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1.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 56: e0238, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1449347

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: We aimed to evaluate the costs of GenoType® MTBDRplus and MTBDRsl incurred during the diagnosis of first- and second-line drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Mean and activity-based costs of GenoType® were calculated in a referral laboratory for TB in Brazil. Results: The mean cost value and activity-based cost of GenoType® MTBDRplus were USD 19.78 and USD 35.80 and those of MTBDRsl were USD 54.25 and USD 41.85, respectively. Conclusions: The cost of GenoType® MTBDRplus was reduced owing to the high number of examinations performed and work optimization.

2.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis ; 105(2): 1-9, 2022.
Article in English | LILACS, CONASS, ColecionaSUS, SES-SP, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1424922

ABSTRACT

We assessed the performance of MTBDRsl for detection of resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides/cyclic peptides, and ethambutol compared to BACTEC MGIT 960 by subjecting simultaneously to both tests 385 phenotypically multidrug-resistant-Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Discordances were resolved by Sanger sequencing. MTBDRsl correctly detected 99.7% of the multidrug-resistant isolates, 87.8% of the pre-XDR, and 73.9% of the XDR. The assay showed sensitivity of 86.4%, 100%, 85.2% and 76.4% for fluoroquinolones, amikacin/kanamycin, capreomycin and ethambutol, respectively. Specificity was 100% for fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides/cyclic peptides, and 93.6% for ethambutol. Most fluoroquinolone-discordances were due to mutations in genome regions not targeted by the MTBDRsl v. 1.0: gyrA_H70R and gyrB_R446C, D461N, D449V, and N488D. Capreomycin-resistant isolates with wild-type rrs results on MTBDRsl presented tlyA mutations. MTBDRsl presented good performance for detecting resistance to second-line drugs and ethambutol in clinical isolates. In our setting, multidrug-resistant. isolates presented mutations not targeted by the molecular assay.


Subject(s)
Amikacin , Sensitivity and Specificity , Genome , Diagnosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 53: e20190404, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | SES-SP, ColecionaSUS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1136910

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We aimed to estimate the prevalence and transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-burden Brazilian setting under directly observed therapy short-course strategy. METHODS: Isolates of culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients from Guarulhos, Brazil, diagnosed in October 2007-2011 were subjected to drug susceptibility and IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism testing. RESULTS: The overall resistance prevalence was 11.5% and the multi-drug resistance rate was 4.2%. Twenty-six (43.3%) of 60 drug-resistant isolates were clustered. Epidemiological relationships were identified in 11 (42.3%) patients; 30.8% of the cases were transmitted in households. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-resistant tuberculosis was relatively low and transmitted in households and the community.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Directly Observed Therapy/methods , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
4.
J. bras. pneumol ; 45(2): e20180278, 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002433

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections are caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), the microbiological diagnosis of which involves the isolation and identification of the same species in at least two sputum samples, one BAL fluid sample, or one lung biopsy sample. The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency at which the various NTM species are identified among selected individuals and in potential cases of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the data on species isolated from respiratory specimens collected from 2,843 individuals between 2011 and 2014. Potential NTM infection cases were identified on the basis of the international microbiological criteria adopted in the state of São Paulo. Results: A total of 50 species were identified using the molecular method PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. Samples collected from 1,014 individuals were analyzed in relation to the microbiological criteria, and 448 (44.18%) had a presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, the species identified most frequently being, in descending order, Mycobacterium kansasii, M. abscessus, M. intracellulare, M. avium, and M. szulgai. Conclusions: Although various NTM species were identified among the individuals studied, those presumptively identified most frequently on the basis of the microbiological criteria adopted in the state of São Paulo were the ones that are most commonly associated with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection worldwide or in specific geographic regions.


