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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(4): 1039-1046, Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1124894

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chronic effects of stretching exercise on soleus muscle histomorphology and histomorphometry of young and aged rats. Thirty-eight female rats were divided into young control group (YCG, n=10;274±50 g); young stretching group (YSG, n=8;274±12 g); aged control group (ACG, n=10;335±39 g); and aged stretching group (ASG, n=10;321±32g). A mechanical apparatus was used to stretch muscle in 4 repetitions, 60 s each, 30 s interval between repetitions in each session, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last stretching session, soleus muscle was removed for micromorphology and immunostaining analysis. Data analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey, or Kruskal-Wallis tests for parametric and nonparametric, respectively (p≤0.05). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (MFCSA) of ACG was lower (18 %) compared to the YCG. Stretching increased MFCSA comparing YSG to YCG (5,681.15± 1,943.61 µm2 vs 5,119.84±1,857.73 µm2, p=0.00), but decreased comparing ASG to ACG (3,919.54± 1,694.65 µm2 vs 4,172.82±1,446.08 µm2, p=0.00). More serial sarcomere numbers were found in the YSG than YCG (12,062.91±1,564.68 vs 10,070.39±1,072.38, p=0.03). Collagen I and collagen III were higher in YSG than ASG (7.44±7.18 % vs 0.07±0.09 %, p=0.04) and (14.37 %± 9.54 % vs 5.51 %±5.52 %, p=0.00), respectively. TNF-a was greater in ASG than YSG (43.42 %±40.19 % vs 1.72 ± 2.02 %, p=0.00). Epimysium was larger in the YSG compared to YCG (201.83±132.07 % vs 181.09±147.04 %, p=0.00). After 3-week stretching the soleus muscles from aged rats were smaller than their younger counter-parts. Interestingly, while stretching appeared to positively affect young soleus muscle, the opposite was detected in the muscle of the aged rats.


El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos crónicos del ejercicio de estiramiento sobre la histomorfología e histomorfometría del músculo sóleo de ratas jóvenes y envejecidas. Se dividieron 38 ratas hembras en un grupo control joven (YCG, n = 10; 274 ± 50 g); grupo de estiramiento joven (YSG, n = 8; 274 ± 12 g); grupo control de edad (ACG, n = 10; 335 ± 39 g); y grupo estiramiento envejecido (ASG, n = 10; 321 ± 32 g). Se usó un aparato mecánico para estirar el músculo en 4 repeticiones, 60 s cada una, intervalo de 30 s entre repeticiones en cada sesión, 3 veces por semana, durante 3 semanas. Veinticuatro horas después de la última sesión de estiramiento, se extrajo el músculo sóleo para análisis de micromorfología e inmunotinción. Los análisis de datos se realizaron con pruebas ANOVA de una vía, Tukey post-hoc o Kruskal-Wallis para pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, respectivamente (p≤0,05). El área de la sección transversal de fibra muscular (MFCSA) de GCE fue menor (18 %) en comparación con el GCJ. El estiramiento aumentó ASTFM comparando GEJ con GCJ (5.681,15 ± 1.943,61 µm2 vs 5.119,84 ± 1.857,73 µm2, p = 0,00), pero disminuyó comparando GEE con GCE (3.919,54 ± 1.694,65 µm2 vs 4.172,82 ± 1.446,08 µm2, p = 0,00). Se encontraron más sarcómeros en serie en el GEJ que en el GCJ (12.062,91 ± 1.564,68 vs 10.070,39 ± 1,072.38, p = 0,03). El colágeno I y el colágeno III fueron más numerosos en GEJ que en GEE (7,44 ± 7.18 % vs 0,07 ± 0,09 %, p = 0,04) y (14,37 % ± 9,54 % vs 5,51 % ± 5,52 %, p = 0,00), respectivamente. TNF-α fue mayor en GEE que GEJ (43,42 % ± 40,19 % vs 1,72 ± 2,02 %, p = 0,00). El epimisio fue mayor en el GEJ en comparación con el GCJ (201,83 ± 132,07 % vs 181,09 ± 147,04 %, p = 0,00). Después de 3 semanas de estiramiento, los músculos sóleo de las ratas envejecidas eran más pequeños que sus contrapartes más jóvenes. Curiosamente, si bien el estiramiento pareció afectar positivamente el músculo sóleo joven, se detectó lo contrario en el músculo de las ratas envejecidas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Adaptation, Physiological , Analysis of Variance , Rats, Wistar
2.
Clinics ; 75: e1769, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142762

