Resultados de la anestesia total intra venosa (TIVA) con perfusión controlada por objetivo (TCI) en pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal / Outcomes of Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) with Goal Controlled Perfusion (TCI) in Kidney Transplant Patients

Introducción: La anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA) con perfusión controlada por objetivo (TCI) es una técnica de anestesia general que usa una combinación de fármacos administrados exclusivamente por vía intravenosa sin usar fármacos por vía inhalatoria. Objetivos: Determinar los resultados del uso de TIVA TCI en los pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal, donantes y receptores, entre noviembre de 2014 y julio de 2018, en el Hospital de Clínicas. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico a criterio. La serie se agrupó en donantes y receptores. Los datos se expresan en medias y proporciones, se analizó el Odds Rattio y el R2. Se consideró una p< 0,05 como significativa. Resultados: se incluyeron a 198 intervenciones anestésicas, 131 (66,2%) fueron receptores. El rango de edad fue de entre 5 y 66 años (35,8±13 años) y 114 (57%) fueron masculinos. En el post operatorio inmediato, el tiempo en despertar, la PAS, PAD, PAM, frecuencia cardiaca y saturación de oxígeno no tuvieron diferencias significativas, en la comparación de los grupos (donante y receptor). Se observó cefalea en 3 (1,5%) del grupo de donantes y ninguna en los receptores. La diuresis fue tardía en 18 (9,1%) pacientes (p= 0,084 R2=29). Conclusión: La TIVA TCI demostró ser una técnica muy efectiva en el trasplante renal, con pronta recuperación y despertar inmediato tras la extubación, con lucidez absoluta en todos los pacientes.

Introduction: Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with goal-controlled perfusion (TCI) is a general anesthesia technique that uses a combination of drugs administered exclusively intravenously without using inhalational drugs. Objectives: To determine the results of the use of TIVA TCI in kidney transplant patients, donors and recipients, between November 2014 and July 2018, at the Hospital de Clínicas. Patients and methods: Observational, cross-sectional analytical study, with non-probabilistic sampling at the discretion. The series was grouped into donors and recipients. The data is expressed in means and proportions, the Odds Rattio and the R2 were analyzed. A p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: 198 anesthetic interventions were included, 131 (66.2%) were recipients. The age range was between 5 and 66 years (35.8±13 years) and 114 (57%) were male. In the immediate postoperative period, time to awakening, SBP, DBP, MAP, heart rate and oxygen saturation did not show significant differences when comparing the groups (donor and recipient). Headache was observed in 3 (1.5%) of the donor group and none in the recipients. Diuresis was late in 18 (9.1%) patients (p= 0.084 R2=29). Conclusion: TIVA TCI proved to be a very effective technique in kidney transplantation, with prompt recovery and immediate awakening after extubation, with absolute clarity in all patients.

Adaptive smith predictor controller for total intravenous anesthesia automation

Anesthetic agent propofol needs to be administered at an appropriate rate to prevent hypotension and postoperative adverse reactions. To comprehend more suitable anesthetic drug rate during surgery is a crucial aspect. The main objective of this proposal is to design robust automated control system that work effi ciently in most of the patients with smooth BIS and minimum variations of propofol during surgery to avoid adverse post reactions and instability of anesthetic parameters. And also, to design advanced computer control system that improves the health of patient with short recovery time and less clinical expenditures. Unlike existing research work, this system administrates propofol as a hypnotic drug to regulate BIS, with fast bolus infusion in induction phase and slow continuous infusion in maintenance phase of anesthesia. The novelty of the paper lies in possibility to simplify the drug sensitivity-based adaption with infusion delay approach to achieve closedloop control of hypnosis during surgery. Proposed work uses a brain concentration as a feedback signal in place of the BIS signal. Regression model based estimated sensitivity parameters are used for adaption to avoid BIS signal based frequent adaption procedure and large off set error. Adaptive smith predictor with lead–lag fi lter approach is applied on 22 diff erent patients' model identifi ed by actual clinical data. The actual BIS and propofol infusion signals recorded during clinical trials were used to estimate patient's sensitivity parameters EC50 and λ. Simulation results indicate that patient's drug sensitivity parameters based adaptive strategy facilitates optimal controller performance in most of the patients. Results are obtained with proposed scheme having less settling time, BIS oscillations and small off set error leads to adequate depth of anesthesia. A comparison with manual control mode and previously reported system shows that proposed system achieves reduction in the total variations of the propofol dose. Proposed adaptive scheme provides better performance with less oscillation in spite of computation delay, surgical stimulations and patient variability. Proposed scheme also provides improvement in robustness and may be suitable for clinical practices.