RESUMO Objetivo: As micobacterioses pulmonares são doenças causadas por micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNTs), cujo diagnóstico microbiológico envolve o isolamento e a identificação da mesma espécie a partir de pelo menos duas amostras de escarro, uma de lavado brônquico ou uma de biópsia pulmonar. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar as frequências das diferentes espécies de MNTs em indivíduos selecionados e em potenciais casos de micobacterioses pulmonares. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos dados de identificação de espécies isoladas a partir de espécimes clínicos pulmonares de 2.843 indivíduos incluídos no estudo entre 2011 e 2014. A identificação dos potenciais casos baseou-se nos critérios microbiológicos internacionais adotados no estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Um total de 50 espécies foi identificado utilizando-se o método molecular PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. Dos 1.014 indivíduos analisados quanto aos critérios microbiológicos, 448 (44,18%) tiveram o diagnóstico presuntivo de micobacteriose pulmonar, sendo as maiores frequências de casos, em ordem decrescente, Mycobacterium kansasii, M. abscessus, M. intracellulare, M. avium e M. szulgai. Conclusões: Embora tenham sido identificadas diversas espécies de MNTs entre os indivíduos estudados, as que tiveram as maiores frequências de casos presuntivamente identificados pelos critérios microbiológicos adotados no estado de São Paulo foram as que mais frequentemente estão associadas a micobacterioses pulmonares mundialmente ou em várias regiões geográficas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/diagnosis , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Restriction Mapping , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Retrospective Studies , Lung/microbiology , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/epidemiology
5.
J. bras. pneumol ; 45(2): e20180128, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002440

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the rapid diagnosis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, by using a commercial line probe assay for rifampicin and isoniazid detection (LPA-plus), in the routine workflow of a tuberculosis reference laboratory. Methods: The LPA-plus was prospectively evaluated on 341 isolates concurrently submitted to the automated liquid drug susceptibility testing system. Results: Among 303 phenotypically valid results, none was genotypically rifampicin false-susceptible (13/13; 100% sensitivity). Two rifampicin-susceptible isolates harboured rpoB mutations (288/290; 99.3% specificity) which, however, were non-resistance-conferring mutations. LPA-plus missed three isoniazid-resistant isolates (23/26; 88.5% sensitivity) and detected all isoniazid-susceptible isolates (277/277; 100% specificity). Among the 38 (11%) invalid phenotypic results, LPA-plus identified 31 rifampicin- and isoniazid-susceptible isolates, one isoniazid-resistant and six as non-Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Conclusions: LPA-plus showed excellent agreement (≥91%) and accuracy (≥99%). Implementing LPA-plus in our setting can speed up the diagnosis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, yield a significantly higher number of valid results than phenotypic drug susceptibility testing and provide further information on the drug-resistance level.


RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o diagnóstico rápido de tuberculose multirresistente, utilizando um teste comercial de sondas em linha (LPA-plus), na rotina de um laboratório de referência de tuberculose. Métodos: O teste LPA-plus foi avaliado prospectivamente em 341 isolados simultaneamente submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos em meio líquido, pelo sistema automatizado. Resultados: Entre os 303 resultados fenotipicamente válidos, nenhum foi genotipicamente falso suscetível à rifampicina (13/13; 100% de sensibilidade). Dois isolados sensíveis à rifampicina apresentavam mutações no gene rpoB (288/290; especificidade de 99,3%), as quais, no entanto, não são associadas à resistência a rifampicina. O LPA-plus não identificou resistência à isoniazida em três isolados fenotipicamente resistentes (23/26; 88,5% de sensibilidade) e detectou todos os isolados sensíveis à isoniazida (277/277; especificidade de 100%). Entre os 38 (11%) resultados fenotípicos inválidos, o LPA-plus identificou 31 isolados sensíveis à rifampicina e à isoniazida, um resistente à isoniazida e seis como micobactérias não tuberculosas. Conclusões: O LPA-plus mostrou excelente concordância (≥91%) e acurácia (≥99%). Sua implementação pode acelerar o diagnóstico da tuberculose multirresistente, produzir número significativamente maior de resultados válidos do que o teste fenotípico de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos e fornecer informações adicionais sobre o nível de resistência aos fármacos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Phenotype , Rifampin/pharmacology , Time Factors , DNA, Bacterial , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , Early Diagnosis , Isoniazid/pharmacology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology
6.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: biblio-982802

