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Similar to blood,interstitial fluid(ISF)contains exogenous drugs and biomarkers and may therefore substitute blood in drug analysis.However,current ISF extraction techniques require bulky instruments and are both time-consuming and complicated,which has inspired the development of viable alterna-tives such as those relying on skin or tissue puncturing with microneedles.Currently,microneedles are widely employed for transdermal drug delivery and have been successfully used for ISF extraction by different mechanisms to facilitate subsequent analysis.The integration of microneedles with sensors enables in situ ISF analysis and specific compound monitoring,while the integration of monitoring and delivery functions in wearable devices allows real-time dose modification.Herein,we review the progress in drug analysis based on microneedle-assisted ISF extraction and discuss the related future opportunities and challenges.
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) are the most abundant circulating cells in the blood and have been widely used in drug delivery systems (DDS) because of their features of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and long circulating half-life. Accordingly, a "camouflage" comprised of erythrocyte membranes renders nanoparticles as a platform that combines the advantages of native erythrocyte membranes with those of nanomaterials. Following injection into the blood of animal models, the coated nanoparticles imitate RBCs and interact with the surroundings to achieve long-term circulation. In this review, the biomimetic platform of erythrocyte membrane-coated nano-cores is described with regard to various aspects, with particular focus placed on the coating mechanism, preparation methods, verification methods, and the latest anti-tumor applications. Finally, further functional modifications of the erythrocyte membranes and attempts to fuse the surface properties of multiple cell membranes are discussed, providing a foundation to stimulate extensive research into multifunctional nano-biomimetic systems.
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In recent years ,as a novel drug delivery system ,gold nanoparticles have attracted widespread attention .Be-cause of their special physicochemical properties ,such as quantum size effect ,unique optical phenomenon ,easily reacting with thiol compounds or disulfides and so on ,gold nanoparticles can delivery variety of types of drugs ,like proteins ,nucleic acid , small molecular drugs ,therefore they can be applied in tumor treatment and detection .In this paper the preparation of drug-loading gold nanoparticles ,their drug-loading ways and safety issues were reviewed .
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare vincristine sulphate loaded poly (butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (VCR-PBCA-NPs) and to investigate the in vitro release charactersitics.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>VCR-PBCA-NPs were prepared by emulsion polymerization method, and characterized for morphology, particle size, drug encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency. The formulation was optimized using central composite design and response surface methodology. In vitro release study of VCR-PBCA-NPs was performed by dialysis technique. Model fitting was used to determine the kinetics and to discuss the mechanism.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The nanoparticles were spherical and uniform with a mean diameter of (98.9 +/- 3.05) nm. The drug encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency were (55.23 +/- 0.96)% and (7.87 +/- 0.11)%, respectively. In vitro release results showed that 63.66% of VCR was released from VCR-PBCA-NPs in 4 h, and the Weibull model fitted VCR release pattern best.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The VCR-PBCA-NPs prepared in this study showed sustained release compared with VCR solution.</p>
Subject(s)
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Methods , Cyanoacrylates , Delayed-Action Preparations , Chemistry , Drug Carriers , Chemistry , Drug Compounding , Methods , Emulsions , Enbucrilate , Chemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Nanoparticles , Chemistry , Particle Size , Vincristine , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the stability of oridonin (ORI) solution for research and development of novel ORI prepartions.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The effect of pH on the degradation rate of ORI was evaluated, the pH values of the oridonin solutions were adjusted to the setting pH, with 1 mol x L(-1) HCl or NaOH, respectively, and stored at room temperature for 60 h. The constant temperature method was applied to evaluate the stability of ORI solution at room temperature and at 4 degrees C.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The pH-rate profile of ORI was V-shaped, and the pHm was 5. The t90 of ORI solution at room temperature was 53.2 h and 91.5 h at 4 degrees C CONCLUSION: The ORI solution is not stable. The pH-dependent degradation of ORI solution confirms to specific acid-base catalysis reaction.</p>
Subject(s)
