Organisation et le fonctionnement de la surveillance épidémiologique de la rougeole dans le district sanitaire de Yopougon-est, Côte d'Ivoire de janvier 2022 à juin 2022 / NA

La rougeole est une maladie infantile banale, peut être mortelles quand elle est sous-estimée. Nous avons initié cette étude dont l'objectif général est d'analyser le système de surveillance épidémiologique de la rougeole dans le district sanitaire de Yopougon-Est.MéthodesNous avons procédé à une évaluation normative de la surveillance épidémiologique de la rougeole réalisée en 6 (Six) mois dans ledit district sanitaire. Les critères de sélection nous ont permis de sélectionner 30 personnels de santé impliqués dans la surveillance de la rougeole. RésultatsLes médecins étaient les plus représentés (40%), suivi des infirmiers (33,3%). Les agents avaient plus de 3 ans de service (73,3%). Plus de la moitié des agents étaient formés (56%) la moyenne d'année de service était de 5,33 ans.Dans notre étude, 93,3 % des agents connaissaient la définition d'un cas de rougeole. Les seuils d'alerte et épidémique étaient connus par 56,6% des agents enquêtés. La disponibilité des registres de consultation, fiche de notification hebdomadaire de cas au niveau des structures de santé étaient de 86,7 %. Pour la transmission des données, 70% des enquêtés avaient déclarés que les rapports se transmettaient au district hebdomadairement.Les prélèvements de sang avaient été réalisés chez tous les cas suspects (100%). Les cas confirmés de rougeole représentaient 26,8 % des échantillons.ConclusionLa rougeole est une maladie de l'enfance qui est évitable par la vaccination. Cependant à défaut de vaccination, il est impérieux de mettre en place une organisation pour la détection des cas de rougeole afin d'éviter des épidémies

Investigating the mechanism of antihypertensive actions of medicinal plants using some animal models

As the search for, and development of new drugs continues, drug companies engage in the large-scale pharmacological screening of medicinal plants. This creates the need to elucidate the mechanism of action of medicinal plants found to possess biological activity as a means of deriving their full therapeutic potential. This research was carried out to investigate the mechanism of the antihypertensive action of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, and Pterocarpus erinaceus using animal models. The dried 70% ethanolic extracts of the plants were prepared at varying concentrations ranging from 0.4 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL. These extracts were administered at varying doses alone and in the presence of selected antagonists like prazocin in anesthetized cat in-vivo and to rabbit jejunum and spontaneously beating guinea pig right atrium. Adrenaline and atropine were used as control drugs.The effects of these plants extracts were demonstrated on the Finkleman preparation and they were found to induce relaxation of the rabbit jejunum. They also reduced both the rate and force of contraction of spontaneously beating guinea pig's right atrium. The cardiovascular effects of the extracts were investigated on cat blood pressure. The effect of atropine tested in the presence of V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum showed a change in the pattern of induced fall in blood pressure but does block the fall in blood pressure induced by the extracts. While the exact mechanism of the antihypertensive action of these extracts has not been fully determined, the result of this research work proposes that the mechanism could either be blocking calcium channels or have direct activity on lowering blood pressure. It is therefore recommended that further studies be conducted on the extracts to better understand the mechanism of antihypertensive actions of these plants.

Overview of human and animal brucellosis in Nigeria and its economic impacts on production

Brucellosis is a wide spread zoonotic bacterial disease of humans and animals. In humans the disease is recognized commonly as undulant fever, characterized by headache malaise, and arthritis. Brucellosis can occur in any age group, but mainly found in young men between the ages of 20 and 40 years because of occupational hazards. Domestic animals (cattle, sheep and goat, pigs, dogs etc) are highly susceptible to brucellosis. Generally, brucellosis manifest in female animals as abortion, retained placenta, stillbirth and death of young ones soon after birth. In males, the main features are vesiculitis, orchitis, and epididymitis, which may render infected male infertile for life. The endemicity of brucellosis has remained a threat in low- income countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and has multiple economic implications across agriculture and public health sectors, and broader implications on economic and social development sectors. Google and Google Scholar were used to retrieve articles used for this review, which included published research articles and local, national and international reports on brucellosis. In this review, we summarised human and animal brucellosis, prevalence of infections in Nigeria, and economic impacts on production. It is believed that this review will guide researchers on the state of brucellosis in developing countries where the disease is still endemic, using Nigeria as a case study.