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of three sessions of a passive stretching exercise protocol on the muscles of elderly female rats. METHODS: The effects of the stretching exercises on the soleus muscle were analyzed using immunohistochemistry [tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP), the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the gene expression levels using real-time PCR of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), collagen type 1 (COL1), and collagen type 3 (COL3)]. Fifteen 26-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, namely, Stretching (SG, n=8) and Control (CG, n=7). The passive mechanical stretching protocol consisted of a set of 4 1-minute repetitions, with 30 seconds between each repetition (total treatment of 4 minutes), three times a week for 1 week. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase of 71.4% in the TNF-α (p=0.04) gene expression levels for the SG and a 58% decrease in the TGF-β1 gene expression levels (p=0.005) in the SG compared to that in the CG. No significant differences were observed between the groups for the immunostaining of TIMP-1 or the gene expression levels of COL1 and COL3. CONCLUSION: Three sessions of static stretching reduced the gene expression level of TGF-β1, which, owing to its anti-fibrotic role, might contribute to the remodeling of the intramuscular connective tissue of the aging muscle. In addition, immunostaining revealed that TNF-α levels increased in the aging muscle tissue in response to stretching, indicating its effect on stimulating extracellular matrix degradation. These outcomes have important clinical implications in reinforcing the use of stretching exercises in the elderly, considering that the aging muscle presents an infiltration of connective tissue.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Female , Aged , Rats , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Rats, Wistar , Muscle, Skeletal , Collagen Type I/genetics , Collagen Type III/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta1
3.
Fisioter. Mov. (Online) ; 33: e003312, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1090388

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Ageing is responsible for structural alterations, declining of all physiological variables, including range of motion and skeletal muscle function, known as sarcopenia. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of stretching on muscle morphometry in ovariectomized rats. Method: 21 female Wistar rats (12 weeks, 218 ± 22 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (CONTROL, n = 3) intact; ovariectomized and hysterectomized (OH, n = 6); Stretching (STRET, n = 6); ovariectomized and hysterectomized and stretching (OHS, n = 6). The rats were subjected to ovariectomy and hysterectomy. The stretching protocol of the soleus muscle lasted 10 repetitions of 1 minute with 45s interval between each repetition performed 3 times a week for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, the rats were weighed and the muscles of both hind limbs were removed weighed and analyzed at muscle length; serial sarcomere number; sarcomere length; muscle fiber cross-sectional area (MFCSA) and percentage of connective tissue. Results: The final body weight increased in all groups. The serial sarcomere number of STRET was greater than the OH. The muscle fibers' cross-sectional area of OHS was higher than CONTROL. Conclusion: It can be concluded that ovariectomy and hysterectomy prevented sarcomerogenesis even when stretching was applied. However, the stretching protocol enhanced muscle trophismof ovariectomized and hysterectomized rats. It might be suggested that longitudinal growth (serial sarcomeres) and radial (ASTFM) are differently regulated by stretching in intact and/or estrogen depleted (ovariectomy and hysterectomy) skeletal muscle.


Resumo Introdução: O envelhecimento é responsável por alterações estruturais, com declínio de todas as variáveis fisiológicas, incluindo amplitude de movimento e função muscular esquelética. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do alongamento na morfometria muscular de ratas ovariectomizadas. Método: Assim, 21 ratas Wistar (12 semanas, 218 ± 22 g) foram divididas em 4 grupos: Controle (CONTROL, n = 3) intacto; Ovariectomizadas e histerectomizadas (OH, n = 6); Alongamento (ALONG, n = 6); Ovariectomizadas e histerectomizadas e Alongamento (OHA, n = 6). As ratas foram submetidas a ovariectomia e histerectomia. O alongamento do músculo sóleo foi composto de 10 repetições de 1 minuto com intervalo de 45s entre cada repetição, realizado 3 vezes por semana, durante 3 semanas. Após 3 semanas, as ratas foram pesadas e os músculos sóleos de ambas as patas foram retirados, pesados e analisados: comprimento do músculo; número de sarcômeros em série; comprimento do sarcômero; área da seção transversal das fibras musculares (ASTFM) e porcentagem de tecido conjuntivo. Resultados: O peso corporal final aumentou em todos os grupos. O número de sarcômeros em série do ALONG foi maior que o OH. A área de secção transversa das fibras musculares do OHA foi superior ao CONTROL. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a ovariectomia e histerectomia impediram a sarcomerogênese mesmo quando realizado alongamento. Porém, o protocolo de alongamento incrementou o trofismo muscular em ratas ovarietomizadas e histerectomizadas. Sugere-se que o crescimento longitudinal (número sarcômeros em série) e radial (ASTFM) respondem diferentemente ao alongamento em músculo esquelético intacto e/ou com depleção estrogênio (ovarietomia e histerectomia).


