used were: Math Anxiety Questionnaire; School Performance Test - Arithmetic subtest; Mathematical Anxiety Scale; and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices. The results showed that advanced age of the teacher was a predictor of high levels of MA, which influenced the children's performance in arithmetic. Low parental education was associated with high MA, however, there were no correlations between parents' and children's MA. A significant difference was found between the MA mean scores for girls and boys, with the girls presenting higher levels of MA. (AU)
O objetivo do estudo foi evidenciar a relação entre a ansiedade matemática (AM) dos pais e dos professores com a AM das crianças e o desempenho destas em aritmética. Participaram do estudo 286 crianças com idade entre 7 e 10 anos e seus respectivos pais e professores de matemática. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de Ansiedade Matemática, Teste de Desempenho Escolar - Subteste de Aritmética, Escala de Ansiedade Matemática e Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven. Os resultados mostraram que a idade avançada dos professores é um fator preditor para altos níveis de AM, o que influencia no desempenho das crianças em aritmética. A baixa escolaridade dos pais está associada a alta AM, porém não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre AM de pais e crianças. Também foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre as médias de AM para o sexo feminino e masculino, evidenciando que meninas possuem maiores níveis de AM. (AU)
El objetivo del estudio fue resaltar la relación entre la ansiedad matemática (AM) de padres y docentes con la AM de los niños y su desempeño en aritmética y de los niños. Participaron en el estudio 286 niños entre 7 y 10 años y sus respectivos padres y profesores de matemáticas. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Cuestionario de AM; Prueba de Rendimiento Escolar: Subprueba aritmética; Escala de AM; Matrices Progresivas Escala Coloreada de Raven. Los resultados mostraron que la edad avanzada de los docentes es un factor predictivo para altos niveles de AM, lo que influye en el rendimiento de los niños en aritmética. La baja educación de los padres se asocia con un alto AM, pero no se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre AM de padres e hijos. Asimismo, se encontró una diferencia significativa entre las medias de AM de niñas y niños, lo que demuestra que las niñas tienen niveles más altos de AM. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Ansiedade , Matemática , Pais , Estudantes , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Distribuição por Sexo , Escala Fujita-Pearson , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Escolaridade , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Professores Escolares , Desempenho Acadêmico , Estereotipagem de Gênero , Análise de Mediação , Inferência Estatística , Testes de InteligênciaRESUMO
Abstract In this paper, we present an attention classification method using Machine-Learning Algorithms. The EEG signals were recorded from ten engineering students with an EPOC+BCI using the electrodes F3, F4, P7, and P8 while solving some mathematical operations. The recording time for these activities is around 20 minutes. Next, a similar time EEG register is obtained while doing non-academic activities, such as chattering with the staff, checking cell phones, or playing a video game. With these EEG registers, we obtained a set of features to train and evaluate attention using Machine Learning algorithms. This research shows how engineering students interact with math topics in solving mental operations and complex reasoning by increasing brain domain and knowledge for mathematical reasoningrelated processes, such as sustained and shifting attention and logical constructions for object interaction during operations resolution. The Random Forest algorithm (RF) obtained the highest accuracy with 0.7392, an F1 Score of 0.7430, and the highest Specificity/Accuracy with 0.7261.
Resumen Se presenta un método de clasificación de la atención utilizando algoritmos de aprendizaje automático. Con las señales EEG de diez estudiantes de ingeniería adquiridas utilizando los electrodos F3, F4, P7 y P8 de una BCI EPOC+ mientras resuelven productos escalares, multiplicaciones algebraicas simples, simplificaciones e integrales por aproximadamente 20 minutos. Posteriormente, se obtiene un registro EEG de tiempo similar mientras se realizan actividades no académicas, como charlar con el personal, consultar el móvil o jugar a un videojuego. Se obtienen algunas características/parámetros, se entrenan y evalúan varios algoritmos de aprendizaje automático para la clasificación de la atención. Los resultados de esta investigación pueden mejorar la forma en que los estudiantes de ingeniería interactúan con los temas matemáticos en la resolución de operaciones mentales y razonamientos complejos, aumentando el dominio y el conocimiento cerebral para los procesos relacionados con el razonamiento matemático, como la atención sostenida y cambiante y las construcciones lógicas para la interacción con objetos durante la resolución de operaciones. El clasificador Random Forest obtuvo la mayor precisión con 0.7392, una puntuación F1 de 0.7430 y la mayor especificidad/precisión con 0.7261.
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Resumen Introducción: el estudio analizó (a) las diferencias entre madres y padres en sus actividades matemáticas en el hogar y en otros factores del ambiente matemático (actitudes, ansiedad, creencias y expectativas matemáticas) y (b) la asociación entre los factores del ambiente matemático y las actividades matemáticas en el hogar. Método: participaron 266 familias de niños y niñas chilenos de primer a tercer grado de primaria (edad promedio = 93.35 meses, DE = 11.45 meses). Ambos padres contestaron un cuestionario sobre matemáticas en el hogar. Resultados: las madres reportaron realizar actividades matemáticas con mayor frecuencia que los padres. Análisis de ecuaciones estructurales mostraron que las actividades matemáticas realizadas por los padres se relacionaron con sus creencias, actitudes y expectativas matemáticas; mientras que las de las madres se relacionaron con sus creencias, actitudes y género de los niños. Conclusiones: los hallazgos aportan a la comprensión del ambiente matemático en el hogar.
Abstract Introduction: The study analyzes (a) the differences between mothers and fathers in their home math activities and home math environment factors (math attitudes, anxiety, beliefs, and expectations) and (b) the associations among the home math environment factors and home math activities of Chilean families. Method: Participants were 266 families of boys and girls attending grades 1-3 (mean age = 93.35 months, DS = 11.45 months). Both parents of each child independently answered a home math questionnaire. Results: Mothers reported doing more math activities with their children than fathers. The structural equation model analyses showed that the frequency with which fathers engage in home math activities was related to their math beliefs, attitudes, and expectations, whereas maternal home math activities were related to their beliefs, attitudes, and the gender of the child. Conclusions: The findings contribute to the understanding of the home math environment.