Characterization of antibiotic resistance and species diversity of staphylococci isolated from apparently healthy farm animals

Background: Staphylococcus species are adaptable commensals usually involved in a diverse multiplicity of ailments in animals and humans. This study surveyed the occurrence, antibiotic-resistance profile and putative resistant genetic elements of staphylococci isolates from apparently healthy farm animals Methodology: Nasal and rectal samples were collected from a total of 400 cows and pigs in Benin City between May and December 2017. Staphylococci were isolated following aerobic cultures of samples using standard microbiological methods. Susceptibility profiles of the isolates to eighteen selected antimicrobials were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Species of staphylococci were established and antibiotic resistance genes detected by the polymerase chain reaction using species-specific and antibiotic-resistant primers respectively Result: A total of 139 staphylococci isolates were phenotypically and genotypically identified from the food-producing animals; 87 (62.6%) from pigs and 52 (37.4%) from cows. The most frequent Staphylococcus species were Staphylococcus haemolyticus 38 (27.3%), Staphylococcus aureus 27 (19.4%) and Staphylococcus capitis 21 (15.1%). Antibiotic resistance profile showed 120 (86.3%) isolates to be resistant to penicillin G, 100 (71.9%) to nalidixic acid and 99 (71.2%) to minocycline. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes assessed were mecA 78 (56.1%), mphC 23 (16.6%), and ermA 20 (14.4%). Conclusion: Our finding indicates that food animals are potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistant staphylococci which pose a significant threat to food security and public health

Isolation and Identification of E-Coli 0157:H7 amongst Sudanese Patients with Bloody Diarrhea and in Animals

E.coli 0157:H7 is present as a commensal in the intestine of animals and as a pathogen in human beings. It causes bloody diarrhoea due to the secretion of a verotoxin which may lead to lethal complications. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the presence of this organism in animals and patients. Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from 250 cows. Stool specimens were obtained from 200 patients presenting with macroscopically or microscopically bloody diarrhoea. All specimens were cultured on sorbitol MacConkey agar and incubated at 37oC overnight. Non-sorbitol fermenting colonies were identified by different biochemical and serological tests as E.coli 0157:H7. Antibiotic sensitivity was done for the isolates using ampicillin; cephalexin; ciprofloxacin; co-trimoxazole; gentamicin; and tetracycline. Results: Patients (n = 10; 5) with bloody diarrhoea were found to harbour E.coli 0157:H7 in their stools. All isolates (in humans) were resistant to ampicillin. Eight (80) were resistant to tetracycline and cephalexin; six (60) to co-trimoxazole; and four (40) to gentamicin. All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Sixty percent of the human isolates were resistant to three antibiotics and 40to four antibiotics. Twenty of the cows (8) were found to be carriers of E.coli 0157:H7. All isolates (in animals) were resistant to ampicillin; five (25) to tetracycline and cephalexin and four (20) to co-trimoxazole. All animal isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Thirty five percent of the animal isolates were resistant to two antibiotics and 25to three antibiotics. Conclusion: The isolation of E.coli 0157:H7 from animals and patients should direct the attention of physicians and paediatricians to consider the possibility of infection and complications by this organism

Vascular Graft Infection by Staphylococcus Aureus : Efficacy of Linezolid; Teicoplanin and Vancomycin Systemic Prophylaxis Protocols in a Rat Model : Cardiovascular Topics