Resumen Introducción: El envejecimiento es responsable de cambios estructurales del organismo, con disminución de todas las variables fisiológicas, incluyendo la amplitud de movimiento y función muscular esquelética, conocida como sarcopenia. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de los ejercicios de estiramiento en la morfometria muscular de ratas ovarectomizadas. Método: Fueron seleccionadas 21 ratas Wistar (12 semanas, 218 ± 22g) que fueron divididas en 4 grupos: control (CONTROL, n = 3) intacto; ovarectomizadas y histerectomizadas (OH, n = 6); estiramiento (ALONG, n = 6); ovarectomizadas y histerectomizadas y estiramiento (OHA, n = 6). Las ratas han sido sometidas a ovariectomía y histerectomía. El protocolo de estiramiento del músculo sóleo fue realizado en 10 repeticiones de 1 minuto con intervalos de 45 segundos entre cada repetición, realizada 3 veces por semana, durante 3 semanas. Después de 3 semanas, las ratas fueron pesadas y los músculos de ambas patas fueron retirados para analizar el peso muscular; la longitud del músculo; número de sarcómera en serie; longitud de sarcómera; área de la sección transversal de las fibras musculares (ASTFM) y porcentaje del tejido conjuntivo. Resultado: El peso corporal final aumentó en todos los grupos. El número de sarcómera en serie de ALONG fue mayor que el OH. El área de la sección transversal de las fibras musculares del OHA fue superior al de CONTROL. Conclusión: En conclusión, ovariectomía y histerectomía impiedieron la sarcomerogénesis mismo cuando se realizó el estiramiento. Sin embago, el estiramiento aumentó el trofismo muscular de las ratas ovarectomizadas y histerectomizadas. Sugiere que el crescimiento longitudinal (número sarcômeros) y radial (área de sección transversal) responden diferentemente al estiramiento en músculo esqueletico intacto y/o con depleción estrógeno (ovariectomía y histerectomía).


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Ovariectomy , Hysterectomy , Rats, Wistar , Muscle, Skeletal , Muscle Stretching Exercises
4.
Clinics ; 74: e629, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019710

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: How much force is needed to stretch skeletal muscle is still unknown. The aim of this study was to develop a device that mechanically stretches rat muscle to compare the force (N) required to stretch the soleus muscle of young and aged rats and the tibio-tarsal angle joint at neutral and stretched positions. METHODS: Twelve female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a young group (YG, n=6, 311±11 g) of rats 3 months old and an aged group (AG, n=6, 351±43 g) of rats 15 months old. The left soleus muscle was mechanically held in full dorsal flexion and submitted to mechanical passive stretching: 1 bout of 10 repetitions, each repetition lasted 60 seconds with an interval of 45 seconds between repetitions, performed once a day, twice a week, for 1 week. The force required during stretching was measured by a load cell, and the tibio-tarsal angle joint was measured by photometry. RESULTS: The load cell calibration showed excellent reliability, as confirmed by the intraclass correlation coefficient value of 0.93. A decrease in delta force was found in the comparison between YG and AG (0.11±0.03 N vs 0.08±0.02 N, p<0.05, repeated measures ANOVA). There was no difference between the YG and the AG in the tibio-tarsal angle at resting position (87.1±3.8° vs 87.1±3.5°, p=0.35, Kruskal Wallis) and at the end of the stretching protocol (43.9±4.4° vs 42.6±3.4°, p=0.57, Kruskal Wallis). CONCLUSION: The device presented in this study is able to monitor the force necessary to stretch hindlimb rat muscles. Aged rats required less force than young rats to stretch the soleus muscle, and there was no difference regarding the tibio-tarsal angle between the two groups.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Muscle Stretching Exercises/methods , Biomechanical Phenomena , Body Weight , Rats, Wistar , Disease Models, Animal
5.
Fisioter. Bras ; 19(2): f:269-I:264, 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-911334

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Estratégias de esquema corporal são comumente utilizadas para minimizar disfunções musculoesqueléticas decorrentes da Síndrome de Down (SD). Dessa forma, posturas adotadas nessas estratégias promovem o alongamento muscular, entretanto não são claros os efeitos do exercício de alongamento neste público. Objetivo: Verificar as evidências a respeito dos efeitos dos exercícios de alongamento muscular em pessoas com SD. Material e métodos: Foi realizada revisão sistemática com 3 avaliadores independentes, nas bases de dados: Bireme, Pubmed, Pedro e Cinahl. Com os descritores: "alongamento", "exercício de alongamento", "Síndrome de Down", "flexibilidade" e "amplitude de movimento" combinados, e em inglês e português. Os critérios de inclusão foram a presença dos descritores no título e a relação com o tema, artigos publicados até julho de 2017. Foram excluídos títulos repetidos, títulos cujo resumo não se relacionava com a SD e artigos que não tratavam sobre flexibilidade ou alongamento na SD. Resultados: Foram encontrados 372 artigos, sendo selecionados 9 artigos de acordo com o título para leitura dos resumos. Após leitura dos resumos, apenas 5 artigos foram selecionados para análise na íntegra. Conclusão: Não há evidências suficientes na literatura que indiquem os efeitos do exercício de alongamento muscular em pessoas com SD. (AU)