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Introducción: La relación entre funciones ejecutivas y habilidades matemáticas ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Sin embargo, no existe consenso respecto de la contribución específica de la memoria de trabajo y la planificación en el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas tempranas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad predictiva de estos dos dominios ejecutivos sobre las competencias matemáticas de preescolares. Método: Se implementó un diseño no experimental ex post facto, con una muestra de 104 niños/as chilenos/as. La evaluación de sus funciones ejecutivas se realizó con la tarea "inversión de números" de la Batería IV Woodcock-Muñoz para evaluar la memoria de trabajo verbal, la subprueba "Torpo, el topo torpe" del Test de Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (TENI) para evaluar la memoria de trabajo visoespacial y el Test de Laberintos de Porteus para evaluar la planificación. Con el fin de evaluar las habilidades matemáticas se utilizó el Test de Evaluación Matemática Temprana Utrecht (TEMT-U), versión chilena. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, correlaciones y modelos de regresión múltiple. Resultados: La memoria de trabajo verbal seguida por la memoria de trabajo visoespacial y la planificación fueron los mejores predictores de las competencias matemáticas de los/as niños/as. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que estas funciones ejecutivas desempeñan un papel clave en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas y aportan información específica a las/os educadoras/es para que puedan planificar sus estrategias de enseñanza en función de las demandas cognitivas que requiere cada habilidad matemática, lo que puede ser una vía potencial para promover mejores logros de aprendizaje en esta importante disciplina.
Introduction: The relationship between executive functions and mathematical skills has been extensively studied. However, there is no consensus regarding the specific contribution of working memory and planning in the development of early mathematical skills. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive capacity of these two executive domains on preschoolers' mathematical skills. Method: A non-experimental ex post facto design was implemented with a sample of 104 Chilean children. The evaluation of their executive functions was performed with the "number inversion" task of the Woodcock-Muñoz IV Battery to assess verbal working memory, the "Clumsy Mole the Clumsy Mole" subtest of the TENI Child Neuropsychological Evaluation Test to assess visuospatial working memory, and the Porteus Maze Test to assess planning. To assess mathematical skills, the Test de Evaluación Matemática Temprana Utretch TEMT-U, Chilean version, was used. Descriptive analyses, correlations and multiple regression models were performed. Results: Verbal working memory followed by visuospatial working memory and planning were the best predictors of children's mathematical skills. Conclusions: These results suggest that these executive functions play a key role in mathematics learning and provide specific information to educators so that they can plan their teaching strategies according to the cognitive demands required by each mathematical skill, which may be a potential way to promote better learning achievements in this important discipline.
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O ingresso à universidade dos estudantes de Matemática é marcado por muitas dificuldades. O conhecimento das concepções dos professores pode nos levar à reflexão de como esses alunos possam ter melhores experiências acadêmicas visto que, os docentes são os principais responsáveis pelo processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as concepções de professores sobre a adaptação à universidade e a satisfação com o curso dos alunos de Matemática. Participaram 23 professores, sendo 11 de universidades públicas e 12 de privadas, do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi realizada entrevista individual com 12 perguntas abertas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o software Iramuteq. Foram analisados 303 segmentos de texto, obtendo-se cinco Classes (Dificuldades do Estudante, Gestão do Tempo, Razões para a Escolha do Curso, Oportunidades de Emprego e Ambiente Acadêmico). Conclui-se que os professores atribuem as dificuldades de aprendizagem dos alunos aos déficits de conteúdo, falta de gerenciamento do tempo e que trabalham durante o dia. (AU)
Mathematics students' entrance into the university is marked by many difficulties. The knowledge of the teachers 'conceptions can lead us to reflect on how these students can have better academic experiences since, the teachers are the main responsible for the students' learning process. This study aims to identify teachers 'conceptions about adaptation to the university and satisfaction with the mathematics students' course. Participated 23 teachers, 11 from public universities and 12 from private universities in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Individual interviews were conducted with 12 open-ended questions. Iramuteq software was used for data analysis. 303 text segments were analyzed, obtaining five Classes (Student Difficulties, Time Management, Reasons for Choosing the Course, Employment Opportunities and Academic Environment). It is concluded that teachers attribute students' learning difficulties to content deficits, lack of time management and who work during the day. (AU)
El ingreso de los estudiantes de matemáticas a la universidad está marcado por muchas dificultades. El conocimiento de las concepciones de los docentes puede llevarnos a reflexionar sobre cómo estos estudiantes pueden tener mejores experiencias académicas ya que, los docentes son los principales responsables del proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las concepciones de los docentes sobre la adaptación a la universidad y la satisfacción con el curso de los estudiantes de matemáticas. Participaron 23 profesores, 11 de universidades públicas y 12 de universidades privadas del estado de Río de Janeiro. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales con 12 preguntas abiertas. Se utilizó el software Iramuteq para el análisis de datos. Se analizaron 303 segmentos de texto, obteniendo cinco Clases (Dificultades del alumno, Gestión del tiempo, Razones para elegir el curso, Oportunidades laborales y Ambiente académico). Se concluye que los docentes atribuyen las dificultades de aprendizaje de los estudiantes a déficits de contenido, falta de gestión del tiempo y que trabajan durante la jornada. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Estudantes/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Docentes , Satisfação Pessoal , Universidades , Software , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Aprendizagem , MatemáticaRESUMO
Resumen (analítico) Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la adaptación de las ideas de la cognición 4E en el estudio del aprendizaje de las matemáticas en la investigación contemporánea, de manera que pueda proporcionar estrategias para cualificar los procesos pedagógicos y didácticos en las aulas en tiempos de pospandemia. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos a texto completo en las bases de datos Science Direct y Ebsco Academic Search Ultimate, de los últimos cuatro años. Se seleccionaron 56 artículos, que se analizaron mediante análisis de conglomerados, nubes de palabras y mapas jerárquicos en Nvivo 11. Se obtuvieron cuatro núcleos temáticos (andamiaje, trayectoria socio-cultural, numerosidad y adquisición de conceptos básicos en matemáticas y exploración de nichos matemáticos) que permiten avanzar en la implementación de mejoras en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje en pospandemia.