ABSTRACT

A OMS, em 2007, recomendou a implementação da cultura líquida para o diagnóstico da tuberculose (TB) e teste de sensibilidade para países de baixa e média renda. Neste estudo foi avaliado odesempenho da cultura líquida MGIT em condição de rotina após dois anos de implantação em uma rede de laboratórios públicos. Foi efetuada análise retrospectiva de dados da cultura líquida,realizadas em dez laboratórios regionais do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, de janeiro a março de 2010. Foram incluídas amostras submetidas a baciloscopia, cultura líquida MGIT automatizada ou manual eidentificação presuntiva do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMTB). Foram detectadas 1.159 culturas positivas. Destas, 113 (9,7%) contaminaram, e 1.046 foram analisadas, sendo 850 (81,3%) CMTB, 116 (11,1%) micobactérias não tuberculosas e 6 (0,6%) Nocardia sp. A taxa de contaminação foi de 2,2% e o acréscimo da cultura para o diagnóstico da TB foi de 29,9%. A média do tempo de detecção da cultura foi de 14,7 dias (DP+/- 11,7 dias). A acurácia da identificação presuntiva foide 91,3%. A cultura líquida MGIT demonstrou ser excelente alternativa para efetuar diagnóstico da TB e das micobacterioses, em razão da rapidez possibilitando uma intervenção rápida e eficaz no tratamento.


In 2007, WHO recommended the implementation of liquid culture for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis anddrug-susceptibility test in low and middle-income countries. This study evaluated the performanceof MGIT culture in routine condition after two years of its implementation in a public laboratoriesnetwork. This is a retrospective study, which analyzed the data on the liquid culture performed in ten regional laboratories of the Institute Adolfo Lutz, from January to March 2010. The data included clinical samples submitted to microscopy, automated or manual MGIT culture and presumptive M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) identification by analyzing the cord formation. Culture waspositive in 1,159 samples. Of these, 113 (9.7%) contaminated, and 1,046 were analyzed, of which 850 (81.3%) were identified as MTBC, 116 (11.1%) as non-tuberculous mycobacteria and 6 (0.6%)as Nocardia sp. Contamination rate was 2.2% and the contribution of culture to the TB diagnosis was 29.9%. The detection mean time was 14.7 days (SD+/-11.7 days). The accuracy of the presumptive identification of MTBC was 91.3%. MGIT liquid culture demonstrated to be an excellent alternative for diagnosing TB and mycobacterioses, because of the rapidity of diagnosis, thus allowing an immediate and effective treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cord Factors , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Public Health Laboratory Services , Tuberculosis
7.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1489555

ABSTRACT

A OMS, em 2007, recomendou a implementação da cultura líquida para o diagnóstico da tuberculose (TB) e teste de sensibilidade para países de baixa e média renda. Neste estudo foi avaliado o desempenho da cultura líquida MGIT em condição de rotina após dois anosde implantação em uma rede de laboratórios públicos. Foi efetuada análise retrospectiva de dados da cultura líquida, realizadas em dez laboratórios regionais do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, de janeiro a março de 2010. Foram incluídas amostras submetidas a baciloscopia, cultura líquida MGIT automatizada ou manual e identificação presuntiva do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMTB). Foram detectadas 1.159 culturas positivas. Destas, 113 (9,7%) contaminaram, e 1.046 foram analisadas, sendo 850 (81,3%) CMTB, 116 (11,1%) micobactérias não tuberculosas e 6 (0,6%) Nocardia sp A taxa de contaminação foi de 2,2% e o acréscimo da cultura para o diagnóstico da TB foi de 29,9%. A média do tempo de detecção da cultura foi de 14,7 dias (DP+/- 11,7 dias). A acurácia da identificação presuntiva foi de 91,3%. A cultura líquida MGIT demonstrou ser excelente alternativa para efetuar diagnóstico da TB e das micobacterioses, em razão da rapidez possibilitando uma intervenção rápida e eficaz no tratamento.


