Clinical features and gene analysis in a family with type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy due to BSCL2 mutation / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical and genetic features in a family with type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy, and to improve the understanging of this disease.Methods:The clinical symptoms, results of the laboratory, and radiography examinations of the patient and his family members were analyzed. The whole exome sequencing and Sanger validation were used to determine the genetic cause of the disease.Results:Generalized lipodystrophy, impaired liver function, severe hypertriglyceridemia, and acanthosis nigricans were found in the proband. His serum leptin level was much lower than normal value. The proband and three members of this family were confirmed to have insertion mutation at exon 5 of BSCL2 gene. The site was mutated from TTC to TCGGTC, resulting in the replacement of glutamate by aspartate and arginine. The mutation in proband was homozygote, and his father, mother, and brother were heterozygous.Conclusions:The mutation in exon 5 c. 545_546insCCG of BSCL2 gene leads to the occurrence of type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy.

Targeted massively parallel sequencing for congenital generalized lipodystrophy

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim is to establish genetic diagnosis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) using targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS), also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS). Subjects and methods: Nine unrelated individuals with a clinical diagnosis of CGL were recruited. We used a customized panel to capture genes related to genetic lipodystrophies. DNA libraries were generated, sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results: An accurate genetic diagnosis was stated for all nine patients. Four had pathogenic variants in AGPAT2 and three in BSCL2. Three large homozygous deletions in AGPAT2 were identified by copy-number variant analysis. Conclusions: Although we have found allelic variants in only 2 genes related to CGL, the panel was able to identify different variants including deletions that would have been missed by Sanger sequencing. We believe that MPS is a valuable tool for the genetic diagnosis of multi-genes related diseases, including CGL.

Síndrome Berardinelli / Berardinelli syndrome

El síndrome Berardinelli es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con amplia heterogeneidad clínica y genética, clínicamente caracterizada por pérdida de tejido adiposo a nivel subcutáneo y de otros tejidos. Esta lipodistrofia generalizada congénita provoca hipertrofia muscular, asociada a trastornos endocrinos, con crecimiento acelerado durante la infancia, pubertad precoz e hiperglicemia. Está considerada una enfermedad metabólica rara, que se hereda de forma autosómico recesiva. En la actualidad se describen 4 variantes de este síndrome, con varios genes implicados. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características clínicas en una niña, en la cual su aspecto fenotípico recuerda este síndrome, por la lipodistrofia marcada y aumento de la musculatura desde la etapa de lactante, por lo cual se consideró necesaria la valoración en equipo multidisciplinario para su adecuado seguimiento y asesoramiento genético a sus familiares(AU)

Berardinelli syndrome is a rare disease, with broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and clinically characterized by loss of fatty tissue at subcutaneous level and of other tissues. This generalized congenital lipodystrophy causes muscle hypertrophy associated to endocrine disorders, accelerated growth at childhood, early puberty and hyperglycemia. It is considered as a rare metabolic disease and also recessive autosomal inheritance. Nowadays, four variants of the syndrome are described in which several gens are involved. The objective of this paper was to describe the clinical characteristics of a girl whose phenotypical aspect resembles this syndrome due to the marked lipodystrophy and increased musculature since her breastfeeding phase. Therefore, it was necessary to make an assessment by a multidisciplinary team for her adequate follow-up and the genetic counselling to her family(AU)

Metreleptina: Tratamiento para las complicaciones metabólicas de la Lipodistrofia Generalizada / Metreleptin: Treatment for metabolic complications of generalized lipodystrophy

La metreleptina es un análogo de leptina que ha sido probado en pacientes con patologías derivadas del déficit de leptina. Las lipodistrofias representan un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por deficiencia de leptina, y se asocian con formas severas de síndrome metabólico que incluyen hiperglucemia, hipertrigliceridemia y esteatosis hepática. Estas complicaciones metabólicas pueden posteriormente progresar a diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis aguda y cirrosis hepática. Para el manejo de estas anormalidades, usualmente se requieren diversos tratamientos, pero en estadíos avanzados tienden a ser de difícil manejo. La metreleptina es el producto farmacéutico aprobado por la Administración de Alimentos y Fármacos de los Estados Unidos (FDA) para tratar las complicaciones metabólicas de las lipodistrofias generalizadas. En este artículo, se revisa el perfil farmacólogico de metreleptina y los aspectos clínicos de las lipodistrofias generalizadas. Además, se describen algunos estudios que evaluaron la eficacia y seguridad de metreleptina en pacientes con lipodistrofias generalizadas.

Metreleptin is a synthetic leptin analog that has been trialed in patients with leptin-deficient conditions. Lipodystrophies represent a class of diseases characterized by leptin deficiency, which is associated with a severe form of the metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis. These metabolic complications can progress to diabetes mellitus, acute pancreatitis, and hepatic cirrhosis. For the management of these abnormalities, multiple therapies are usually required, and advances stages may be progressively difficult to treat. Metreleptin is the pharmaceutical derived product that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the severe metabolic abnormalities of the generalized forms of lipodystrophy. Herein, we review the pharmacological profile of metreleptin, and clinical aspects of generalized lipodystrophies. Further, we examine studies that assessed the efficacy and safety of metreleptin in generalized lipodystrophies.