The effect of BIS-guided propofol TCI in preventing adverse effect of carboprost tromethamine in puerperants undergoing caesarean section: a prospective, randomized controlled trial / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate whether BIS-guided (target-controlled infusion) propofol TCI can effectively prevent adverse effects of carboprost tromethamine in patients undergoing caesarean section.Methods Three hundred and fifty-four puerperants underwent spinal-epidural anesthesia were randomized into 3 groups:after fetal childbirth,in the control group,normal saline was infused at a rate of 10 ml/h.BIS 85 group,propofol with the initial target plasma concentrations of 0.8 μg/ml by TCI,adjusted TCI concentration and maintained BIS 80-90.BIS 75 group,propofol with the initial target plasma concentrations of 1.2 μg/ml by TCI,adjusted TCI concentration and maintained BIS 70-80,both until the end of operation.tThe rate of nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,chest congestion and headache were compared among 3 groups.Results Compared with the control group,the incidence of chest congestion was significantly reduced in BIS 85 group (P =0.004).The incidence of nausea,vomiting and chest congestion were significantly reduced in BIS 75 group (P ＜ 0.001,respectively).The puerperants in 2 BIS groups had no complaints of headache.Conclusion BIS-guided propofol TCI and maintaining BIS 70-80 can effectively prevent adverse effect of carboprost tromethamine in puerperants undergoing spinal-epidural anesthesia in caesarean section.

Trypanosoma cruzi I genotype among isolates from patients with chronic Chagas disease followed at the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (FIOCRUZ, Brazil)

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease in humans, mainly in Latin America. Trypanosome stocks were isolated by hemoculture from patients followed at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (FIOCRUZ) and studied using different approaches. METHODS: For species and genotype identification, the stocks were analyzed by parasitological techniques, polymerase chain reaction assays targeted to specific DNA sequences, isoenzyme patterns, besides sequencing of a polymorphic locus of TcSC5D gene (one stock). RESULTS: The isolates presented typical T. cruzi morphology and usually grew well in routine culture media. Metacyclic trypomastigotes were found in cultures or experimentally infected Triatoma infestans. All isolates were pure T. cruzi cultures, presenting typical 330-bp products from kinetoplast DNA minicircles, and 250 or 200-bp amplicons from the mini-exon non-transcribed spacer. Their genetic type assignment was resolved by their isoenzyme profiles. The finding of TcI in one asymptomatic patient from Paraíba was confirmed by the sequencing assay. TcVI was found in two asymptomatic individuals from Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. TcII was identified in six patients from Pernambuco, Bahia and Minas Gerais, who presented different clinical forms: cardiac (2), digestive with megaesophagus (1), and indeterminate (3). CONCLUSIONS: The main T. cruzi genotypes found in Brazilian chronic patients were identified in this work, including TcI, which is less frequent and usually causes asymptomatic disease, unlike that in other American countries. This study emphasizes the importance of T. cruzi genotyping for possible correlations between the parasite and patient’ responses to therapeutic treatment or disease clinical manifestations.

