Clinical and epidemiological profiles of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis from the states of Pernambuco and Amazonas, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brazil has a high number of cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the north and northeast regions. Therefore, continuous surveillance of environmental and socioeconomic factors in endemic areas is needed to develop strategic control measures. This study aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiological profiles of patients with ACL. METHODS: All patients were from the states of Amazonas and Pernambuco, and examinations were carried out between 2015 and 2018. All patients had a clinical and epidemiological history compatible with ACL after positive diagnostic tests. Information obtained from medical records included gender, employment activity, level of education, age, and number and sites of lesions. RESULTS: A total of 213 patients were included, of whom 30.98% were female and 69.02% were male. The main employment activity was agriculture (27.56%). The most common level of education was elementary (62.42%). The average age was approximately 39 years. The majority of the patients presented only with one lesion (54.87%), and legs/feet were the most commonly affected area (48.25%), followed by the arms/hands (44.75%). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that irrespective of the patients' places of origin, interventions need to be focused on men of economically productive age, in view of the high risk of exposure to the vector in this group. Education activities need to be directed to farmers about the importance of protection against ACL vectors during work. Such information must also be directed to employers as a way of implementing and maintaining appropriate working conditions and stepping up vector control.

Standardization and evaluation of a duplex real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of Leishmania infantum DNA: a sample quality control approach

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Molecular techniques have been shown to be alternative methods for the accurate detection of infectious and parasitic diseases, such as the leishmaniases. The present study describes the optimization and evaluation of a duplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocol developed for the simultaneous detection of Leishmania infantum DNA and sample quality control. METHODS: After preliminary tests with the newly designed TaqMan® probes for the two targets ( L. infantum and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) gene), the duplex qPCR protocol was optimized. For the evaluation of the standardized protocol, human blood samples were tested (n=68) and the results were compared to those obtained by reference diagnostic techniques. Statistical analyses included percentage agreement and the Kappa ( k ) coefficient. RESULTS: The detection limit of L. infantum DNA reached 2x10 2 fg (corresponding to ~1 parasite) per µL of blood (ε: 93.9%). The percentage agreement obtained between the duplex VL qPCR and the reference techniques was individually obtained as follows: molecular: 88.3% ( k =0.666; 95% CI 0.437-0.894, good), and serological: 81.7% ( k =0.411; 95% CI 0.125-0.697, moderate). Between the reference techniques, the percentage agreement was 86.7% ( k =0.586; 95% CI 0.332-0.840, moderate). CONCLUSIONS: The new duplex VL qPCR protocol indicated good potential for the accurate, fast, and reliable detection of L. infantum DNA, when applied as a complement to the classical diagnostic tools already available, especially in health or research reference centers.

Aplicabilidade da técnica de PCR em tempo real para caracterização de espécies de Leishmania / Aplicability of real time PCR technique for leishmania species characterization

A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) é causada por protozoários, do gênero Leishmania, envolvidos em um complexo ciclo biológico. No Brasil, sete espécies estão envolvidas com a etiologia da doença, distribuídas em todas as regiões geográficas e responsáveis por diferentes manifestações clínicas. Diante disso, o diagnóstico em conjunto com a identificação da espécie é de grande importância clínico-terapêutica. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade da técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR) para identificação de espécies de Leishmania envolvidas com a etiologia da LTA. Foram realizados ensaios de qPCR para padronização da Temperatura de melting (Tm) utilizando cepas de referência de diferentes espécies de Leishmania. Após o diagnóstico em amostras de sangue de animais domésticos utilizando a qPCR, as amostras positivas foram analisadas através de suas Tm, e os produtos de qPCR foram purificados e sequenciados. Dez amostras previamente caracterizadas por isoenzimas, também foram analisadas através da Tm. Ainda como teste de referência, foi padronizada uma Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) utilizando as cepas de referência e testada nas amostras. Através da padronização da Tm das espécies, foram criados dois intervalos de análise: 1 (Tm = 78-79,99°C), que compreende: Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Leishmania (V.) panamensis, Leishmania (V.) lainsoni, Leishmania (V.) guyanensis e Leishmania (V.) shawi; e 2 (Tm = 80-82,2°C), que compreende: Leishmania (V.) naiffi, Leishmania (L.) amazonensis e Leishmania (L.) mexicana. Um total de 223 amostras positivas foi analisado, destas, 58 incluídas no intervalo 1 e 165 no intervalo 2. O sequencimento de 94 destas amostras foi correspondente à L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis e L. (V.) guyanensis. A RFLP em 173 amostras identificou 167 L. (V.) braziliensis, 05 L. (L.) mexicana e 01 L. (V.) panamensis...

The American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, involved in a complex biological cycle. In Brazil, seven species are involved in the etiology of the disease, distributed in all geographic regions and responsible for different clinical manifestations. Therefore, the diagnosis together with the identification of the species is of great clinical and therapeutic importance. This work aims to evaluate the applicability of the technique of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the identification of Leishmania species involved in the etiology of ACL. qPCR assays for standardizing the melting temperature (Tm) using reference strains of different species of Leishmania were performed. After the diagnosis on blood samples of domestic animals using the qPCR positive samples were analyzed by their Tm and qPCR products were purified and sequenced. Ten samples previously characterized by isoenzymes were also analyzed by Tm. Also as a reference test was standardized as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) using the reference strains and tested on samples. Through standardization of Tm species two ranges of analysis were created: 1 (Tm = 78-79,99°C), comprising: Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Leishmania (V.) panamensis, Leishmania (V.) lainsoni, Leishmania (V.) guyanensis e Leishmania (V.) shawi; and, 2 (Tm = 80-82,2°C), comprising: Leishmania (V.) naiffi, Leishmania (L.) amazonensis e Leishmania (L.) mexicana. A total of 223 positive samples were analyzed, of these, 58 included in the range 1 and 165 in the range 2 to 94 and the sequence of these samples corresponded to L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis and L. (V.) guyanensis. By RFLP in 173 samples were identified 167 L. (V.) braziliensis, 05 L. (L.) mexicana and 01 L. (V.) panamensis The analysis of Tm of the ten samples characterized by isoenzymes showed 80% agreement (p = 0.6499) between the gold standard (isoenzymes) and intervals developed in this study...

Tracking false-negative results in molecular diagnosis: proposal of a triplex-PCR based method for leishmaniasis diagnosis

Molecular biological methods have become increasingly relevant to the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis. Since various factors may affect the sensitivity of PCR assays, including DNA yield and purity, an optimal extraction method is pivotal. Losses of a parasite’s DNA during extraction may significantly impair its detection by PCR and lead to false-negative results. This study proposes a triplex PCR assay targeting the parasite’s DNA, an external control (pUC18) and an internal control (G3PD) for accurate diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

Tracking false-negative results in molecular diagnosis: proposal of a triplex-PCR based method for leishmaniasis diagnosis

Molecular biological methods have become increasingly relevant to the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis. Since various factors may affect the sensitivity of PCR assays, including DNA yield and purity, an optimal extraction method is pivotal. Losses of a parasite’s DNA during extraction may significantly impair its detection by PCR and lead to false-negative results. This study proposes a triplex PCR assay targeting the parasite’s DNA, an external control (pUC18) and an internal control (G3PD) for accurate diagnosis of leishmaniasis.