Objective : We investigated experimentally the in vivo prophylactic efficacies of linezolid; teicoplanin and vancomycin in subcutaneously implanted dacron graft infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and methods : Dacron grafts (1 cm2) were aseptically implanted into subcutaneous pockets that were surgically prepared in the backs of 50 rats. Ten of these rats were used as the control group (group I). Grafts in the remaining 40 rats were infected by inoculation of MRSA at the concentration of 2 x 107 colony-forming units (CFU) / ml. Ten of these rats constituted the contaminated; untreated group II. The other three study groups comprising 10 rats each were contaminated and then treated with linezolid (group III); teicoplanin (group IV) and vancomycin (group V); respectively. All rats were sacrificed and the grafts were removed after seven days and evaluated. Results : The bacterial count decreased in the rats from the groups treated with linezolid; teicoplanin and vancomycin. The linezolid and teicoplanin groups; however; showed a significantly lower bacterial number than the vancomycin group (p = 0.009 and p = 0.01). The intensity of inflammation was highest in the contaminated; untreated group; as expected. Conclusions : Single-dose linezolid; teicoplanin and vancomycin for peri-operative prophylaxis may prevent bacterial growth in vascular graft infections. The effect of linezolid and teicoplanin seemed similar and their effect was greater than that of vancomycin

Epidemiological Review of Human and Animal Fascioliasis in Egypt

One of the neglected food-borne-diseases in the international public health arena is fascioliasis. It is a serious infectious parasitic disease infecting humans and animals worldwide and tops all the zoonotic helminthes. Human cases are being increasingly reported from Europe; the Americas; Oceania; Africa and Asia. Hence; human fascioliasis is considered now as a zoonosis of major global and regional importance. In Egypt; animal and human fascioliasis is an endemic clinical and epidemiological health problem. Doubtless; understanding the epidemiology of the parasitic diseases and factors affecting their incidence provides the foundation upon which effective prevention and control programs should be established. This article reviews the history; life cycles; transmission; incidence; geographical distribution; and environmental and human determinants that contribute to the epidemiological picture of fascioliasis with special reference to Egypt

Laboratory animal euthanasia using intra-medullary injection of air

Background and Objective: Globally, millions of rodents are used for various researches annually. These animals must be euthanised with a minimum of physical and mental suffering. We describe intramedully injection of air as safe, reliable and humane method of euthanasia for rodents. Design: A prospective study of the effectiveness of intramedullary injection of air was conducted on thirty six Wister rats in the histology laboratory of the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria between April to October 2004. Methodology: Thirty six pregnant Wister rats were euthanised by injecting 1ml of air into the medulla through foramen magnum. The time lag between the intramedullary injection of air and achievement of adequate euthanasia was documented for each rat using a stop watch. Results: Out of thirty six rats euthanised through intramedullary injection of air, thirty (83.3%) rats died within 10 seconds after the injection and the remaining 6(16.7%) rats died within 20 seconds after the injection. Conclusion: Intramedullary injection of air is effective, cheap, reliable and humane method of euthanasia in small rodents and requires inexpensive personnel training and is therefore advocated for use in small laboratory animals

Cold chain facility status and the potency of animal rabies vaccine used in Nigeria

Rabies vaccine failures were reported in literature. Realising that rabies vaccine is sensitive to temperature change; there is need to assess the storage condition of rabies vaccine from distribution centres to veterinary clinics where they are used. This is to establish the sustained potency from source to use. Cold-Chain facilities were assessed and ampoules of rabies vaccine were collected from the distribution centres and veterinary clinics where they are used. The state of rabies vaccine before collection was noted and recorded. Laboratory assay for the potency of rabies vaccine collected was carried out using mice neutralisation test. Rabies vaccine collected from distribution centres had high virus titre ranging between log 10-2;4 and log10-2;5. The Cold-Chain facilities at these centres were adequate and functioning. However at the clinics; the storage condition deteriorated and the virus titres of vaccine tested ranged between log10-1;4 and log10-1;7. The Cold-Chain facilities were either non-functional or partially functional when they are present. Again there were no generator backups for power supply. The study showed that problem created by non-functional or partially functional Cold-Chain facilities resulted in the potency deterioration of rabies vaccine. It is therefore recommended that Cold-Chain facilities should be overhauled and backup generators be provided. Also recommended is the use of oral rabies vaccine that can stand the room temperature to vaccinate dogs

Seroprevalences des maladies zoonotiques chez les pasteurs nomades et leurs animaux dans le Chari-Baguirmi du Tchad