In 2007, WHO recommended the implementation of liquid culture for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and drug-susceptibility test in low and middle-income countries. This study evaluated the performance of MGIT culture in routine condition after two years of its implementation in a public laboratories network.This is a retrospective study, which analyzed the data on the liquid culture performed in ten regional laboratories of the Institute Adolfo Lutz, from January to March 2010. The data included clinical samples submitted to microscopy, automated or manual MGIT culture and presumptive M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) identification by analyzing the cord formation. Culture was positive in 1,159 samples. Of these, 113 (9.7%) contaminated, and 1,046 were analyzed, of which 850 (81.3%) were identified as MTBC, 116 (11.1%) as non-tuberculous mycobacteria and 6 (0.6%) as Nocardia sp. Contamination rate was 2.2% and the contribution of culture to the TB diagnosis was 29.9%. The detection mean time was 14.7 days (SD+/-11.7 days). The accuracy of the presumptive identification of MTBC was 91.3%. MGIT liquid culture demonstrated to be an excellent alternative for diagnosing TB and mycobacterioses, because of the rapidity of diagnosis, thus allowing an immediate and effective treatment.


Subject(s)
Virus Cultivation , Cord Factors , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods
8.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz (Online) ; 73(4): 351-357, out.-dez. 2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-783212

ABSTRACT

Os objetivos deste estudo foram de avaliar a qualidade técnica de laboratórios públicos e conveniados ao Sistema Único de Saúde(SUS) que fazem baciloscopia da tuberculose (TB) e de apresentar os dados do Controle de Qualidade Externo (CQE) realizado na rede de laboratórios de TB do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Neste contexto, foi realizado o estudo descritivo retrospectivo do CQE de 198 laboratórios supervisionados no biênio 2009-2010. A concordância entre os resultados das baciloscopias executadas nos laboratórios supervisionados e de supervisores foi de 99,4 %; e as porcentagens relativas de resultados falso-positivos e falsonegativos foram, respectivamente, de 1,9 % e 0,4 %. A comparação entre a qualidade dos esfregaços realizados por laboratórios públicos e conveniados mostrou que os públicos apresentaram qualidade superior (valor-p<0,05). Este estudo mostrou que 74,2 % dos laboratórios foram aprovados no CQE; e o desempenho dos laboratórios conveniados foi inferior ao dos públicos. Estes dados reforçam a importância de manter programa de CQE de baciloscopia e de capacitação dos profissionais, considerando-se ser este um exame diagnóstico muito utilizado e relevante no país...


Subject(s)
Humans , Brazil , Quality Control , Laboratories , Tuberculosis
9.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 56(5): 397-401, Sep-Oct/2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-722333

ABSTRACT

New methodologies were developed for the identification of Nocardia but the initial diagnosis still requires a fast and accurate method, mainly due to the similarity to Mycobacterium, both clinical and bacteriologically. Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium, presence of acid-fast bacilli through Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and colony morphology can be confusing aspects between Nocardia and Mycobacterium. This study describes the occurrence of Nocardia spp. in a mycobacterial-reference laboratory, observing the main difficulties in differentiating Nocardia spp. from Mycobacterium spp., and correlating isolates with nocardiosis cases. Laboratory records for the period between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed, and the isolates identified as Nocardia sp. or as non-acid-fast filamentous bacilli were selected. Epidemiological and bacteriological data were analyzed as well. Thirty-three isolates identified as Nocardia sp. and 22 as non-acid-fast bacilli were selected for this study, and represented 0.12% of isolates during the study period. The presumptive identification was based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology, resistance to lysozyme and restriction profiles using the PRA-hsp65 method. Nocardia spp. can grow on media for mycobacteria isolation (LJ and BBL MGIT™) and microscopy and colony morphology are very similar to some mycobacteria species. Seventeen patients (54.8%) were reported and treated for tuberculosis, but presented signs and symptoms of nocardiosis. It was concluded that the occurrence of Nocardia sp. during the study period was 0.12%. Isolates with characteristics of filamentous bacilli, forming aerial hyphae, with colonies that may be pigmented, rough and without the BstEII digestion pattern in PRA-hsp65 method are suggestive of Nocardia spp. For a mycobacterial routine laboratory, a flow for the presumptive identification of Nocardia is essential, allowing the use of more accurate techniques for the correct identification, proper treatment and better quality of life for patients.