Abstract (analytical) This study aims to describe the adaptation of the ideas of 4E cognition in research on Mathematics learning in contemporary research. These ideas can provide strategies to improve pedagogical and didactic processes in classrooms during the post-pandemic period. Fulltext articles published in the last 4 years were searched for in the Science Direct and Ebsco Academic Search Ultimate databases. A total of 56 articles were selected and were analyzed through the generation of cluster analysis, word clouds and hierarchical maps in the NVivo 11 software. Four thematic cores were identified (scaffolding; sociocultural trajectory; numeracy and acquisition of basic concepts in mathematics; and exploration of mathematical niches) that contribute to improvements in teaching and learning in the post-pandemic period.
Resumo (analítico) Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a adaptação das ideias da cognição 4E no estudo da aprendizagem da Matemática na pesquisa contemporânea, de modo que possa fornecer estratégias para qualificar processos pedagógicos e didáticos em sala de aula em tempos pós-pandêmicos. Artigos de texto completo foram pesquisados nas bases de dados Science Direct e Ebsco Academic Search Ultimate nos últimos 4 anos. Foram selecionados 56 artigos, os quais foram analisados por meio de análise de cluster, nuvem de palavras e mapas hierárquicos no Nvivo 11. Foram obtidos quatro núcleos temáticos (andaimes, trajetória sociocultural, multiplicidade e aquisição de conceitos básicos em matemática e exploração de nichos matemáticos) que permitem avançar na implementação de melhorias no ensino e aprendizagem no pós-pandemia.
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Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar y describir los niveles de desarrollo de la noción de "mitad" en un grupo de niños de dos comunidades indígenas pertenecientes al pueblo shipibo-konibo de la región Ucayali, en la Amazonía del Perú. Se trabajó con 14 estudiantes de edades entre 7 y 13 años, seis de ellos pertenecientes a la comunidad de Bethel y ocho a la comunidad de Bena Jema. Todos fueron evaluados utilizando el método clínico-crítico de Jean Piaget. Los estudiantes de la comunidad de Bethel fueron evaluados con una tarea centrada en cantidades discretas y los de la comunidad de Bena Jema, con la misma tarea y con otra centrada en cantidades continuas. Los desempeños de los participantes evidenciaron cuatro niveles de desarrollo en cada una de las tareas. Sus respuestas fueron consistentes con otras investigaciones que evaluaron la misma noción en contextos occidentales. Los resultados apoyan la universalidad en la construcción de la noción de "mitad", pero evidencian un retraso en la adquisición de los niveles por parte de los niños evaluados, si se toma como referencia los currículos nacionales. Se discuten los hallazgos resaltando la universalidad de las estructuras lógico-matemáticas y la necesidad de repensar el momento y la forma en que la noción de "mitad" aparece en el currículo.
Abstract This research aims to identify and describe developmental levels of the notion of "half" in a group of children from two Shipibo-Konibo native communities of the Ucayali region, in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Fourteen students aged between 7 and 16 participated, six from Bethel community and eight from Bena Jema community. The community of Bethel is located approximately 6 hours by river from the city of Pucallpa, while Bena Jema is located within Pucallpa's boundaries, in the Yarinacocha district. All participants were assessed using Jean Piaget's clinical-critical method, with two tasks. In the first task, focusing on discrete quantities: different sets of cards with the picture of a fish were presented sequentially, some with an even number of units and some with an odd number. Participants were asked to choose and present back half of each set. In the second task, focusing on continuous quantities: participants were asked to choose and present half of a single raw spaghetti, which they needed to break with their hands. If the resulting pieces were unequal, they were asked to break them again and redistribute the results. Students from Bena Jema community were assessed with both tasks, while students from Bethel community were assessed only with the discrete quantities task. The results showed four developmental levels in the discrete quantities task. In the first level, participants took any one of two parts of the set to be "half", without checking if they were equal or whether putting them back together reconstituted the original whole. In the second level, participants took any one of two equal parts to be "half", but were inconsistent and accepted the possibility of the parts being unequal. In the third level, participants only took any one of two equal parts to be "half" but had difficulties splitting odd-numbered sets, including sets with fewer elements than the even-numbered ones they had previously split correctly. In the fourth level, the task was solved successfully with both even-numbered and odd-numbered sets. For the continuous quantities task, three levels were found. In the first level, any one of two raw spaghetti pieces was taken to be "half", without checking their evenness. In the second level, participants took any two equal pieces of the raw spaghetti to be "half", but without checking whether putting them back together reconstituted the original whole, with no extra parts remaining. In the third level, participants took any one of two equal pieces to be "half", checking whether putting them back together reconstituted the original whole. These results are consistent with reports from previous research assessing the notion of "half" in Western contexts. Results support universality in the development of the notion of "half", but show a delay in the participants' level of acquisition, taking Peru's national curriculum as reference. This study is a contribution to the understanding of the development of the notion of "half" in indigenous children living in Amazonian native communities, and shows the relevance of the Piagetian clinical-critical interview in these sociocultural contexts. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the universality of logical-mathematical knowledge, as well as the need to rethink the timing and manner in which the notion of "half" appears in the curriculum.
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En este trabajo presentamos avances relacionados con el estudio de la intensa actividad epistolar de Zoel García de Galdeano con destacados matemáticos extranjeros de su época. En particular aportamos un listado y una revisión general de todas las cartas localizadas hasta el momento y abordamos un estudio más detallado del contenido de algunas de ellas
In this work we present progress regarding the study of the intense epistolary activity between Zoel García de Galdeano and some of the most important foreign mathematicians of his time. In particular, we list all the letters known up to date, we provide a general overview of them, and we perform a more detailed content analysis of some of them.
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História do Século XIX , Ciências da Saúde , Matemática/históriaRESUMO
Introdução: A consciência fonológica é uma habilidade muito importante para leitura, escrita e matemática em muitos anos escolares. A sua investigação e avaliação tem sido realizada em diversos contextos com populações típicas ou atípicas para entender como ela se desenvolve e, consequentemente, contribuir para pesquisas sobre desempenho acadêmico. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho éestudar a influência da consciência fonológica no desempenho acadêmico em estudos brasileiros e apresentar os principais instrumentos padronizados utilizados na avaliação desta habilidade. Métodos: Realizou-se busca de artigos dos últimos cinco anos, nas bases de dados LILACS e SciELO usando descritores em português: "consciência fonológica" e "leitura" ou "escrita" ou "matemática" ou "desempenho acadêmico" ou "habilidade acadêmica", assim como descritores em inglês usando mesmas expressões. Foram selecionados estudos de acesso livre, realizados no Brasil, publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol, que utilizaram um instrumento padronizado e apresentaram os descritores mencionados no título ou resumo. Resultados: Dos 18 artigos analisados, 17 concluíram que a consciência fonológica foi importante para a leitura, escrita e matemática, sendo que a leitura e escrita foram as habilidades mais investigadas. Os instrumentos usados avaliam principais componentes da consciência fonológica e foram desenvolvidos por autores brasileiros. Conclusão: Os achados evidenciam que a consciência fonológica é uma habilidade muito importante para o desempenho acadêmico em diversas séries escolares. Reforça-se a necessidade de monitoramento, avaliação e estimulação precoce com a habilidade em crianças típicas e atípicas.