The sero p revalences of brucellosis and Q-fever we re eva l u ated in humans and live s t o ck in three Chadian nomadic commu n i t i e s ; i . e. ; Fulani cattle bre e d e rs and A rab camel and cattle bre e d e rs. The survey was carried out in 1999 and 2000. The total number of human sera and animal sera tested were 911 and 1 637; respectively; for antibodies against Brucella spp. and 368 and 613; respectively; for Coxiella burnetii. Sixteen brucellosis positive human sera resulted in a seroprevelance rate of 2. Male participants were significantly more often brucellosis seropositive than females. No association was found between brucellosis serostatus and physical findings or reported symptoms. Positive brucellosis serology was more frequent in c attle (seropreva l e n c e;7) than in camels (1.4) and small ruminants (0.5). Fifteen human sera from 11 A rab camel bre eders and 4 Arab cattle breeders were positive for Q-fever (seroprevalence below 1). Being a camel breeder was a significant risk factor for Q-fever seropositivity. Camels had the highest Q-fever seroprevalence (73) among livestock species

Approche novatrice des vaccinations en sante publique et en medecine veterinaire chez les pasteurs nomades au Tchad: Experiences et couts

The purpose of this report is to describe a network of public health care workers; veterinarians and nomadic pastoralists that was set up in Chad to increase vaccination coverage to nomadic children and women who had rarely been va c c i n ated befo re. The objectives of the project we re to provide human vaccination in conjunction with existing ve t e ri n a ry serv ices; to evaluate the feasibility and limitations of such campaigns; to determine wh at other services could be provided concurrently; and to estimate the savings for public health care cases in comparison with carrying out vaccination separately. In a s e ries of 12 vaccination campaigns in the Chari-Baguirmi and Kanem distri c t s ; more than 2100 children; 2100 women and 52000 c attle we re fully immu n i ze d. These results confirmed the feasibility of joint campaigns in nomadic settings and provided important experience for improving organization. Information-Education-Communication (IEC) campaigns adapted to the realities of the pastoral setting were an important factor in mobilizing nomadic pastoralists for attendance at vaccination clinics. The savings in logistics costs (i.e. ; personnel; transportation and cold chain costs ex cluding vaccine costs) was 15in Gre d aya where 3 out of 6 campaigns were carried out together with veterinarians and 4in Chaddra/Am Dobak where only 1 out of 6 campaigns was carried out in conjunction with veterinarians. The cost per fully immunized child (FIC) was considerably higher in Chaddra/Am Dobak than Gredaya (EUR 29.2 vs. EUR 11.5). The joint vaccination campaign approach is innovative; appreciated by nomadic pastoralists and less expensive than separate vaccination. By using the mobility of veterinarians in remote zones far from health care facilities; vaccination can be provided to nomadic children and women in countries with limited resources

Snakebites

Although a newspaper article pointed out that more people in East Africa die from snakebites than from attacks from any other animal;even road traffic accidents; most snakes are non-poisonous. About half the bites are not life threatening; so; only a few will need snake serum. Around 90of snake bites are on the feet and ankles; the best prophylaxis; therefore; is to wear shoes and to carry a torch at night so that if there are snakes; one would see them. The article outlines other prophylaxis measures; types of snake and management of snake bites; e.g. diagnosis; first aid; hospital care including antivene and how to get it in case the hospital did not have it

Screening of metal ion chelators against Leishmania donovani-infected Syrian hamsters

Leishmania donovani-infected Syrian hamsters were treated intraperitoneally with 0.23 mmoles/kg/day of EDTA; EGTA; HEEDTA and 100 mg/kg/day of Pentostam R. The control group received 0.1 ml of phosphate buffered saline. After 30 days of treatment; the animals were sacrificed. Of the Pentostam-treated animals; 5 out 6 had negative spleen cultures; while all the chelator and PBS-treated ones yielded parasites. While all the Pentostam-treated hamsters yielded had negative bone marrow cultures; only 1 out of 6 HEEDTA-treated hamsters yielded parasites. Spleen; liver and bone marrow parasite-loads calculated from chelator-treated animals were consistently significantly higher than for Pentostam-treated animals. These results suggest that although metal ion chelators have some antileishmanial potential; their in vivo activity against L. donovani is low compared to Pentostam

Comparison of Giemsa and acridine orange stains for the diagnosis of Leishmania donovani in biopsies of infected hamsters