Introduction: Body scoring strategies are commonly used to minimize musculoskeletal dysfunctions resulting from Down Syndrome (DS). Thus, postures adopted in these strategies promote muscle stretching; however, the effects of the stretching exercise in this public are not clear. Objective: To verify the evidence regarding the effects of muscle stretching exercises in people with DS. Methods: A systematic review was carried out with 3 independent evaluators, in the databases: Bireme, Pubmed, Pedro and Cinahl. With the descriptors: "stretching", "stretching exercise", "down syndrome", "flexibility", "range of motion" combined, in English and Portuguese. The inclusion criteria were the presence of the descriptors in the title and the relation with the theme, articles published until July 2017. We excluded repeated titles, titles whose summary was not related to DS, and articles that did not relate flexibility or stretching in DS. Results: A total of 372 articles were found, and 9 articles were selected according to the title for the reading of the abstracts. After reading the abstracts, only 5 articles were selected for analysis in their entirety. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence in the literature to indicate the effects of muscle stretching exercise in people with DS. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Down Syndrome , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Pliability , Range of Motion, Articular
6.
Fisioter. Bras ; 18(6): f:708-I:718, 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-908652

ABSTRACT

O encurtamento dos músculos isquiotibiais leva ao desequilíbrio postural, compensações e outras disfunções. Assim, estudos que trabalhem com os efeitos das diferentes técnicas para a melhora da flexibilidade desses músculos são fundamentais para esclarecer os reais benefícios de suas utilizações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito agudo da Bandagem Neuromuscular, Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP) e Alongamento Estático na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais. A amostra foi constituída por 80 homens (23,37 ± 4,68 anos), que foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: G1 (Bandagem Neuromuscular, n = 20), G2 (FNP, n = 20), G3 (Alongamento Estático, n = 20), e G4 (Grupo controle, n = 20). O nível de atividade física foi avaliado por meio do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). A flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais foi avaliada pela mensuração do ângulo poplíteo com auxílio de uma prancha desenvolvida para a mesma. Todas as técnicas apresentaram resultados positivos na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais. Sugerimos novos estudos analisando efeitos crônicos do alongamento para a confirmação de nossos resultados. (AU)


The hamstring muscle leads to postural imbalance, compensation and other disorders. Thus, studies about the effects of different techniques to improve the flexibility of these muscles are essential to clarify the real benefits of their use. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of Neuromuscular Bandage, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and Static Stretching on hamstring muscle flexibility. The sample consisted of 80 men (23.37 ± 4.68 years) randomly divided into 4 groups: G1 (Neuromuscular Bandage, n = 20), G2 (PNF, n = 20), G3 (Static Stretching, n = 20) and G4 (Control Group, n = 20). The level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). All the techniques presented positive results in the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. We suggest new studies analyzing chronic effects of stretching to confirm our results. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Hamstring Muscles , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Physical Therapy Modalities
7.
Fisioter. Bras ; 18(6): f:727-I:733, 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-908655

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O alongamento por Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP) é o mais efetivo dentre os tipos de alongamento. O ganho de flexibilidade após o alongamento se deve também ao aumento da tolerância do indivíduo ao estiramento do músculo, portanto, recursos analgésicos associados ao alongamento por FNP podem potencializar o efeito desta técnica. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo do alongamento por FNP associado a Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) e a crioterapia na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiossurais de mulheres saudáveis. Material e métodos: Sessenta voluntarias foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: (G1) Grupo Controle; (G2) Alongamento por FNP isolado; (G3) Alongamento FNP associado a TENS; (G4) Alongamento FNP associado à crioterapia. Resultados: Na análise intragrupo foi observado aumento da flexibilidade na comparação antes e depois da aplicação das técnicas em todos os grupos (p < 0,001), exceto no G1. Na análise intergrupo, foi observada diferença estatística apenas na comparação dos três grupos experimentais (G2, G3 e G4) com o grupo controle (G1) (p ≤ 0,002). Conclusão: O alongamento por FNP aplicado isoladamente e associado a TENS ou crioterapia são igualmente eficazes para aumentar a flexibilidade de forma aguda dos músculos isquiossurais de mulheres saudáveis. (AU)


Introduction: Stretching by Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is the most effective among the types of stretching. Increased flexibility after stretching is also due to increased tolerance of the subject to the stretching of the muscle, therefore, analgesic resources associated with PNF stretching may potentiate the effect of this technique. Objective: To measure the acute effect of PNF stretching associated with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and cryotherapy in the flexibility of hamstring muscles of healthy women. Methods: Sixty volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups: (G1) Control Group; (G2) PNF Stretching isolated; (G3) PNF with TENS; (G4) PNF associated with cryotherapy. Results: In the intragroup analysis, an increase in flexibility was observed in the comparison before and after the application of the techniques in all groups (p < 0.001), except G1. In the intergroup analysis, a statistical difference was observed only in the comparison of the three experimental groups (G2, G3 and G4) with the control group (G1) (p ≤ 0.002). Conclusion: PNF stretching applied isolated and associated with TENS or cryotherapy are equally effective to increase the acute flexibility of the hamstring muscles of healthy sedentary women. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Analgesia , Hamstring Muscles , Physical Therapy Modalities , Proprioception
8.
Journal of Korean Physical Therapy ; (6): 7-15, 2017.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-650478