Introduction: Phonological awareness is a very important skill for reading, writing and math in many school years. Its investigation and evaluation has been carried out in different contexts with typical or atypical populations to understand how it develops and consequently contribute to research on academic performance. Objective: The aim of this paper is to study the influence of phonological awareness on academic performance in Brazilian studies and to present the main standardized instruments used in the assessment to this skill. Methods: Articles from the last five years were searched in LILACS and SciELO databases using descriptors in English: "phonological awareness" and "reading" or "writing" or "mathematics" or "academic performance" or "academic ability", as well as descriptors in Portuguese using the same expressions. Open access studies carried out in Brazil, published in Portuguese, English or Spanish, which used a standardized instrument and presented the descriptors mentioned in the title or abstract, were selected. Results: Of the 18 articles analyzed, 17 concluded that phonological awareness was important for reading, writing and mathematics, with reading and writing being the most investigated skills. The instruments used assess the main components of phonological awareness and were developed by Brazilian authors. Conclusion: The findings show that phonological awareness is a very important skill for academic performance in different grades. It reinforces the need for monitoring, assessment, and early intervention with skill in typical and atypical children.
Introducción: La conciencia fonológica es una habilidad muy importante para la lectura, la escritura y las matemáticas en muchos años escolares. Su investigación y evaluación se ha realizado en diferentes contextos con poblaciones típicas o atípicas para comprender cómo se desarrolla y consecuentemente contribuir a la investigación sobre el rendimiento académico. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la influencia de la conciencia fonológica en el rendimiento académico en los estudios brasileños y presentar los principales instrumentos estandarizados utilizados en la evaluación de esta competencia. Métodos: Se buscaron artículos de los últimos cinco años en las bases de datos LILACS y SciELO utilizando descriptores en portugués: "consciência fonológica" e "leitura" ou "escrita" ou "matemática" ou "desempenho acadêmico" ou "habilidade acadêmica", así como descriptores en Inglés usando las mismas expresiones. Se seleccionaron estudios de acceso abierto realizados en Brasil, publicados en portugués, inglés o español, que utilizaron un instrumento estandarizado y presentaron los descriptores mencionados en el título o resumen. Resultados: De los 18 artículos analizados, 17 concluyeron que la conciencia fonológica es importante para la lectura, la escritura y las matemáticas, siendo la lectura y la escritura las habilidades más investigadas. Los instrumentos utilizados evalúan los principales componentes de la conciencia fonológica y fueron desarrollados por autores brasileños. Conclusión: Los hallazgos muestran que la conciencia fonológica es una habilidad muy importante para el desempeño académico en los diferentes grados. Refuerza la necesidad de seguimiento, evaluación e intervención temprana con habilidad en niños típicos y atípicos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Aptidão , Conscientização , Desempenho Acadêmico , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Leitura , Fonética , Escrita Manual , MatemáticaRESUMO
This study aimed at testing an extension of a theoretical model for the metacognitive monitoring mechanism implied in the detection of inconsistencies when the information provided includes abstract symbols in addition to plain text. Ninety-four postgraduates of STEM specialities were asked to read a worked-out algebra-problem example and to report any incoherence, inconsistency, or error detected in the statement or in the solving procedure. A set of model-inspired indexes was defined to describe participants behaviour along the task. The Read & Answer software was used to record online individual processing data and participants reports. Results supported model predictions. Indexes correctly predicted participants outcomes in the task with high accuracy. Specific students behaviours could be associated to observed task outcomes with sufficient reliability within the limitations of the study. In addition, algebra processing was compared with plain text processing.
Este estudio tiene como objetivo probar una extensión de un modelo teórico para el mecanismo de control metacognitivo que sirve para la detección de inconsistencias cuando la información proporcionada incluye símbolos abstractos además de texto natural. Se pidió a 94 postgraduados de especialidades STEM que leyeran un ejemplo resuelto de un problema de álgebra y que informaran sobre cualquier incoherencia, inconsistencia o error detectado en el enunciado o en el procedimiento de resolución. A partir de un modelo teórico se definió un conjunto de índices para describir el comportamiento de los participantes a lo largo de la tarea. Se utilizó el software Read & Answer para registrar online los datos de procesamiento individual y los informes de los participantes. Los resultados confirman las predicciones del modelo. Los índices predicen correctamente los resultados de los participantes en la tarea con gran precisión. Los comportamientos específicos de los alumnos podrían asociarse a los resultados observados de la tarea con suficiente confiabilidad dentro de las limitaciones del estudio. Además se ha comparado el procesamiento del álgebra con el procesamiento del texto natural.