Novas metodologias têm sido desenvolvidas para a identificação de Nocardia spp. mas o diagnóstico inicial ainda necessita de método rápido e preciso, principalmente devido à similaridade com o gênero Mycobacterium, clínica e bacteriologicamente. O crescimento em meio de Löwenstein Jensen (LJ), a presença de bacilos corados pela coloração de Ziehl Neelsen e colônias com características diferentes podem ser fatores de confusão entre nocardias e micobactérias. Este estudo descreve a ocorrência de Nocardia spp. em laboratório de referência em micobacteriologia, observando-se as principais dificuldades em diferenciar Nocardia spp. e Mycobacterium spp., correlacionando isolados com casos de nocardiose. Os registros laboratoriais dos anos 2008 a 2012 foram analisados e os isolados identificados como Nocardia sp. ou como bacilos não álcool - ácido resistentes (NBAAR) foram selecionados. Os dados epidemiológicos e bacteriológicos foram analisados. Trinta e três isolados identificados como Nocardia sp. e 22 como NBAAR foram selecionados para este estudo, perfazendo 0,12% do total de isolados identificados no período estudado. A identificação presuntiva foi baseada na morfologia macroscópica e microscópica, resistência à lisozima e perfis de restrição pelo método PRA-hsp65. Nocardia spp. pode crescer em meios de isolamento para micobactérias (LJ e BBL MGIT™) e microscopia de morfologia e as colônias são muito semelhantes a algumas espécies de micobactérias. Dezessete pacientes (54,8%) foram notificados e tratados para tuberculose, mas apresentaram sinais e sintomas para nocardiose. Concluimos que a ocorrência de Nocardia sp. no período estudado foi de 0,12%. Os isolados com características de bacilos filamentosos, formadores de hifas aéreas, com colônias que podem ter pigmento, rugosas e que não possuem padrão de digestão para BstEII no método PRA-hsp65 são sugestivos de Nocardia spp. Para um laboratório de rotina de Micobactérias, um fluxo de identificação presuntiva para Nocardia spp. é essencial para permitir que esses isolados sejam identificados com técnicas mais precisas, para que seja oferecido o tratamento adequado e qualidade de vida aos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Mycobacterium Infections/diagnosis , Mycobacterium/classification , Nocardia Infections/diagnosis , Nocardia/classification , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Nocardia Infections/microbiology , Nocardia/isolation & purification , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity
10.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 44(2): 465-468, 2013.
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469594

ABSTRACT

This study investigated biological characteristics of recovered stressed M. tuberculosis isolates that failed to grow in differential culture media for phenotypic identification and in culture media containing anti-tuberculosis drugs for drug-susceptibility testing, despite of having grown in primary culture. It represents an improvement in the diagnosis of MDR tuberculosis and tuberculosis control.


Subject(s)
Culture Media , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis , Colony Count, Microbial
11.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 107(6): 760-766, set. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-649491

ABSTRACT

Monitoring the extent of and trends in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a priority of the Brazilian National Tuberculosis Control Programme. The current study aimed to estimate the incidence of MDR-TB, describe the profile of TB drug resistance in risk groups and examine whether screening for MDR-TB adhered to the recommended guidelines. A descriptive study that examined diagnosed cases of pulmonary TB was conducted in the city of Santos, Brazil, between 2000-2004. Of the 2,176 pulmonary TB cases studied, 671 (30.8%) met the criteria for drug sensitivity testing and, of these cases, 31.7% (213/671) were tested. Among the tested cases, 9.4% were resistant to one anti-TB drug and 15% were MDR. MDR was observed in 11.6% of 86 new TB cases and 17.3% of 127 previously treated cases. The average annual incidence of MDR-TB was 1.9 per 100,000 inhabitants-years. The extent of known MDR-TB in the city of Santos is high, though likely to be underestimated. Our study therefore indicates an inadequate adherence to the guidelines for MDR-TB screening and suggests the necessity of alternative strategies of MDR-TB surveillance.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antibiotics, Antitubercular/pharmacology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Population Surveillance , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Guideline Adherence , Incidence , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Risk Factors
12.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 71(2): 228-236, abr.-jun. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: lil-688223