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of global postural reeducation to segmental stretching in subjects with neck and shoulder pain. METHODS: Sixteen subjects with neck and shoulder pain were randomized into two intervention groups, a global posture reeducation group (n=8) that performed muscle chain stretching, and a segmental stretching group (n=8) that performed conventional static muscle stretching. The intervention program consisted of two 40 minutes individual sessions per week for four weeks. Subjects were evaluated pre-intervention, two-week after intervention and at a four-week follow-up appointment for pain intensity, disability and health-related quality of life. Two-way repeated analysis of variance was used for between-time and between-group comparisons. The significance level was 0.05. RESULTS: Significant pain relief and decreasing discomfort of the neck and shoulder were observed after intervention in both groups, and there was an interaction between time lapse and groups (pain, F=10.31, neck disability, F=25.45, shoulder disability, F=12.82, p0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a GPR intervention in subjects with neck and shoulder pain induces greater improvement of pain and disability and quality of life than segmental stretching.


Subject(s)
Follow-Up Studies , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Neck Pain , Neck , Posture , Quality of Life , Shoulder Pain , Shoulder
9.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 22(3): 227-230, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-787680

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Introdução: A flexibilidade muscular é descrita como a capacidade do músculo realizar a extensão de suas fibras, influenciando a mobilidade articular. A diatermia aplicada à musculatura prepara o corpo para atividades físicas, por acelerar o metabolismo das fibras musculares e diminuir a resistência intramuscular, aumentando assim a variedade de movimento e a eficiência mecânica. A crioterapia tem diversas funções fisiológicas quando aplicada ao corpo humano, as quais, em conjunto, propiciam o relaxamento muscular. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento da flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais frente à aplicação de alongamento passivo associado a termoterapias quente e fria. Métodos: Este estudo foi composto de 24 voluntários, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos, sendo eles: grupo alongamento passivo (G1), grupo crioterapia precedendo alongamento passivo (G2) e grupo diatermia precedendo alongamento passivo (G3). Os voluntários foram submetidos a avaliações de amplitude de movimento através da goniometria da flexão de quadril com o joelho estendido, sendo uma avaliação inicial realizada antes de iniciar o protocolo e reavaliações ao final de cada uma das quatro semanas de intervenção. Resultados: Verificou-se aumento significativo da flexão de quadril no G2 e G3 com relação ao G1. Não houve diferença estatística entre G2 e G3. Conclusão: O uso da diatermia, assim como da crioterapia, associado ao alongamento passivo é favorável para o ganho de flexibilidade muscular e, consequentemente, de amplitude de movimento em jovens saudáveis.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle flexibility is described as the ability of the muscle to extend its fibers, influencing joint mobility. Diathermy applied to the muscles prepares the body for physical activity, by accelerating the metabolism of the muscle fibers and decreasing the intramuscular resistance, thereby increasing the range of motion and the mechanical efficiency. Cryotherapy has various physiological functions when applied to the human body, which, together, provide muscle relaxation. Objective: To evaluate the flexibility of hamstring muscles by applying passive stretching associated with hot and cold thermotherapy. Methods: This study consisted of 24 volunteers of both sexes randomly divided into three groups: passive stretching group (G1), cryotherapy preceding passive stretching group (G2) and diathermy preceding passive stretching group (G3). The volunteers were evaluated for range of motion by goniometry of hip flexion with the knee extended, with an initial assessment carried out before starting the protocol and revaluations at the end of each of the four weeks of intervention. Results: There was significant increase in hip flexion in G2 and G3 compared to G1. There was no statistical difference between G2 and G3. Conclusion: The use of diathermy and cryotherapy associated with passive stretching is favorable for increasing muscular flexibility and hence the amplitude of motion in healthy young adults.