Assuntos
Comportamento , 32511 , Metacognição , CriançaRESUMO
O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno que frequentemente acarreta prejuízos ao desempenho acadêmico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a extensão desses prejuízos no desempenho aritmético, comparando estudantes com sintomas de TDAH com o de seus pares sem TDAH. O desempenho aritmético de 93 estudantes com sintomas de TDAH e 447 estudantes sem TDAH, entre 7 e 16 anos, de escolas públicas de Porto Alegre (3º a 9º ano), foi avaliado pelo Subteste de Aritmética do TDE. Estudantes com sintomas de TDAH apresentaram escores mais baixos e uma quantidade maior de erros de procedimento do que os estudantes sem o transtorno. Os resultados sugerem que sintomas frequentes de TDAH têm relação com maior ocorrência de erros no desempenho em aritmética dos estudantes avaliados neste estudo. (AU)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent disorder that often impairs academic performance. The present study aimed to verify the extent of these impairments in arithmetic performance by comparing the performance of students with and without ADHD symptoms. The arithmetic performance of 93 students with ADHD symptoms and 447 students without ADHD was evaluated by the Arithmetical Subtest of the School Performance Test. Participants were attending public elementary schools in the municipality of Porto Alegre (3rd to 9th grades) and their age range was 7 to 16 years old. Those with ADHD symptoms had lower scores and a higher number of procedural errors than those without ADHD. The results suggest that frequent symptoms of ADHD are related to a higher frequency of errors in the arithmetic performance of the students assessed in this study. (AU)
El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno que frecuentemente acarrea perjuicios al desempeño académico. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la extensión de las deficiencias en el desempeño aritmético, comparando el rendimiento de estudiantes con y sin síntomas de TDAH. El desempeño aritmético de 93 estudiantes con síntomas de TDAH y 447 estudiantes sin TDAH provenientes de escuelas públicas de Porto Alegre (del 3º al 9º año) y con edades entre los 7 y los 16 años, fueron evaluados por el Subtest de Aritmética del Test de Rendimiento Escolar. Los estudiantes con síntomas de TDAH presentaron puntuaciones más bajas y una mayor cantidad de errores de procedimiento que los estudiantes sin el trastorno. Los resultados sugieren que, en los estudiantes evaluados en este estudio, los síntomas frecuentes del TDAH se relacionan con una mayor frecuencia de errores en el desempeño en aritmética. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Matemática/educação , Estudantes/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Entrevista PsicológicaRESUMO
Mathematics anxiety (MA) has primarily been studied in adults and children over 8 years of age in English-speaking countries. Few studies have examined MA in younger children and in Spanish-speaking contexts due to the lack of suitable instruments. In the present study we examine the psychometric properties of the Child Mathematics Anxiety Questionnaire (CMAQ-R), an instrument widely used in English-speaking primary school children. A total of 810 Chilean second-grade students (50% boys) from different school types (26% public, 11% private, 63% private-subsidised) completed a Spanish version of CMAQ-R. The results showed adequate internal consistency in line with the original instrument. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that scores from the CMAQ-R version best fit a two correlated-factor structure, which was invariant across gender and school type. This study offers evidence regarding the usefulness of the CMAQ-R in contexts culturally different to the original and supports the multidimensionality of MA. (AU)
La ansiedad matemática (AM) se ha medido principalmente en adultos y niños mayores de 8 años en países anglófonos. Debido a la dificultad de encontrar instrumentos apropiados, pocos estudios han examinado la AM en niños menores y en contextos hispanoparlantes. En el presente estudio, examinamos las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Ansiedad Matemática (CMAQ-R), un instrumento ampliamente utilizado en la evaluación de AM en niños de escuela primaria de habla inglesa. Un total de 810 estudiantes chilenos de segundo grado (50% niños) de diferentes tipos de escuela (26% pública, 11% privada, 63% subsidiada) completaron una versión en español de CMAQ-R. Los resultados mostraron una adecuada consistencia interna, al igual que el instrumento original. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron que las puntuaciones de la versión traducida de CMAQ-R se ajustan mejor a una estructura de dos factores correlacionados, que es invariante por género y tipo de escuela. Este estudio proporciona evidencia sobre la utilidad de CMAQ-R en contextos culturales diferentes y respalda la multidimensionalidad de AM. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Matemática , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Chile , Emoções , Escala de Avaliação ComportamentalRESUMO
The present study explores the effect of two instructional methods for children with different levels of mathematical skills. One of these methods uses a conventional approach to learning multiplication and emphasizes the memorization of all arithmetic facts, whereas the other method is based on psychological principles and combines: a) the memorization of a small subset of problems aided by color cues and a portable time-table, with b) the use of single-step rules. One hundred and sixty second-grade children (aged 7-8) received instruction in one of these approaches either the conventional method or the memory and rules method (M&R) over the course of 6 months as part of their normal school education. Moderation analysis revealed that children with poor mathematical skills in the conventional group scored significantly better than their counterparts in the M&R group, whereas a significant advantage was observed in the M&R group for those children with strong mathematical skills. (AU)
El presente estudio explora el efecto de dos métodos de enseñanza de la multiplicación simple en alumnos de primaria con diferentes niveles de habilidades matemáticas. Un método se basa en el enfoque convencional para el aprendizaje de las multiplicaciones que enfatiza la memorización de todas ellas, mientras que el otro se basa en principios psicológicos y combina: a) la memorización de un pequeño subconjunto de multiplicaciones auxiliadas con claves de color y una tabla portátil con las multiplicaciones con b) el uso de reglas de un solo paso. Ciento sesenta niños y niñas de segundo de primaria (de 7 a 8 años) recibieron instrucción en uno de estos métodos, ya fuera el convencional o el método de memorización y reglas (M&R), durante 6 meses como parte de su educación escolar normal. El análisis de moderación reveló que los niños con habilidades matemáticas bajas en el grupo convencional obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente mejores que sus pares en el grupo M&R, mientras que se observó una ventaja significativa en el grupo M&R para aquellos niños con altas habilidades matemáticas. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Matemática/educação , Matemática/métodos , Psicologia Educacional/métodos , Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas/métodos , Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas/tendências , AprendizagemRESUMO
Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos identificar las estrategias de autorregulación de la motivación utilizadas por estudiantes universitarios en las asignaturas de matemáticas, así como examinar las relaciones entre sus creencias motivacionales y las estrategias de autorregulación de la motivación utilizadas, y explorar la relación entre las estrategias de autorregulación de la motivación y su percepción sobre aspectos del ambiente de clase. Para esto, se utilizó una muestra de 224 estudiantes universitarios, quienes completaron dos instrumentos de autoinforme para medir sus creencias motivacionales y sus estrategias de autorregulación de la motivación. Los resultados de un ANOVA de medidas repetidas revelaron que los estudiantes utilizaron en diferente grado las estrategias de autorregulación de la motivación (F(3.607, 804.343) = 96.188, p = .000, np 1 = 0.301); que las creencias motivacionales de orientación a metas de desempeño y orientación al aprendizaje-valor explicaron el 30 % de la varianza de la estrategia de regulación de metas de desempeño (F(2, 221) = 48.193, p = 0.000), así como el 29 % de la varianza de la regulación de valor de la tarea (F(2, 221) = 45.343, p = 0.000); y que hay relaciones plausibles entre las estrategias de autorregulación de la motivación utilizadas por los estudiantes y los aspectos del ambiente de clase como el nivel de promoción del aprendizaje significativo, el tipo de metas que se promueven en clase y el apoyo ofrecido por el profesor. El presente estudio hace una contribución novedosa al proporcionar la perspectiva del alumno sobre el ambiente de clase y su relación con las estrategias elegidas por los estudiantes.