Effect of ear point embedding on plasma and effect site concentrations of propofol-remifentanil in elderly patients after target-controlled induction / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical effect of ear point embedding on plasma and effect site concentrations of propofol-remifentanil in elderly patients who underwent abdominal external hernia surgery at the time of consciousness and pain disappearing by target-controlled infusion (TCI) and bispectral index (BIS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty patients who underwent elective abdominal hernia surgery were randomly assigned into an observation group and a control group, 25 cases in each one. In the observation group, 30 minutes before anesthesia induction, Fugugou (Extra), Gan (CO), Pizhixia (AT), and Shenmen (TF) were embedded by auricular needles until the end of surgery, 10 times of counter press each point. In the control group, the same amount of auricular tape was applied until the end of surgery at the same points without stimulation 30 minutes before anesthesia induction. Patients in the two groups were given total intravenous anesthesia, and BIS was monitored by BIS anesthesia depth monitor. Propofol was infused by TCI at a beginning concentration of 1.5μg/L and increased by 0.3μg/L every 30s until the patients lost their consciousness. After that, remifentanil was infused by TCI at a beginning concentration of 2.0μg/L and increased by 0.3μg/L every 30s until the patients had no body reaction to pain stimulation (orbital reflex). Indices were recorded, including mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and the BIS values, at the time of T(entering into the operation room), T(losing consciousness) and T(pain relief), the plasma and effect site concentrations of propofol at T, the plasma and effect site concentrations of remifentanil at T. After surgery we recorded the total amounts of propofol and remifentanil, surgery time and anesthesia time.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At Tand T, MAP and HR of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (<0.05,<0.01). At T, the plasma and effect site concentrations of propofol in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (<0.05,<0.01). At T, the plasma and effect site concentrations of remifentanil in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (<0.05,<0.01). There was no significant difference in BIS values at Tand Tbetween the two groups (both>0.05). There was no significant difference in operation time and anesthesia time between the two groups (both>0.05). The total amount of remifentanil in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (<0.01). There was no significant difference in the total amount of propofol between the two groups (>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Ear points embedding combined with propofol-remifentanil TCI could reduce the plasma and effect site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil and the total amount of remifentanil in elderly patients with extra-abdominal hernia surgery, and had the effect of assisting sedation and analgesia.</p>

Protective Effect of Protease Inhibitor OH-TCI Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and purification of protease inhibitor OH-TCI in Escherichia coli and its protective effect and mechanism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury model. METHODS: The recombinant plasmid of Pet32a-OH-TCI was transformed into E. coli and induced by IPTG, soluble fusion protein was expressed in the constructed expression system and isolated by a nickel affinity chromatography column. Then, the products was digested by TEV enzyme and was purified by the nickel affinity chromatography column. The adult male rats were divided into two groups randomly: normal saline group and OH-TCI group. At 5 min before the operation, rats were treated with OH-TCI by intraperitoneal injection in the experimental group and was given the same volume of saline in the control group. In all animal experiments, rats left anterior descending coronary artery were ligated for 30 min to construct the model. After 120 min of reperfusion, samples were taken to determine the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins-6 (IL-6) and the activities of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Finally, the protective effects of OH-TCI against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat model were evaluated. RESULTS: The recombinant protease inhibitor OH-TCI was expressed in the E.coli expression system in a soluble pattern and successfully purified by two steps of nickel affinity chromatography. Comparing with those in the control group, the recombinant protease inhibitor OH-TCI could significantly decrease the levels of LDH, MDA and IL-6 (P<0.01)as well as inflammatory factor TNF-α (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The recombinant protease inhibitor OH-TCI can be expressed successfully in E. coli. Purified recombinant OH-TCI has natural protease inhibitory activity and shows protective effects against ischemia and reperfusion myocardium injury.

Effects of different anesthesia methods on cognitive function in elderly patients with intracranial tumors at different time points / 实用肿瘤学杂志