RESUMEN Introducción: La flexibilidad muscular se describe como la capacidad del músculo para lograr la extensión de sus fibras, que afecta a la movilidad articular. La diatermia aplicada a los músculos prepara el cuerpo para la actividad física, mediante la aceleración del metabolismo de las fibras musculares y disminución de la resistencia intramuscular, lo que aumenta el rango de movimiento y la eficiencia mecánica. La crioterapia tiene diversas funciones fisiológicas cuando es aplicada al cuerpo humano, que, en conjunto, proporcionan la relajación muscular. Objetivo: Evaluar la flexibilidad de los músculos isquiotibiales frente a la aplicación de alongamiento pasivo asociado a termoterapia caliente y fría. Métodos: Este estudio se compone de 24 voluntarios de ambos sexos divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos, a saber: grupo de estiramiento pasivo (G1), grupo de crioterapia antes del estiramiento pasivo (G2) y grupo de diatermia antes del estiramiento pasivo (G3). Los voluntarios fueron sometidos a evaluaciones de amplitud de movimiento a través de la goniometría de la flexión de cadera con la rodilla extendida, siendo una evaluación inicial realizada antes de iniciar el protocolo y reevaluaciones al final de cada una de las cuatro semanas de intervención. Resultados: No hubo aumento significativo de la flexión de la cadera en G2 y G3 en comparación con G1. No hubo diferencia estadística entre G2 y G3. Conclusión: El uso de diatermia y crioterapia asociado con el estiramiento pasivo es favorable para aumentar la flexibilidad muscular y por lo tanto el rango de movimiento en adultos jóvenes sanos.

10.
Conscientiae saúde (Impr.) ; 14(3): 456-462, 30 set. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-2085

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Os exercícios de alongamento têm sido frequentemente utilizados no contexto esportivo, a fim de aumentar a flexibilidade durante os treinos e atividades visando o estiramento global e reeducação postural. Objetivos: Comparar os efeitos de diferentes tempos de alongamento na flexibilidade de bailarinas. Métodos: Vinte bailarinas foram divididas em três grupos: grupo controle (GC), apenas avaliado; grupo 30 segundos (G30) e grupo três minutos (G3) analisados após duas repetições de alongamentos para isquiotibiais e adutores de coxa. Para avaliações, coletaram-se dados antropométricos e índices de flexibilidade por goniometria e caixa de sentar e alcançar de Weels. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação às avaliações de flexibilidade. Conclusão: Entre os tempos de alongamento não houve diferença significativa. Os dados sugerem que, em ensaios e espetáculos, o tempo menor de alongamento poderá ser utilizado como parte integrante do preparo da bailarina.


Introduction: The stretching exercises have been often used in the sporting context, in order to increase flexibility during trainings and activities, to the overall stretching and focusing the postural reeducation. Objectives: To compare the effects of different times of stretching on the ballet dancer's flexibility. Methods: Twenty ballet dancers were divided into three groups: a control group (CG), that was only evaluated; a 30-second group (30G); and a three-minute group (3G), which were assessed after two repetitions of hamstring stretches and thigh adductions. The assessments were carried out using anthropometric data and indexes of flexibility collected by goniometry and Wells' sit-and-reach box. Results: The results showed no significant difference between groups in relation to the flexibility evaluation. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the times of stretching. The data suggest that a shorter stretching time may be used in rehearsals and performances as part of physical preparation by the ballet dancers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Dancing , Muscle Stretching Exercises/methods , Range of Motion, Articular , Hamstring Muscles , Hip
11.
Rev. bras. cineantropom. desempenho hum ; 17(3): 291-299, May.-June 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-766347

ABSTRACT

Abstract Few studies have investigated the effects of manipulating variables of stretching exercise prescription on acute cardiovascular responses. The objective of this study was to compare the acute responses of heart rate, blood pressure and double product before, during and after four sets of passive static stretching during unilateral hip flexion. The sample consisted of 16 adult men aged 18 to 27 years (22±2.8 years) with no experience in flexibility training. The cardiovascular variables were measured by photoplethysmography with continuous recording for 5 minutes at rest, during exercise and 10 minutes after stretching. A difference was observed in all variables (p<0.05) when resting and post-exercise values were compared to exercise values. There was only an increase in blood pressure values between sets. Systolic blood pressure was increased in the third set compared to the first [set 1 = 136 mmHg (±9.4); set 3 = 145 mmHg (±9.7)] and diastolic blood pressure was increased in the second set compared to the first [set 1 = 79 mmHg (±6.7); set 2 = 84 mmHg (±9.1)]. Hypotension was not observed post-exercise. It was concluded that the stretching sets have a cumulative effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses, but not on heart rate. However, the stretching protocol produced no hypotensive effect after exercise.