Abstract This study aimed to identify the motivational self-regulatory strategies used by college students in mathematics courses as well as to examine the relationships between their motivational beliefs and the said motivational self-regulatory strategies. Also, to explore the relationship between such strategies and the students' perception of certain aspects of the classroom environment. To this end, 224 college students completed two self-report instruments to measure their motivational beliefs and self-regulatory motivation strategies. Results from a repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that students used self-regulatory motivation strategies to varying degrees (F (3.607, 804.343) = 96.188, p = .000, p2 = 0. 301); that the motivational beliefs of performance goal orientation and learning value orientation explained 30% of the variance of the performance goal regulation strategy (F (2, 221) = 48,193, p = 0.000), as well as 29% of the variance of the task value regulation (F (2, 221) = 45,343, p = 0.000). Last, the study identifies plausible relationships between the self-regulatory motivational strategies used by students and aspects of the classroom environment such as the level of promotion of meaningful learning, the type of goals promoted in class, and the support offered by the teacher. This study makes a novel contribution by providing the student's perspective on the classroom environment, and its relationship with strategies chosen by the students.
RESUMO
Avaliações nacionais e internacionais demonstram que estudantes brasileiros do ensino fundamental têm apre-sentado dificuldades no aprendizado do comportamento de resolver problemas aritméticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, a partir de um delineamento de linha de base múltipla (LBM) entre participantes, o efeito da formação de classes de equivalência entre diferentes formas de apresentação de problemas envolvendo di-ferentes posições da incógnita e estruturas semânticas dos problemas escritos sobre o desempenho na resolução de problemas de adição e subtração. Participaram seis estudantes entre o quarto e o quinto ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública, sendo que cinco finalizaram o estudo. Todos apresentaram comportamen-tos de leitura e escrita suficientes para a participação na pesquisa, dificuldades na resolução de problemas aditivos e nenhum indício de ansiedade matemática ou problemas significativos em comportamentos de estudo nesta disciplina. P1, P2 e P3 foram expostos ao treino de discriminações condicionais a problemas de adição, enquanto P4 e P5 a problemas de subtração. Os testes de desempenho, que compuseram pré-testes e pós-tes-tes, envolviam problemas de adição e subtração. Após a formação das classes de equivalência, verificou-se que P1, P2 e P3 apresentaram ganhos médios de desem-penho de 22,34% (DP = 14.62), e P4 e P5 de 19,84% (DP = 11.22). Esses resultados sugerem a eficácia do procedimento. Recomenda-se que estudos futuros usem o delineamento de LBM com sondas para reduzir repetições dos testes, elaborem estratégias para ampliar engajamento dos participantes e investiguem como adaptar este procedimento para contextos aplicados
Las evaluaciones nacionales e internacionales demuestran que estudiantes brasileños de la escuela primaria tienen dificultades para aprender el comportamiento de resolución de problemas aritméticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar, a partir de un diseño de línea base múltiple (LBM) entre los participantes, el efecto de la formación de clases de equivalencia entre diferentes formas de presentación de problemas involucrando diferentes posiciones del elemento desconocido y estructuras semánticas de problemas escritos sobre el desempeño en la resolución de problemas de suma y resta. Participaron seis estudiantes entre cuarto y quinto año de primaria de una escuela pública, y cinco completaron el estudio. Todos mostraron habilidades suficientes de lectura y escritura para participar de la investigación, dificultades para resolver problemas aditivos y ninguna evidencia de ansiedad matemática o problemas significativos de estudio en esta disciplina. P1, P2 y P3 fueron expuestos al entrenamiento de discriminación condicional a problemas de suma, mientras que P4 y P5, a problemas de resta. Las pruebas de rendimiento, que incluían pretests y postests, consistieron en problemas de suma y resta. Después de la formación de clases de equivalencia, P1, P2 y P3 presentaron ganancias promedio de desempeño de 22.34% (DE = 14.62), y P4 y P5 de 19.84% (DE = 11.22). Estos resultados sugieren la efectividad del procedimiento. Se recomienda que estudios futuros utilicen el diseño de LBM con sondeo para reducir las repeticiones de pruebas, diseñar estrategias para aumentar el interés de los participantes e investigar cómo adaptar este procedimiento a los contextos aplicados
National and international assessments demonstrate that Brazilian elementary school students have difficulties learning the behavior of solving arithmetic problems. This study aimed to investigate, using a multiple-baseline design (MBL) for participants, the effect of the formation of equivalence classes between different forms of pro- blem presentation involving different positions of the unknown element and different semantic structures of the written problems on the performance in solving addi-tion and subtraction problems. Six students in the fourth or fifth year of a public elementary school participated, and five completed the study. They all showed sufficient reading and writing behavior for participating in the re-search, difficulties in solving additive problems, and no evidence of math anxiety or significant problems in study behaviors in this discipline. P1, P2, and P3 were exposed to the conditional discrimination training to addition problems, while P4 and P5 to subtraction problems. The performance tests, which were composed of pre-tests and post-tests, involved problems of addition and subtraction. After the formation of equivalence classes, we found that P1, P2, and P3 presented average performance gains of 22.34% (SD = 14.62), and P4 and P5 of 19.84% (SD = 11.22). These results suggest the effectiveness of the pro-cedure. We recommend that future studies use the MBL design with probes to reduce test repetitions, devise strategies to increase participant engagement, and inves-tigate how to adapt this procedure to applied contexts
Assuntos
Humanos , Análise do Comportamento Aplicada , Resolução de Problemas , Ensino , Brasil , Aprendizagem , MatemáticaRESUMO
Resumen Las dificultades de aprendizaje en Matemáticas (DAM) han sido estudiadas por parte de los investigadores en los últimos años. La literatura sobre su clasificación y su identificación en niños ha sido relevante; sin embargo, es poca la bibliografía actual acerca de cómo superar dichas dificultades en niños. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la validación de un protocolo para mejorar habilidades en el campo de las matemáticas. La muestra se componía de 59 niños con esta característica, además del bajo rendimiento en dicha área. Los participantes tenían entre 7 y 10 años y estaban cursando entre segundo y cuarto año de primaria. El diseño es cuasiexperimental con medidas pretest-postest y grupo control en lista de espera. El programa constó de cinco semanas, con una sesión semanal de forma grupal con una duración de 50 minutos aproximadamente. Los instrumentos de evaluación fueron: TEDI-MATH para la identificación de las DAM y tres subpruebas de la WISC-IV, dígitos, conceptos y claves. Los resultados de la investigación arrojaron diferencias significativas entre el grupo control y experimental para todas las pruebas de la TEDI-MATH y para la subprueba de conceptos en WISC-IV. Los resultados son coherentes con otras investigaciones relacionadas con la comorbilidad entre los campos del lenguaje y las matemáticas. Se concluye que, al entrenar aspectos relacionados con la adquisición del lenguaje mejora la comprensión y el manejo de las competencias en matemáticas en los niños.