ABSTRACT

O gênero Mycobacterium contempla espécies do complexo M. tuberculosis e as denominadas micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNT). As micobactérias, quando em contato com o homem e alguns animais, podem causar doenças por meio de quebra da barreira do hospedeiro. Em virtude de sua natureza ambiental e muitas vezes oportunista, as micobactérias de crescimento rápido podem causar infecções nosocomiais, e com maior frequência pela espécie Mycobacterium abscessus. O M. abscessus causa diversos tipos de infecções teciduais e é altamente resistente à maioria dos quimioterápicos. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre os surtos de ocorrência nacional e internacional, com o objetivo de averiguar as principais causas que facilitaram a sua proliferação. Em 28 publicações, foram descritas as características das MNTe 15 trabalhos foram referentes ao relato de surtos, dos quais três nacionais associados aos procedimentos clínicos invasivos e 12 internacionais, correlacionados aos procedimentos médicos não invasivos. Todos os artigos relataram a frequente ocorrência de práticas inadequadas de limpeza, de procedimentos ede desinfecção. Estes fatos mostram a necessidade de sistema de qualidade mais eficiente e de estudosadicionais sobre a natureza do agente patogênico para tomada de medidas profiláticas mais efetivas.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Growth , Mycobacterium , Disease Outbreaks
13.
Cad. saúde pública ; 27(9): 1859-1863, set. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-600782

ABSTRACT

This study constitutes a first attempt to describe the genetic population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. A total of 56 confirmed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, identified between March and June 2008, were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS6110-RFLP). The study population was characterized by a predominance of males (71.43 percent) over 30 years of age (68.75 percent). Forty-one isolates were found to belong to a single pattern (73.2 percent), while 15 (26.7 percent) were found in group patterns, forming six clusters. The higher level of diversity observed is much more suggestive of endogenous reactivation than recent transmission.


Este é o primeiro estudo realizado na Bahia, Brasil, visando à descrição da estrutura da população genética circulante do Mycobacterium tuberculosis na cidade de Salvador. Um total de 56 casos confirmados de tuberculose pulmonar, identificados entre março e junho de 2008, foi analisado pelo método Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism (IS6110-RFLP). A população de estudo foi caracterizada como a maioria do sexo masculino (71,43 por cento), idade acima de 30 anos (68,75 por cento). Quarenta e um isolados (73,21 por cento) com padrão único, enquanto 15 (26,75 por cento) apresentaram padrões agrupáveis, formando seis clusters. A alta taxa de diversidade das cepas de M. tuberculosis observada é mais sugestiva de reativação endógena do que transmissão recente.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Genetic Variation , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Age Distribution , Brazil , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Sex Distribution , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
14.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 105(6): 838-841, Sept. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-560673

ABSTRACT

There is a little-noticed trend involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients suspected of having tuberculosis: the triple-treatment regimen recommended in Brazil for years has been potentially ineffective in over 30 percent of the cases. This proportion may be attributable to drug resistance (to at least 1 drug) and/or to infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria. This evidence was not disclosed in official statistics, but arose from a systematic review of a few regional studies in which the diagnosis was reliably confirmed by mycobacterial culture. This paper clarifies that there has long been ample evidence for the potential benefits of a four-drug regimen for co-infected patients in Brazil and it reinforces the need for determining the species and drug susceptibility in all positive cultures from HIV-positive patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Antitubercular Agents , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Brazil , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Prevalence , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
15.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 105(5): 661-664, Aug. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-557226

ABSTRACT

We conducted a cross-sectional, hospital-based study between January 2006-March 2008 to estimate the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first-line drugs in patients with tuberculosis at a Brazilian hospital. We evaluated the performance of the [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) microplate assay compared with the Bactec-MGIT 960™ system for mycobacteria testing. The prevalence of resistance in M. tuberculosis was 6.7 percent. Multidrug-resistance [resistance to rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH)], INH-resistance and streptomycin (SM)-resistance accounted for 1 percent, 3.8 percent and 3.8 percent of all resistance, respectively, and all isolates were susceptible to ethambutol (EM). The resistance was primary in four cases and acquired in three cases and previous treatment was associated with resistance (p = 0.0129). Among the 119 M. tuberculosis isolates, complete concordance of the results for INH and EM was observed between the MTT microplate and Bactec-MGIT 960TM methods. The observed agreement for RMP was 99 percent (sensitivity: 90 percent) and 95.8 percent for SM (sensitivity 90.9 percent), lower than those for other drugs. The MTT colourimetric method is an accurate, simple and low-cost alternative in settings with limited resources.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Coloring Agents , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tetrazolium Salts , Thiazoles , Tuberculosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Retrospective Studies , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
16.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 42(3): 290-297, May-June 2009. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-522258