Identical impression smears of spleen; liver and bone marrow biopsy materials from Leishmania donovani-infected hamsters were stained using either acridine orange or Giemsa. Spleen parasite-loads calculated from the two stains for identical biopsy material were significantly different from each other. However; liver and bone marrow parasite-loads calculated from either Giemsa-stained or acridine orange-stained biopsies were not significantly different from each other. This study has shown that acridine orange; which is a quick and simple technique; has great potential in the diagnosis of kala-azar when liver and bone marrow biopsies are used

Determination of the optimal EDTA and Pentostam concentration in the treatment of Leishmania donovani-infected laboratory animal rodent models

The objective of this study was to undertake a dose response study to determine the optimal Pentostam and Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) dose that could be used in the treatment of leishmania-infected golden hamsters or BALB/c mice for a period of 30 days. This pilot experiment was done using only one chelator; EDTA and the toxicity results obtained from this experiment formed the basis for the selection of a suitable chelator dose of this class for the future treatment of leishmania-infected laboratory animal rodent models. It is concluded that Pentostam concentrations beyond 600 mg/kg are highly toxic to mice and therefore unsuitable for use. Although Pentostam have been used to treat leishmania-infected BALB/c mice; this study has shown that a concentration of 100 mg/KG/day is the most suitable dose for use in the treatment of rodent animal models

Screening of metal ion chelators against Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice

Previous in vitro experiments by Mbati et al. have shown that Ethylenediamine tetraacic acid (EDTA) and Ethyleneglycol-bis (B-aminoethyl ether) N;N;N1;N1; tetraacetic acid (EGTA) substantially reduce parasite burdens of leishmania donovani in either cell free media or when engulfed in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The objective of this study was to compare the activity of the same chelators against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice infected with a much lower parasite inoculum

Inhibition des contractions intestinales du rat par l'extrait acqueux (macerations) des ecorces de tronc de Khaya senegalensis (desr.) A. Juss (maliaceae)

"Khaya senegalensis ou cailcedrat est une des nombreuses plantes utilisees au Burkina Faso en traditherapie dans le traitement des pathologies gastro-enterologiques. Une etude ""in vitro"" sur l'intestin isole de rat a permis de mettre en evidence une activite spamolytique et antispasmodique vis-a-vis des contractions provoquees par l'acetylcholine et le chlorure de baryum. Ces actions antispasmodique et spasmolytique peuvent constituer un support pharmacodynamique explicatif de l'utilisation traditherapeutique de cette plante alors medicinale"

Action de l'extrait d'ecorce de sarcocephalus pobeguinii sur la progestation de la rate

Des extraits acqueux obtenus par macerations d'ecorce de Sarcocephalus pobeguini sont utilises pour leurs proprietes abortives. L'administration a la rate gravide de tels extraits du jour 1 au jour 11 suivant la fecondation met en evidence que ces proprietes sont retrouvees chez l'animal et invite a identifier de facon precise la ou les substances responsables des anomalies maternelles et embryonnaires observees; qu'elles soient d'origine toxique ou d'origine neuro-endocrinnienne

Sapium grahamii (stapf) prain : Plante cardiotonique

L'extrait alcoolique des feuilles de Sapium grahami administre par voie intraveineuse a un effet stimulateur bref sur le muscle cardiaque de lapin in situ rappelant celui des substances cardiotoniques

Etude comparative de l'effet hypoglycemiant de zygophyllum cornutum; de marrubium vugare L.; d'artemisa herba-alba; d'olea europaea et du glibenclamide cher des rats soumis a une hyperglycemie provoquee

L'activite hypoglycemiante d'extraits acqueux de Marribium vulgare L.; d'artemesia herba-alba; d'olea europeae et de zygophylum cornutum a ete etudie. un decode de 20 pour cent de chaque plante a ete administre par gavage a des rats soumis a une hyperglycemie provoquee. L'effet de ces plantes a ete compare a un sulfamide Hypoglycemiant: le glibenclamide. Les extraits du zygophillum cornutum et d'artemesia herba alba exercent une activite interessante chez le rat soumis a une epreuve d'hyperglycemie provoquee par voie orale par surcharge de glucose