Diterpenes, Kaurane , Chemistry , Drug Stability , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Solubility , Solutions , Temperature , Time Factors , Water , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare and evaluate brucine-loaded polylacticacid nanoparticles (Bru-PLA-NPs).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The Bru-PLA-NPs were prepared by solvent diffusion method. The physical, chemical properties and in vitro release behavior of the prepared Bru-PLA-NPs were evaluated, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The mean particle size of the prepared Bru-PLA-NPs was 95 nm with polydispersity index of 0.362. The zeta potential was -15.68 mV. The mean loading and entrapment efficiency of Bru were 7% and 37%, respectively. Compared with Bru solution, an obvious sustained release behavior of Bru from Bru-PLA-NPs was observed in the in vitro release experiment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Bru-PLA-NPs prepared by solvent diffusion method exhibit small particle size, high Bru-loading efficiency, and obvious sustained release in vitro</p>
Subject(s)
Drug Carriers , Chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems , Methods , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Kinetics , Lactic Acid , Chemistry , Nanoparticles , Chemistry , Particle Size , Polyesters , Polymers , Chemistry , Strychnine , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study plasma protein binding rate of bufalin.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>HPLC was employed to determine the concentration of bufalin. Plasma protein binding rate studies were conducted by equilibrium dialysis method. The influence of drug concentration and plasma in different species on plasma protein binding rate were studied.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There was no significant difference in the plasma protein binding rates at low, middle and high bufalin concentrations in dilution medium. The protein binding rate of bufalin in human plasma was higher than in the rat plasma.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Bufalin has higher protein binding extent with both rat plasma and human plasma.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Blood Proteins , Chemistry , Bufanolides , Chemistry , Kinetics , Protein Binding , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have received great attention in the studies of therapeutic methods of cerebral ischemia in recent years. This article reviews its research Status Quo and some unsolved problems.
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AIM To explore the biotransformation of compound 7-(4-chlorbenzyl)-7,8,13,13a-tetrahydroberberine in the rabbit. METHODS Analyze the rabbit bile sample with HPLC, LC/MS and LC/NMR. RESULTS A metabolite and unchanged 7-(4-chlorbenzyl)-7,8,13,13a-tetrahydroberberine were found in the rabit bile, the metabolite was characterized and its structure was elucidated. CONCLUSION Compound 7-(4-chlorbenzyl)-7,8,13,13a-tetrahydroberberine is metabolized by demethylation at 10-OCH3 position.
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Object To explore the regularity of microwave extraction (ME) on Chinese medicines in different morphological structure and different polar compositions. Methods Anthraquinone in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (RRR), Semen Cassiae (SC), cholorogenic acid in Flos Lonicerae, baicalin in Radix Scutellariae were determined as index compositions by HPLC. The extraction rate was measured by orthogonal design. Results ME selectivity to different anthraquinone in RRR is not significant, while at the same temperature, the extraction rates of emodin, chrysophanol, physcion in RRR are higher than those in SC. Conclusion The ME selectivity to the different morphological structure of Chinese medicines is obvious, but to the different polar compositions is not distinct.
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AIM: To evaluate the characteristic and explore the mechanism of MAE on Semen Cassiae by comparing MAE with commonly used extraction method. METHODS : The amount of anthraquinone was determined by spectrophotometer. The surface and cross section of Semen Cassiae were observed by microphotography. RESULTS : Among the four methods,the efficiency of MAE is 16 times that of ultrasonic extraction,3 times that of Sohlex extraction and 1.1 times of decocting by water,respectively. Micrographs taken after extraction differed markedly indicated that the degree of damage varied considerably. CONCLUSION : The MAE method is more advantageous than other traditional extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction) with regard to the extraction yield and the time and cost of the procedure.
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Objective: To evaluate the characteristic and explore the mechanism of microwave extraction (MAE) in extracting Chinese medicines by comparing with conventional extractions on Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. Methods : The sum of anthraquinone was determined by spectrophotometry and aphrostase in paraffin section was observed by microphotography. Results : Among the four methods, the efficiency of MAE was significantly the highest, which was 3.5 times of supersonic extraction and 1.5 times of Sohlex extraction and 1.5 times of decocting by water, respectively. The time of MAE was the shortest. MAE could destroy the cell organization to pick up the speed of dissolving. Conclusion : MAE is efficient, saving energy and time in extracting Chinese medicines.