ABSTRACT

Foram analisados retrospectivamente os registros (2000 a 2004) do Laboratório de Microbiologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Santos, SP referentes a pacientes infectados pelo virus da imunodeficiência humana com suspeita de tuberculose pulmonar. Foram encaminhadas 1.321 amostras com finalidade de diagnóstico, correspondendo a 880 casos suspeitos de tuberculose em 693 pacientes. Cento e trinta e quatro baciloscopias foram positivas e em 188 culturas houve crescimento de micobactérias, correspondendo a 161 casos confirmados. Houve identificação de Mycobacterium tuberculosis em 126 (78,3 por cento) e micobactérias não tuberculosas em 39 (24,2 por cento). Em quatro casos, houve concomitância de Mycobacterium tuberculosis e micobactérias não tuberculosas (porém em amostras distintas). O perfil de sensibilidade às drogas antituberculose revelou 18 (14,3 por cento) casos de resistência a pelo menos um medicamento. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de submeter à rotina laboratorial completa - baciloscopia, cultura com identificação e testes de sensibilidade às drogas - as amostras respiratórias de pacientes soropositivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana com suspeita de tuberculose para direcionamento terapêutico adequado.


The records (2000 to 2004) of the Microbiology Laboratory of the Adolfo Lutz Institute in Santos, Brazil, were retrospectively analyzed regarding patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis. 1,321 samples for diagnosis purposes were selected, corresponding to 880 suspected tuberculosis cases in 693 patients. There were 134 smear-positive samples and mycobacteria growth occurred in 188 cultures, corresponding to 161 confirmed cases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in 126 (78.3 percent) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in 39 (24.2 percent). In four cases, both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria were simultaneously recovered from different samples. The profile of sensitivity to anti-tuberculosis drugs revealed 18 (14.3 percent) cases of resistance to at least one drug. These results reinforce the need to carrying out the complete laboratorial routine (sputum smear microscopy, culture and susceptibility to antituberculous drugs) for respiratory samples from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with suspected tuberculosis in order to direct appropriate therapy.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Mycobacterium/classification , Sputum/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycobacterium/drug effects , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis
17.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 103(5): 489-492, Aug. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-491979

ABSTRACT

The frequency of the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a cause of tuberculosis (TB) in South America was determined by analyzing genotypes of strains isolated from patients that had been diagnosed with the disease between 1997 and 2003 in seven countries of the subcontinent. In total, 19 of the 1,202 (1.6 percent) TB cases carried Beijing isolates, including 11 of the 185 patients from Peru (5.9 percent), five of the 512 patients from Argentina (1.0 percent), two of the 252 Brazilian cases (0.8 percent), one of the 166 patients from Paraguay (0.6 percent) and none of the samples obtained from Chile (35), Colombia (36) and Ecuador (16). Except for two patients that were East Asian immigrants, all cases with Beijing strains were native South Americans. No association was found between carrying a strain with the Beijing genotype and having drug or multi-drug resistant disease. Our data show that presently transmission of M. tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype is not frequent in Latin America. In addition, the lack of association of drug resistant TB and infection with M. tuberculosis of the Beijing genotype observed presently demands efforts to define better the contribution of the virulence and lack of response to treatment to the growing spread of Beijing strains observed in other parts of the world.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , DNA Fingerprinting , Genotype , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , South America/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology
18.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 64(1): 137-141, jan.-jun. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP | ID: lil-432167