Abstract Learning Disabilities Mathematical LDM, have been the subject of study since the decade of the 70`s, advances in this field have allowed a correct identification and classification through the design of various instruments for this objective. The number of investigations that address intervention protocols to improve this type of difficulties in children is even more limited. On this way, comorbidities have also been found different researches with the Language Learning Disabilities LLD, and as well as their relationship with the neurological development of children. It is estimated that in countries like Germany, USA, and Spain, the percentage of children with LDM is between 3% and 8%. In particular, in Colombia at the moment, there is very little research that allows identifying these difficulties in children, as well as very little research on the different types of intervention to improve these difficulties in Math. In General, there are little current literature on how to overcome such difficulties in children. An intervention based on the perspective of dynamic assessment would be useful for children who have these difficulties. The dynamic assessment implies two important concepts: activity and modifiability. The tester and the inquired assume an active role, where the tester intervenes and modifies the interaction with the inquired with the purpose of successfully inducing learning. The inquired is directed and reinforced to assume an active role in searching and organizing information. The product of the assessment is modifiability or change in cognitive functioning. This study presents the validation of a protocol based on dynamic assessment to improve skills in the field of mathematics. The sample was 59 Colombian children from public schools in the city of Bogotá. Participants were between 7 to 10 years old and from second to fourth grade. They had Mathematics Learning Difficulties in evaluated with TEDI-MATH on short version. They were distributed in 28 boys and 31 girls with this characteristic. And children who were undergoing psychological, medicated and/or clinical treatment processes were excluded. The design used was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest measures and control group on the waiting list. The program considered five weeks, with one weekly session of group with a duration of approximately 50 minutes. The evaluation instruments were: TEDI-MATH which was used for the identification of the MLD; 3 sub tests of the WISC-IV, digits, concepts and keys. And PAMATH-C protocol was used for the intervention with children with the aforementioned difficulties. The results of the investigation showed significant differences between the control and experimental group for all the TEDI-MATH tests and for the subtest of concepts in WISC-IV. The results are consistent with other research related to comorbidity between the fields of language and mathematics. The results showed that like other research based interventions with Learning Potential training programs are effective in improving the different metacognitive abilities among the participants. and has a significant effect on the decrease in Mathematical Learning Disabilities. This research leaves projections for an application to a larger population in Colombia and in South America of the TEDYMATH test on short version, since good discrimination was observed for children with LDM. The application of the PAMATH-C protocol in other types of rural and urban population throughout the territories will improve the identification of children with difficulties. In addition, the contribution for the design of new tests based on dynamic evaluation and its form of application to improve other types of difficulties in both children and adults. Therefore, an immense methodological field to develop future protocols based on the Learning Potential. It is concluded that when training aspects related to language acquisition, it improves the understanding and management of mathematics in children.
RESUMO
Este trabajo presenta una reflexión actualizada de métodos y estrategias eficaces para el aprendizaje del cálculo, la escritura y lectura en sujetos con discapacidad intelectual leve. Conforme con el análisis de las investigaciones abordadas, se puede concluir que, si bien los propósitos de la atención pedagógica a los sujetos con déficit intelectual vienen enmarcados bajo los principios de la educación inclusiva, se evidencia una gran diferencia entre las intenciones de la educación inclusiva y la realidad de las instituciones educativas. Así, los niños con discapacidad intelectual leve, pese a ser integrados en el aula regular, no logran recibir la atención educativa requerida para fortalecer los aprendizajes pedagógicos de lectoescritura y cálculo; situación que se relaciona con el desconocimiento, por parte de los docentes, de las estrategias pedagógicas para abordar las particularidades educativas de esta población. El resultado del análisis, evidencia la existencia de diversas técnicas; indica, al mismo tiempo, que no existe un método específico para el aprendizaje de habilidades académicas en los sujetos con deficiencias intelectuales leves, sugiere identificar el interés y la necesidad de los estudiantes para así establecer flexibilizaciones en las planeaciones pedagógicas y metodológicas del currículo que favorezcan el proceso de aprendizaje
This work presents an updated reflection of effective methods and strategies for learning calculation, writing and reading in subjects with mild intellectual disabilities. According to the analysis of the analyzed researches we can concluded that, although the purposes of pedagogical attention to subjects with intellectual deficits are framed under the principles of inclusive education, there is evidence of a great difference between the intentions of inclusive education and the reality of educational institutions. Thus, children with mild intellectual disabilities, despite being integrated into the regular classroom, do not manage to receive the educational attention required to strengthen the pedagogical learning of literacy and numeracy. A situation that is related to the ignorance, from teachers, of the pedagogical strategies to address the educational particularities of this population. The result of the analysis shows the existence of various techniques, indicates, at the same time, that there is no specific method for learning academic skills in subjects with mild intellectual deficiencies, we suggest identifying the interest and need of students in order to do so, establishing flexibilities in the pedagogical and methodological planning of the curriculum that favor the learning process.Keywords: Learning; Intellectual deficit; Intellectual disability; Inclusive education; Teaching; Reading/writing; Mathematics; Pedagogy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Educação de Pessoa com Deficiência Intelectual/métodos , Psicologia Educacional/métodos , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/psicologia , Deficiência IntelectualRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Los estudiantes de enfermería deben desarrollar habilidades matemáticas para una vez que sean profesionales de esta disciplina no tengan obstáculos con la dosificación de medicamentos, que es una de las funciones que deben desarrollar en el ámbito clínico, y cuya equivocación podría poner en riesgo la seguridad y vida del paciente. OBJETIVO: Analizar de qué manera las habilidades para las matemáticas básicas afecta la realización del cálculo de las dosis de medicamentos por parte de los estudiantes de enfermería en una institución universitaria. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: investigación descriptiva transversal realizada a través del instrumento "Habilidad matemática para el cálculo de las dosis de medicamentos" compuesto por 13 preguntas abiertas y aplicado a 256 estudiantes de los ocho semestres que componen un programa de enfermería. RESULTADOS: El estudio evidenció serias deficiencias en la resolución de situaciones que involucran distintas habilidades matemáticas básicas que debe poseer un estudiante de enfermería. Solo el 30,7% de los estudiantes pudo resolver las situaciones clínicas en las cuales tenía que realizar el cálculo de las dosis de medicamentos; también en el manejo de los porcentajes se encontró dificultades, ya que apenas el 42% logró resolver la situación planteada. La interpretación de conceptos matemáticos básicos mediante la utilización de gráficos fue interpretada adecuadamente por el 50,2%. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hallazgos de la presente investigación, mostraron que deben buscar estrategias de aprendizaje que mejoren las habilidades de los estudiantes de enfermería para la dosificación de medicamentos.