Resumo Poucos estudos investigaram os efeitos da manipulação das variáveis de prescrição do exercício de alongamento nas respostas cardiovasculares agudas. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar as respostas agudas de frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e duplo produto, antes, durante e após quatro séries de alongamento estático passivo no movimento de flexão unilateral do quadril. A amostra foi composta por 16 homens com idades entre 18 e 27 anos (22±2,8 anos), sem experiência no treinamento de flexibilidade. Mediu-se as variáveis estudadas por meio de fotopletismografia com registro contínuo cinco minutos em repouso, durante os exercícios e dez minutos após os alongamentos. Todas as variáveis investigadas diferenciaram-se (p<0,05) na situação de repouso e pós-esforço em comparação ao exercício. Somente houve aumento dos valores de pressão arterial entre as séries, sendo a sistólica aumentada da terceira em relação à primeira [série 1= 136 mmHg (±9,4); série 3= 145 mmHg (±9,7)] e a diastólica aumentada da segunda para a primeira [série 1= 79 mmHg (±6,7); série 2= 84 mmHg (±9,1)]. Na situação pós-esforço, não foi verificada hipotensão. Pode-se concluir que as séries de alongamento exibiram efeito cumulativo sobre as respostas de pressão sistólica e diastólica, mas não de frequência cardíaca. No entanto, o protocolo de alongamento não produziu efeito hipotensivo pós-exercício.

12.
Rev. bras. cineantropom. desempenho hum ; 17(3): 309-317, May.-June 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-766351

ABSTRACT

Abstract Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a method used to control intensity in resistance training (RT). However, few studies have compared acute physiological and perceptual responses between different types of RT. The objective of this study was to compare the acute responses of lactate and perceived fatigue (PF) between manual resistance training (MRT) and free weight RT (FWRT) with intensity control by RPE, and to evaluate the correlation between lactate and PF in both interventions. Fourteen previously untrained men (40.29 ± 8.63 years, BMI = 26.53 ± 5.24 kg/m2) underwent single sessions of MRT and FWRT with intensity control by RPE (5-7 OMNI-RES). Lactate and PF were analyzed pre and post-test. Repeated measures ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni test were used for data analysis, adopting a significance level of 5% (P ≤ 0.05). The effect size was calculated to determine the magnitude of the response and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between lactate and PF. Both interventions increased post-test lactate compared to pre-test levels. However, the increase was greater for MRT. Post-test PF was increased when compared to pre-test levels in both protocols, with no difference between interventions. However, a greater effect size was observed for MRT. The correlation between PF and lactate was moderate in three of the four assessments. In conclusion, the same intensity zone in RPE may elicit different physiological responses in the two types of RT. Thus, the use of RPE for intensity control under these conditions should be viewed with caution.


Resumo A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) é um método utilizado para controlar a intensidade no treinamento resistido (TR). Porém há escassez de estudos que comparam respostas fisiológicas e perceptivas agudas entre formas distintas de TR. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar as respostas agudas de lactato (LAC) e fadiga percebida (FAD) entre treinamento resistido manual (TRM) e TR com pesos livres (TRPL) com intensidades controladas por PSE, bem como observar a correlação entre LAC e FAD nas duas intervenções. Participaram 14 homens (40,29±8,63 anos, IMC = 26,53±5,24 Kg/m2) previamente não treinados que foram submetidos a sessões únicas de TRM e TRPL, com intensidade controlada por PSE (entre 5 e 7). LAC e FAD foram analisados nos momentos pré-teste e pós-teste. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se análise de variância com medidas repetidas e post-hoc de Bonferroni. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5% (P ≤ 0,05). O tamanho do efeito (ES) foi calculado para analisar a magnitude das respostas e o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson para verificar associação entre LAC e FAD. Ambas as intervenções aumentaram LAC no período pós-teste em relação ao pré-teste, porém o aumento foi maior no TRM. A FAD aumentou no período pós-teste em relação ao pré-teste, em ambos os protocolos, sem diferença entre eles. No entanto, o ES foi maior para o TRM. A correlação entre FAD e LAC foi moderada em três das quatro avaliações. Foi possível concluir que na mesma zona de intensidade na PSE pode representar respostas fisiológicas diferentes entre duas formas distintas de TR, portanto, a utilização da PSE para controle de intensidade, nessas condições, deve ser vista com cautela.

13.
Braz. j. oral sci ; 13(2): 152-157, Apr-Jun/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-715608

ABSTRACT

AIM: To investigate the electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in women with myogenic or mixed TMD treated with ultrasound and ultrasound associated with stretching. METHODS: Sixteen women with myogenic or mixed TMD, according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD), participated in the study. The patients were evaluated using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles, during maximum intercuspation, before and immediately after application of therapeutic resources. All patients were treated by ultrasound (US), ultrasound associated with stretching and placebo ultrasound, by turns, once a week with a one-week minimum interval between them. RESULTS: There was greater symmetry of the masseter muscle electrical activity after ultrasound associated with stretching (p=0.03). The electromyographic values for the maximum intercuspation as well as the symmetry of anterior temporal muscle (p=0.47, p=0.84, p=0.84) and anteroposterior coefficient (p=0.07, p=0.84, p=0.57) showed no statistically significant difference after the intervention, placebo, ultrasound and ultrasound with stretching. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that a single application of ultrasound and ultrasound associated with stretching were not able to modify the activity pattern of the masticatory muscles during maximum intercuspation, except the symmetry of the masseter muscle that increased with the last, in women with myogenic or mixed temporomandibular disorder...