Objective The objective of this study was to observed the effect of target control intravenous (TCI) anesthesia and intravenous inhalational anesthesia in the postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with intracranial tumor at different time points.Methods Seventy patients were divided into the experimental and control groups according to the different methods of intraoperative anesthesia.The experimental group was selected to treat with propofol combined with remifentanil TCI anesthesia,and the control group was treated with intravenous anesthetics combined with inhalation isoflurance.Recovery time of respiration,time of opening eyes,extuation time,orientation recovery time,OAAS score before and after operation,and cognitive function (MMSE)were observed in two groups.Results They were no differences in the recovery time of respiration,time of opening eyes and extubation time in two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The orientation recovery time in the experimental group was 20.4 ± 5.8 min and 23.2 ± 4.3 min in the control group.They had significantly different between experimental and control groups (P ＜ 0.05).The time of extubation,leaving the operating room and after 1 h of extubation,OAAS point for the experimental group was 3.3 ± 0.5,4.2 ± 0.4,4.6 ± 0.6 min,respectively,and 2.3 ± 0.2,3.3± 0.4,3.9 ± 0.3 in the control group,respectively.They were significantly different between the experimental and control groups(P ＜ 0.05).Prior to treatment,there was no significant difference in MMSE score between the two groups(P ＞0.05).MMSE score was 25.0 ±0.4 and 27.9 ± 1.1 in the experimental group after treatment for 24 h and 48 h,respectively.MMSE score in the control group was 23.2 ±0.9 and 25.8 ± 1.3 after treatment for 24 and 48 h,respectively.There had a significant different from two groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion For elderly patients with intracranial tumor surgery,TCI anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil is stable and awake,and the effect on postoperative cognitive function is relatively small.

Pharmacodynamics interaction between propofol and remifentanil under different harmful stimulations analyzed by response surface methodology / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To observe the patients hemodynamic reactions to the different stimula-tions under different blood concentrations of propofol with remifentanil.Exerting the response surface methodology,the half of the maximum effective concentration of propofol and the interaction index of propofol with remifentanil were calculated.Methods A total of 120 patients for scheduled abdominal surgery,randomly divided into 12 groups(n = 10).TCI 12 different concentration combinations of propofol with remifentanil,also the the hemodynamic reactions to harmful stimulations of intubation and incising were observed.The data were analyzed by responding surface analysis.Results The in-teraction index of propofol and remifentanil under intubation was 0.523 0±0.223 7,that under inci-sing 0.361 3±0.148 4,half of the maximum effective concentration of propofol for intutation and in-cising was (6.878 7 ± 1.832 1 ) μg/ml and (4.41 1 6 ± 0.902 5 ) μg/ml respectively. Conclusion Propofol and remifentanil have a synergistic inhibitory effect on harmful cardiovascular reaction among Chinese.During the endotracheal intubation,the requirements of half of the maximum effective concentration of propofol and intensity of the synergy with remifentanil are greater than those during the incising.

Propiedades psicométricas de escalas: búsqueda de Novedad y Evitación del Daño del TCI-R. Adaptación local para su evaluación / Psychometric Properties of Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance Scales form TCI-R: local adaptation for their assessment

Se presenta la adaptación local de dos escalas que permiten evaluar la tendencia a la Evitación del Daño y a la Búsqueda de Novedad, dos dimensiones de personalidad que forman parte del modelo de temperamento y carácter de Cloninger (1987). Estas dimensiones representan dos sistemas diferenciados propuestos por el modelo de Gray: el Sistema de Inhibición Conductual (SIC) y el Sistema de Aproximación Conductual (SAC). Se aplicó el inventario revisado de temperamento y carácter (TCI-R, Cloninger, et al. 1994) a una muestra de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (n = 811). Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio a través del análisis de componentes principales para extraer la cantidad de factores, aplicando criterios estadísticos exigentes. Se extrajeron los dos factores que estarían evaluando las dos facetas de personalidad, ambas, operacionalizaciones el modelo SIC-SAC: Evitación del Daño y Búsqueda de Novedad. Se realizaron los mismos análisis por separado para las submuestras de hombres y mujeres. Para estimar la confiabilidad de las dimensiones se aplicó alfa de Cronbach, observándose índices de consistencia interna adecuados para cada subescala. Se han obtenido estos dos factores robustos, adecuados psicométricamente, que se corresponden con dos de las dimensiones de personalidad propuestas por Cloninger -Gray.