INTRODUCTION: Nursing students must develop mathematical skills so that once they are professionals in this discipline, they do not have obstacles with the dosage of medications, which is one of the functions that they must develop in the clinical field, and whose error could put at risk the safety and life of the patient. OBJECTIVE: To analyze how the skills for basic mathematics affect the calculation of medicine doses by nursing students in a university institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: descriptive cross-sectional research, carried out through the instrument "Mathematical ability to calculate drug doses" made up of 13 open-ended questions and applied to 256 students from the eight semesters that make up a nursing program. RESULTS: The study showed serious deficiencies in the resolution of situations that involve different basic mathematical skills that a nursing student must possess. Only 30.7% of the students were able to resolve the clinical situations in which they had to perform the calculation of the drug doses; Difficulties were also found in managing the percentages, since only 42% managed to resolve the situation. The interpretation of basic mathematical concepts using graphics was adequately interpreted by 50.2%. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present investigation showed that they should seek learning strategies that improve the skills of nursing students for the dosage of medications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Preparações Farmacêuticas/administração & dosagem , Cálculos da Dosagem de Medicamento , Matemática/educação , Dosagem , Segurança do Paciente , Erros de Medicação/enfermagemRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: se construyó un modelo teórico en el que se asocian el logro educativo con los componentes percepción emocional intrapersonal positiva y negativa y la percepción emocional interpersonal positiva y negativa. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el logro educativo alcanzado en Matemáticas y en Lenguaje y Comunicación y la percepción emocional intrapersonal e interpersonal positiva y negativa por parte de escolares a nivel Bachillerato. Materiales y métodos: no experimental, cuantitativa y correlacional. Se utilizó la base de datos de las Evaluaciones de Logro referidas al Sistema Educativo Nacional (ELSEN) correspondientes al Plan Nacional para la Evaluación de los Aprendizajes (PLANEA) 2017 en México. El procesamiento de la información se llevó a cabo con el software AMOS 25. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 4822 estudiantes que cursaron el último grado del Bachillerato en el estado de Nuevo León, México. Se aplicó la técnica de modelado con ecuaciones estructurales para comprobar empÃricamente el modelo propuesto. Resultados: se mostró que la percepción emocional intrapersonal e interpersonal negativa se asocia negativamente con el logro educativo. De manera contraria, al mejorar los aspectos de percepción intrapersonal e interpersonal positiva, el logro educativo se incrementa. Conclusiones: se realizan algunas recomendaciones para construir y proponer estrategias que coadyuven a la salud emocional del estudiante utilizando Recursos Educativos Abiertos.
Abstract Introduction: a theoretical model was built with the components: intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional perception, both positive and negative, and academic achievement. Objective. to determine the relationship between academic achievement in Mathematics, Language and Communication, and the interpersonal and intrapersonal emotional perception, both positive and negative, in High-School students. Materials and methods: they were quantitative, correlational and non-experimental. To perform this analysis, the data base Achievement Evaluation referring to the National Educational System (ELSEN), corresponding to the National Plan for Evaluating Knowledge (PLANEA) 2017 in Mexico, was used. This information was processed with the use of the software AMOS 25. 4822 students from Nuevo León, México, who were coursing their last semester in college, participated in this investigation. The technique of modeling with structural equations was applied to empirically test the proposed model. Results: they were showed that negative intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional perception is unfavorably related to educational achievement. On the other hand, by improving the aspects of positive intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional perception, the educational attainment increases. Conclusions: some recommendations were given, related to strategies that contribute to emotional health using Open Educational Resources.
Resumo Introdução: foi construÃdo um modelo teórico em que o nÃvel de escolaridade está associado aos componentes da percepção emocional intrapessoal positiva e negativa e à percepção emocional interpessoal positiva e negativa. Objetivo: determinar a relação entre o desempenho acadêmico em Matemática, Linguagem e Comunicação e a percepção emocional interpessoal e intrapessoal, tanto positiva quanto negativa, em estudantes do Ensino Médio. Materiais e métodos: foi quantitativo, correlacional e não experimental. Para realizar esta análise, utilizou-se a Base de Dados de Avaliação de Realizações referente ao Sistema Nacional de Educação (ELSEN), correspondente ao Plano Nacional de Avaliação de Conhecimento (PLANEA) 2017, no México. O processamento das informações foi realizado com o software AMOS 25. O tamanho da amostra foi de 4822 alunos que cursaram o último ano do Bachillerato no estado de Nuevo León, México. A técnica de modelagem com equações estruturais foi aplicada para verificar empÃricamente o modelo proposto. Resultados: mostraram que a percepção emocional intrapessoal e interpessoal negativa está negativamente associada ao desempenho educacional. Por outro lado, ao melhorar os aspectos da percepção intrapessoal e interpessoal positiva, o nÃvel educacional aumenta. Conclusões: algumas recomendações sobre estratégias que contribuem para a saúde emocional usando Recursos Educacionais Abertos.