Enfermedades raras: Síndrome de Berardinelli - Seip. Presentación de un caso / Rare diseases: Syndrome Berardinelli - Seip Case report

El síndrome de Berardinelli - Seip es una lipodistrofia generalizada congénita con niveles elevados de hormona delcrecimiento y de lípidos séricos. Se trata de un trastorno autosómico recesivo extremadamente raro, con unaprevalencia estimada de menos de un caso por cada 1.000.000 personas. Fue descrita inicialmente por Berardinellien 1954. En 1963 Seip y Trygstad descubren la seipina, cuya mutación produce el síndrome. No se conoce laetiología, pero se sabe que es ocasionada en parte por la incapacidad de ciertos adipocitos para mantener laacumulación de grasa. Los factores asociados con el síndrome incluyen: tendencia a desarrollar resistencia a lainsulina, diabetes e hipertrigliceridemia. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad es principalmente clínico. El tratamientose basa en el control de las enfermedades asociadas.

Berardinelli - Seip syndrome is a generalized congenital lipodystrophy with elevated levels of serum lipids andgrowth hormone. It is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder with a prevalence of less than one case per1.000.000. It was initially described by Berardinelli in 1954. Seip and Trygstad discovered seipine, a proteine whichmutation produces syndrome. Unknown etiology, it is caused in part by the inability of fat cells for fataccumulation. Factors associated with the syndrome include: insuline resistence, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia. The diagnosis of this disease is mainly clinical. Treatment consists in controlling comorbidities.

Berardinelli-Seip syndrome type 1 in an Egyptian child.

Berardinelli‑Seip syndrome type 1 or Berardinelli‑Seip congenital lipodystrophy 1 (BSCL1) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by lipoatrophy, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly and acromegaloid features. Its prevalence in Egypt is not known. Here, we report case of a 12‑year‑old Egyptian boy with the clinical, metabolic and molecular genetics manifestations of BSCL1 including overt diabetes mellitus.

Lipodistrofía congénita de Berardinelli-Seip / Lipodystrophy Berardinelli-Seip congenital

El síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip es una lipodistrofia generalizada congénita, de herencia autosómica recesiva, que se caracteriza por la disminución o ausencia de la grasa subcutánea. Predispone al desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina, diabetes, hipertrigliceridemia y esteatosis hepática, y también cursa con ateroesclerosis de inicio precoz. Además, los pacientes afectados presentan facie tosca, hipertrofia muscular, acromegalia y acantosis nigricans. Se presenta una paciente de sexo femenino, de 3 años de edad, con peso y talla inadecuados para la edad y antecedente de cuadros intermitentes de hipoglicemia desde el nacimiento y hepatomegalia desde los 4 meses de edad. En el examen físico se observa cara triangular con red venosa evidente, escaso tejido celular subcutáneo e hipermuscularidad. Se realiza una biopsia de piel, la cual es compatible con lipodistrofia y ultrasonido abdominal que demuestra hepatoesplenomegalia y daño hepático crónico (confirmado con biopsia de hígado).

The Berardinelli-Seip syndrome is an autosomal recessive, congenital generalized lipodystrophy, characterized by a decrease or absence of subcutaneous fat with a predisposition to develop insulin resistant diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia and early onset hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. Affected patients present a grotesque facie, muscle hypertrophy, acromegally and acanthosis nigricans. We present a three-year-old female patient, with low weight and height and a history of intermittent hypoglycemia since birth and hepatomegaly from 4 months of life. Her physical examination showed triangular face, collateral vascular network, lipoatrophy and muscle hypertrophy. Skin biopsy was consistent with lipodystrophy and abdominal ultrasound reported hepatosplenomegaly and chronic liver damage confirmed by liver biopsy.

Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Berardinelli-Seip syndrome: case report and review of literature

Resumen: El síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip, una lipodistrofia congénita, es una enfermedad metabólicarara que se caracteriza por una lipodistrofia generalizada grave, resistencia a la insulinay dislipidemia. La enfermedad se asocia con varias manifestaciones dermatológicas y sistémicas.Las complicaciones incluyen miocardiopatía hipertrófica, hígado graso con disfunción hepática,hipertrofia muscular y varias alteraciones endocrinas. Se presenta un caso de este tipode lipodistrofia en una mujer de 18 años de edad, que ingresa con un cuadro de hiperglucemia sinevidencia de cetoacidosis o de estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico, con hepatomegalia, signosde resistencia a la insulina y ausencia de tejido adiposo. Después de los análisis complementarios,se le diagnosticó síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip. El reconocimiento temprano de la lipodistrofiacongénita es esencial para prevenir las complicaciones, y permite una asesoría genética y reproductivade los pacientes y sus familias. Se incluye también una breve revisión de la literatura.

Abstract: Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy is a rare metabolic disorder characterized bysevere generalized lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and dyslipedemia. The condition is associatedwith various dermatological and systemic manifestations. Complications include hypertrophiccardiomyopathy, a fatty liver with hepatic dysfunction, muscular hypetrophy, and various endocrinedisturbances. We report a case of this form of lipodystrophy in an 18-year-old female who wasadmitted with hyperglycaemia without evidence of ketoacidosis or hyperglycemic hyperosmolarstate, with hepatomegaly, signs of insulin resistance and absence of adipose tissue. After furtherinvestigation, a diagnosis of Berardinelli-Seip syndrome was made. Early recognition of congenitallipodystrophy is essential to prevent complications, and allows genetic and reproductive counselingto patients and their families. A brief review of the literature is also included.