A Cluster Model of Temperament as an Indicator of Antidepressant Response and Symptom Severity in Major Depression

OBJECTIVE: Not enough is known about which patients suffering from major depressive disorder benefit from antidepressant drug treatment. Individual temperament is relatively stable over a person's lifespan and is thought to be largely biologically predefined. We assessed how temperament profiles are related to depression and predict the efficacy of antidepressant treatment. METHODS: We recruited one hundred Finnish outpatients (aged 19 to 72) suffering from major depressive disorder, of whom 86 completed the 6-week study. We assessed their temperament features with the Temperament and Character Inventory and used cluster analysis to determine the patient's temperament profile. We also categorized the patients according to the vegetative symptoms of major depressive disorder. RESULTS: There was an association between skewed temperament profile and severity of major depressive disorder, but the temperament profiles alone did not predict antidepressant treatment response. Those with higher baseline vegetative symptoms score had modest treatment response. Our model with baseline Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) vegetative symptoms, age and temperament clusters as explanatory variables explained 20% of the variance in the endpoint MADRS scores. CONCLUSION: The temperament clusters were associated both with severity of depression and antidepressive treatment response of depression. The effect of the temperament profile alone was modest but, combined with vegetative symptoms of depression, their explanatory power was more marked suggesting that there could be an association of these two in the biological basis of MDD.

Variables Linked to Attempted Suicide in the Psychiatric Field: A Case Control Study.

Aims: To evaluate variables and factors linked to attempted suicide in psychiatric patients. Study Design: Case control study. Place and Duration: Psychiatric Department, S. Gerardo Health Care Trust (Italy), between January 2000 and July 2007. Methods: We recruited 32 patients (25 females and 7 males) admitted following a suicide attempt and patients with the same clinical diagnosis and no history of attempted suicide matched for socio-demographic characteristics. We administered 6 tests for the evaluation of personality traits (TCI-R), global psychopathology (SCL-90), quality of life (WHOQOL), Social adaptation (SASS), health (SF 36) and interpersonal relationships (IIP). Results: We obtained statistically significant differences between patients who attempted suicide and patients who did not in two subscales: harm avoidance (TCI-R, p=.021) and environmental area (WHOQOL, p=.036). Conclusion: This study suggests psychiatric patients less prone to inhibiting their behaviours and less afraid of the unknown, having a worse perception of their living environment safety and a poorer economic status may be at higher risk of suicide attempt.

Perfusión intravenosa de remifentanilo controlada por ordenador: efectos, consumo, concentración efectiva / Intravenous infusion of remifentanil computer controlled: effects, consumption, effective concentration

Introducción: El objetivo fue comprobar si los sistemas de perfusión guiados por ordenador TCI (Target Control Infusion) estimando concentraciones plasmáticas (Cp), modulan condiciones hemodinámicas, consumo de remifentanil y concentraciones sitio efecto (Ce), en colecistectomía videolaparoscópica (CVL). Material y Métodos: Estudio clínico prospectivo, aleatorizado en pacientes ASA I, dos grupos: GRUPO PC (n = 12) remifentanil 0.5 mcg x kg-1 x min-1 y GRUPO TCI (n = 12) TCI remifentanil Cp 4 ng x ml-1 (Modelo Minto, Ke sub 0 0,595/min). Ambas perfusiones disminuidas 50% posintubación. Se registraron Tensión Arterial Sistólica (TAS), Tensión Arterial Diastólica (TAD) y Frecuencia Cardíaca (FC), remifentanil consumido y Ce, basal, posintubación, posincisión y finalización cirugía. Resultados: Sin diferencias entre grupos variables antropométricas, tiempos quirúrgico y de anestesia. Se halló diferencia G PC vs G TCI en FC (X ± de) posintubación 63,2 ± 12,2 vs 76,6 ± 13 (p = 0,014). Dentro grupos, G PC posintubación TAS 96,9 ± 18,5 (p = 0,0009), TAD 57,7 ± 15,2 (p = 0,0006) y FC 63,2 ± 12,2 (p = 0,010). Consumo de remifentanil G PC vs G TCI posintubación 216,2 ± 91,6 vs 102,4 ± 14,8 (p < 0,0001), posincisión 381,4 ± 185,4 vs 184,1 ± 39,6 (p = 0,0002) y fin de cirugía 2310 ± 912,8 vs 1642,4 ± 607,8 (p = ,028). Ce remifentanil posintubación 7,4 ± 1,6 vs 3,6 ± 0,2 (p < 0,0001), posincisión 6,1 ± 1,7 vs 2,2 ± 0,3 (p < 0,0001). Hipotensión G PC posintubación (50% p < 0,007), posincisión (33,3% p < 0,047), necesidad de efedrina dos pacientes G PC. Conclusión: La perfusión de remifentanil controlada por ordenador Cp de 4 ng/ml produjo en nuestro grupo de pacientes mejores condiciones hemodinámicas durante el intraoperatorio, comparada con perfusión continua de 0.5 mcg x kg-1 x min-1, en CVL. La mejoría se atribuiría a la adecuada concentración de remifentanil en sitio de efecto, permitiendo además disminuir el consumo de la droga.