ABSTRACT

A investigação de culturas mistas de micobactérias é importante pois geralmente estas incluem ao menosuma espécie patogênica ou potencialmente patogênica. Dentre 8.036 culturas recebidas entre 1999 e 2000,pelo Setor de Micobactérias do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, foram selecionadas 21 (0,26%) com resultados sugestivos de culturas mistas. Após o isolamento em meio 7H11 as colônias foram repicadas em Lõwenstein Jensen e incubadas à 37° C. A identificação dos 32 subcultivos foi feita por métodos fenotípicos e pela analise do perfil de restrição do produto da amplificação de 440 pares de base do gene hsp65. Em oito subcultivos foi encontrada a espécie M. tuberculosis associada com MNT, em 3 subcultivos foramencontradas 2 espécies de MNT e nos demais foi identificado apenas um tipo de micobacteria. O tempo decrescimento lento das micobactérias inviabiliza o plaqueamento de todas as culturas pois este procedimentoacarretaria demora na liberação do resultado final dos testes, além de representar gastos excessivos em áreas endêmicas, geralmente com escassos recursos econômicos. Embora as dificuldades mencionadas, os microbiologistas devem estar atentos quanto à presença de culturas mistas de micobactérias e usar todos os métodos disponíveis para separar e identificar as espécies


Subject(s)
Culture Media , Mycobacterium tuberculosis
19.
J. bras. patol. med. lab ; 41(1): 1-8, fev. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-398065

ABSTRACT

O gênero Mycobacterium é constituído por espécies do complexo M. tuberculosis e outras denominadas micobactérias não-tuberculosas (MNT). Até o momento, mais de cem MNT foram descritas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a diversidade das espécies de MNT identificadas no estado de São Paulo, no período de 1991 a 1997, que antecedeu a expansão da terapia anti-retroviral, e determinar a freqüência dos casos que atenderam alguns critérios bacteriológicos para o diagnóstico das infecções causadas pelas MNT. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 1.892 cepas isoladas de sítios estéreis e não-estéreis de 1.248 pacientes atendidos no estado de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: Do total de pacientes, 1.199 (96,1 por cento) tiveram suas cepas identificadas e 3,9 por cento apresentaram resultados não-conclusivos. As dez espécies encontradas foram o complexo M. avium (MAC), M. kansasii, M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. szulgai, M. xenopi, M. marinum, M. gordonae, M. terrae e M. nonchromogenicum. Quarenta e sete (7,8 por cento) casos pulmonares tiveram diagnóstico confirmado pelo isolamento da mesma espécie em três ou mais amostras e 67 (34 por cento) pacientes tiveram o diagnóstico bacteriológico confirmado por isolamento em sítios estéreis. CONCLUSÕES: As espécies de MNT mais freqüentemente isoladas no estado de São Paulo foram MAC e M. kansasii. Uma publicação nacional com recomendações para diagnóstico e tratamento dessas infecções seria fundamental para a conduta correta no diagnóstico e no tratamento de micobacterioses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Sputum/microbiology , Mycobacterium Infections/diagnosis , Mycobacterium Infections/epidemiology , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Lung/pathology
20.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 99(7): 739-743, Nov. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-391604

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium kansasii is the most common cause of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infection and classical identification of this pathogen needs a time consuming phenotypic tests. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment lenght polymorphism analysis (PRA) of the gene enconding for the 65kDa heat shock (hsp65) protein offers an easy, rapid, and inexpensive procedure to identify and subtype M. kansasii isolates. In the present study, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients who had mycobacteria identified on the basis of phenotypic tests by means of a review of database at Mycobacteria Laboratory of the Instituto Adolfo Lutz in the period 1995-1998. A total of 9381 clinical isolates were analyzed of which 7777 (82.9 percent) were identified as M. tuberculosis complex and 1604 (17.1 percent) as nontuberculous mycobacteria. Of the 296 M. kansasii isolates, 189 (63.8 percent) isolates obtained from 119 patients were viable and were analyzed by PRA-hsp65. Hundred eight two (98.9 percent) were classified as M. kansasii type I. Two isolates were classified as type II and III and five isolates were characterized as other Mycobacterium species. Clinical isolates of M. kansasii in the state of São Paulo was almost exclusively subtype I regardless of HIV status.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mycobacterium Infections , Mycobacterium kansasii , Brazil , DNA, Bacterial , Genome, Bacterial , HIV Infections , Mycobacterium kansasii , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Retrospective Studies
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