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Electromyography , Masseter Muscle , Masticatory Muscles , Temporal Muscle , Temporomandibular Joint , Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome , Ultrasonics
14.
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine ; : 886-890, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-65223

ABSTRACT

Sciatic nerve injury after stretching exercise is uncommon. We report a case of an 18-year-old female trained dancer who developed sciatic neuropathy primarily involving the tibial division after routine stretching exercise. The patient presented with dysesthesia and weakness of the right foot during dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. The mechanism of sciatic nerve injury could be thought as hyperstretching alone, not caused by both hyperstretching and compression. Electrodiagnostic tests and magnetic resonance imaging revealed evidence of the right sciatic neuropathy from the gluteal fold to the distal tibial area, and partial tear of the left hamstring origin and fluid collection between the left hamstring and ischium without left sciatic nerve injury. Recovery of motor weakness was obtained by continuous rehabilitation therapy and some evidence of axonal regeneration was obtained by follow-up electrodiagnostic testing performed at 3, 5, and 12 months after injury.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Axons , Follow-Up Studies , Foot , Ischium , Lower Extremity , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Paresthesia , Regeneration , Rehabilitation , Sciatic Nerve , Sciatic Neuropathy
15.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-583294

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A mobilização neural e o alongamento muscular estático têm o objetivo de promover a amplitude de movimento. Objetivo: Comparar a influência do alongamento muscular e da mobilização neural na força isométrica de quadríceps. Metodologia: Participaram 39 voluntários, gênero masculino, entre 18 e 27 anos. Foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos com 13 indivíduos cada. Um grupo submetido ao alongamento estático de 30 segundos (GAE), um à mobilização neural (GMN) e um grupo controle (GC) que não fez nenhuma intervenção. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi p?0,05. Resultados: Houve melhora significativa da força muscular no GMN e diferença importante na força antes e após os atendimentos, comparando-se o grupo movimentação neural com o alongamento e com o controle. Conclusões: A mobilização neural foi efetiva para aumentar a força muscular de quadríceps e após a realização do alongamento estático houve redução da força.


Introduction: The neural mobilization and stretching static aim to promote range of motion. Objective: To compare the influence of muscle stretching and neural mobilization in isometric strength of quadriceps. Methods: Thirty-nine patients, male, between 18 and 27 years old were selected. They were divided randomly into three groups with 13 individuals each. The group subjected to static stretch for 30 seconds (SSG), the group submitted to neural mobilization (NMG) and the control group (CG) who made no intervention. The level of significance was p ? 0.05. Results: We observed a significant improvement in muscle strength, and an important difference in strength before and after the sessions, comparing the NMG with the SSG and with the CG. Conclusions: The neural mobilization was effective to increase quadriceps strength, and after the static stretching the force decreased.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Physical Therapy Modalities , Electromyography
16.
Radiol. bras ; 41(4): 245-249, jul.-ago. 2008. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-492331

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, radiograficamente, o efeito da tração manual sobre o comprimento da coluna cervical. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e cinco participantes de ambos os gêneros - 12 masculinos (22 por cento) e 43 femininos (78 por cento) - sem história de distúrbios cervicais contituíram a amostra deste estudo. Eles foram submetidos a dois procedimentos radiológicos, um antes e outro durante a tração manual sustentada por 120 segundos. As distâncias entre as bordas anteriores e posteriores da segunda à sétima vértebras cervicais foram mensuradas e comparadas antes e durante a tração manual. RESULTADOS: A mediana da distância anterior antes da tração foi de 8,40 cm e durante a tração aumentou para 8,50 cm (p=0,002). A mediana da distância posterior antes da tração foi de 8,35 cm e durante a tração aumentou para 8,50 cm (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que a aplicação da tração manual promoveu aumento estatisticamente significante do comprimento da coluna cervical em indivíduos assintomáticos.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate radiographically the effect of manual traction on the length of the cervical spine in healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample of the present study included 55 individuals - 12 men (22 percent) and 43 women (78 percent) - with no previous history of cervical disorders, submitted to two radiological procedures previously and during manual traction sustained for 120 seconds. Distances between the anterior and posterior edges from the second to the seventh cervical vertebrae were measured and compared before and during manual traction. RESULTS: The median of pre-traction anterior length was 8.40 cm, increasing to 8.50 cm during the traction (p=0.002); and the median of pre-traction posterior length was 8.35 cm, increasing to 8.50 cm during traction (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Application of manual traction resulted in a statistically significant increase in the length the cervical spine in healthy individuals.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Spine , Muscle Stretching Exercises/methods , Manipulation, Spinal , Manipulation, Spinal/methods , Traction/methods , Spine/physiopathology , Musculoskeletal Manipulations , Traction/rehabilitation
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