Anesthetic management with propofol/remifentanil target controlled infusion for awake craniotomy: A case report

Awake craniotomy is indicated for tumor resection involving eloquent cortex. It allows the operator to perform appropriate cortical mapping during surgery and facilitate maximum tumor resection while minimizing neurologic deficit. Therefore anesthesia should provide adequate analgesia and sedation but also importantly a full consciousness and cooperation for neurologic testing. This case reports the use of target-controlled infusion (TCI) and monitoring of sedation and anesthetic depth through bispectral index (BIS), providing good control of sedation and analgesia to meet frequent changes throughout the different levels of the procedure while maintaining good condition for intraoperative brain mapping. We propose that TCI of propofol and remifentanil in combination may be a useful alternative for awake craniotomy requiring intraoperative brain mapping surgery.

State Effect of Traumatic Experience on Personality Structure

OBJECTIVE: Personality is defined as the trait-like qualities of a person. However, it has been recently suggested that the state effect of a situation leads to changes in scores on personality assessments. We predicted that traumatic experiences would induce changes not only in personality scores but also in the factor structures of personality assessments. METHODS: MethodsaaWe conducted a cross-sectional, case-controlled study using two data sets: a traumatized adolescent sample (n=71) and a non-traumatized adolescent sample (n=296). Personality factor structures were compared between the two samples using exploratory factor analyses for 25 lower-ordered subscales of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In the non-traumatized sample, evaluation of the scree plot suggested a five-factor solution supporting TCI's original seven-factor model. RESULTS: The traumatized sample showed a three-factor structure representing a biological factor, a social factor and an existential factor. This decrease in number of personality factors was caused by strengthened correlations among personality subscales related to coping with traumatic situations. Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality (i.e., temperament-character) was adequate in capturing personality traits of non-traumatized adolescents, but the tripartite view of existential psychology (i.e., body-mind-spirit) clearly corresponded to the factor structure of the traumatized adolescents. CONCLUSION: The three-factor solution of the present traumatized group is consistent with the tripartite model of personality (i.e., body-mind-spirit), while the five-factor solution of the non-traumatized group corresponds to Cloninger's seven-factor model. This is the first study to describe the state effects of traumatic experiences on personality structure.

Primera experiencia cubana del empleo de los modelos pedfusor y dómino para tiva-tci en pediatría / The first Cuban experience in the use of Pedfusor models and Dòmino for TIVA-TCI in Pediatrics

Introducción: La anestesia total intravenosa es aún poco usada en el paciente pediátrico tanto menos en su modo de infusión controlada por computadora. Objetivos: Caracterizar el empleo de los modelos Pedfusor y Dòmino para TIVA-TCI en pediatría. Material y método: Se realizó estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo en 5 pacientes pediátricos programados para cirugía ortopédica, en la Clínica Central Cira García Reyes en el período comprendido entre agosto-septiembre de 2009. La variables estudiadas fueron concentraciones plasmáticas promedio de Propofol en función del índice de estado cerebral, estabilidad hemodinámica, duración del acto anestésico, tiempo para el despertar y presencia de complicaciones. Los datos se descargaron directamente del programa Anestfusor y se procesaron a través de la estadística básica de Microsoft Excel 2007. La información se presentó en tablas y gráficos confeccionados en Word, y los resultados se analizaron de forma porcentual a partir de las variables definidas anteriormente. Resultados: Las concentraciones plasmáticas promedio de propofol empleadas tanto para el plasma como para el sitio efecto oscilaron entre 2.9±1.87 µ?ml-1 y 4.70±0.93 µml-1 y entre 2.90±1.87 µml-1 y 4.65±0.92 µml-1respectivamente, la estabilidad hemodinámica fue buena en 100% de los casos, el acto anestésico fue de duración intermedia y prolongada en 80% y 20% de los niños respectivamente, el tiempo para despertar promedio fue 6,32 ±2,05 minutos y osciló entre 3,5 y 8,8 minutos después de detenidas las infusiones. No se reportaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: el empleo de los modelos Pedfusor y Dòmino para TIVA-TCI en pediatría resultó clínicamente útil y seguro.

Introduction: The intravenous total anesthesia has still not much used in pediatric patient and much less in its computer-guided infusion way. Objectives: To characterize the use of the Pedfusor and Dòmino models for TIVA-TCI in Pediatrics. Material and Methods: A prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 5 pediatric patients programmed for orthopedic surgery in the "Cira García Reyes" Central Clinic over Aaugust-September, 2009. The study variables were the average plasma concentrations of Propofol depending of the brain state rate, hemodynamic stability, anesthetic act length, time to wake up and presence of complications. Data were directly collected from the Anestfusor program and processed using the basic statistics of Microsoft Excel 2007. The information was showed in tables and charts drawn up in Word and results were analyzed in a percentage way from the above mentioned variables. Results: The mean plasma concentrations of Propofol used for plasma and for effect site fluctuated from 2.9 ± 1.87 µ.ml-1 and 4.70 ± 0.93 u.ml-1 and 4.65 ± 0.92 u.ml-1, respectively, the hemodynamic stability was good in the 100% of cases; the anesthetic act had an intermediate and long length of 80% and 20% in the children, respectively, the mean time to wake up was of 6,32 ± 2,05 min and fluctuated from 3,5 to 8,8 min after infusion stopping. There were not complications. Conclusions: The use of Pedfusor and Dòmino models for TIVA-TCI in Pediatrics was clinically useful and safe.

Trends and Directions in Personality Genetic Studies

How personality forms and whether personality genes exist are long-studied questions. Various concepts and theories have been presented for centuries. Personality is a complex trait and is developed through the interaction of genes and the environment. Twin and family studies have found that there are critical genetic and environmental components in the inheritance of personality traits, and modern advances in genetics are making it possible to identify specific variants for personality traits. Although genes that were found in studies on personality have not provided replicable association between genetic and personality variability, more and more genetic variants associated with personality traits are being discovered. Here, we present the current state of the art on genetic research in the personality field and finally list several of the recently published research highlights. First, we briefly describe the commonly used self-reported measures that define personality traits. Then, we summarize the characteristics of the candidate genes for personality traits and investigate gene variants that have been suggested to be associated with personality traits.

The Association among the Genetic Polymorphism of Dopamine D4 Receptor, Temperament and Alcohol Drinking Behavior in Young Korean Adults

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to explore the association among DRD4 polymorphism, temperament and alcohol drinking behavior of Koreans in their early adulthood. METHOD: Participants were 172 healthy Korean adults (mean age 28.1 +/- 0.8). Their temperament was assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and their alcohol drinking behavior were evaluated with a self-reported questionnaire including the CAGE and the Korean version of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K). DRD4 exon III 48 base pair variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) was genotyped by PCR. RESULTS: No significant association was found between DRD4 polymorphism and TCI temperament dimension (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence) as well as alcohol drinking behavior scales. However, novelty seeking was significantly associated with alcohol drinking behavior. The higher level of novelty seeking was associated with the higher severity index of drinking (B = -0.225, p < 0.001) and problematic alcohol use on the CAGE and AUDIT-K [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.111, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.021-1.209, p = 0.015, OR = 1.087, 95% CI 1.009-1.170, p = 0.028]. CONCLUSION: In our study, while there is no significant association of DRD4 polymorphism with temperament and alcohol drinking behavior, novelty seeking affects problematic alcohol use. Results suggest that novelty seeking may play an important role in problematic alcohol use in young Korean adults.

Effect of Temperament and Character on Pharmacotherapy in Panic Disorder Patients / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: Temperament and character that represent personality trait are supposed to relate to panic disorder (PD). There are several studies that report a significant relationship among temperament, character and treatment outcome in PD. In this study, we examined whether temperament and character affect the long term outcome of escitalopram treatment in patients with PD. METHODS: Ninety-two patients with PD were recruited at the psychiatric outpatient clinics of 6 university hospitals in South Korea. All patients were treated with escitalopram for 6 months. The Temperament-Character Inventory-Revised-Short (TCI-RS) was administered to all patients at baseline. They were also assessed with the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), and Clinical Global Impression on-Severity (CGI-S) at both baseline and after 6 months of pharmacotherapy. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between reward dependence (RD) and a remission rate in PD patients who were treated with escitalopram, and panic patients who had high RD showed a low remission rate after the treatment. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that high RD predicts a poor treatment response in patients with PD.

Comparison of time to awareness between obese patients and non-obese patients after total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil

BACKGROUND: The rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is on the rise.There have not been adequate studies on the differences in anesthesiology in obese patient. For this reason, we designed this study to determine the effect of obesity on time to awareness, comparing the use of propofol and remifentanil in general anesthesia. METHODS: We enrolled 55 patients into the study, between ages 16 and 45 years, who had an ASA physical status 1, 2 and who were undergoing general anesthesia for an elective obstetric operation. According to the Asia-Pacific obesity criteria, we divided the patients into 2 groups, the obesity group (BMI > or = 25), and the non-obesity group (BMI < 25). Propofol and remifentanil were infused using TCI for general anesthesia. The bispectral index score (BIS) was used for monitoring depth of anesthesia.During each operation, we tried to keep the BIS between 40 and 55 by controling the target concentration of TCI.We compared the time-to- awareness between the obese patient group and the non-obese patient group. RESULTS: The obesity and the non-obesity group did not show significant difference in awareness times between the obesity group, 412.4 +/- 102.5 s and the non-obesity group, 434.1 +/- 49.1 s. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of a significant difference in time-to-awareness between the obese patient group and the non-obese patient group.The use of remifentanil and propofol work equally well in obese and in non-obese patients anesthesized for elective surgery.

An analysis of correlation between remifentanil effect site concentration and age blunting hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation

BACKGROUND: There are many studies using propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion (TCI) for the prevention of adverse hemodynamic changes during tracheal intubation. Most of these studies suggested optimal remifentanil target concentration without considering age. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between concentration of remifentanil and age to blunting adverse hemodynamic responses during tracheal intubation. METHODS: We enrolled ASA physical state I or II 55 patients, aged 12-75 years undergoing elective surgery. Anesthesia was induced using a propofol TCI (Marsh model). A 4micro/ml effect-site concentration of propofol was chosen. Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was administered after the patients lost consciousness. Remifentanil TCI (Minto model) was started 1 minute after the propofol injection. Initially, a 3 ng/ml effect-site concentration was chosen. The next concentration was chosen using Dixon's up-and-down method. The non-invasive blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before induction (baseline), after the remifentanil infusion, immediately after intubation as well as 1 and 3 minutes after intubation. RESULTS: Probit analysis revealed a remifentanil effect site EC50 and EC95 in all patients to be 1.768 ng/ml (S.E. +/-0.136) and 2.912 ng/ml (S.E. +/-0.307). Final probit equation was as following consisted with age and remifentanil effect site concentration. Probit = -2.588 + 1.886 remifentanil effect site concentration -0.022 x Age. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of success rate of blunting adverse hemodynamic response is related to the concentration of remifentanil directly and age inversely.