Heterogeneity of psychological and behavioral adaptation characteristics of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation based on latent profile analysis / 器官移植

Objective To explore heterogeneous subtypes of psychological and behavioral adaptation characteristics of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation and the characteristics differences of different types of children after liver transplantation. Methods Seven hundred and forty-one children who underwent living-related liver transplantation were enrolled. The self-designed general information questionnaire, Chinese version of 5-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and the parent-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were filled out by their guardians. The scores of five dimensions of SDQ were used as the manifest variables of the model. The classification model of psychological and behavioral adaptation characteristics of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation was constructed by latent profile analysis. The latent categories of psychological and behavioral adaptation characteristics of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation were analyzed. The influencing factors of latent categories were analyzed by univariate analysis and logistic regression model. Results There were three latent categories of psychological and behavioral adaptation characteristics of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation, including peer communication problem group (n=302), psychological and behavioral adaptation group (n=145) and psychological and behavioral adjustment difficulty group (n=294). The first two groups were merged into the psychological and behavioral health group (n=447), which had significant differences in the five dimensions and the total score of difficulties of SDQ compared with the psychological and behavioral adjustment difficulty group (n=294) (all P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that age≤5 years old, primary disease of non-cholestatic liver disease, stem family were the risk factors for psychological and behavioral adjustment difficulties in pediatric recipients after liver transplantation. Female gender, high education levels of parents and high WHO-5 score of guardians were the protective factors for psychological and behavioral adjustment difficulties in pediatric recipients after liver transplantation (all P<0.05). Conclusions The psychological and behavioral adaptation characteristics of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation are heterogeneous. Medical staff should pay extensive attention to different characteristics of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation with different psychological and behavioral adaptation categories and adopt targeted screening and intervention strategies, aiming to improve psychological and behavioral adaptation outcomes of pediatric recipients after liver transplantation.

Effect of online character strengths intervention on alleviating diabetes distress and improving self-care ability in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of online character strengths intervention on the distress-related and self-management ability of young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes. To provide reference for improving the physical and mental health of patients.Methods:Ninety-two young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou University of Medicine from July 2021 to July 2022 were selected and divided into intervention group and control group with 46 cases in each group by random number table method. The control group was given routine care, and the intervention group was given online character strengths intervention for 8 weeks. Diabetes-related distress Questionnaire (DDS) and Diabetes Self-Care Scale (DSCS) were used to evaluate the effects of the two groups of patients before intervention, immediately after intervention and 1 month after intervention.Results:The total DDS scores of the control group were (2.18 ± 0.70) and (2.01 ± 0.65) when the moment and 1 month after intervention, while the scores in the intervention group were (1.74 ± 0.47) and (1.18 ± 0.17), the differences were significant ( t = 3.13, 8.34, both P<0.05). The total DSCS scores of the control group were (72.25 ± 11.55) and (73.12 ± 10.72) when the moment and 1 month after intervention, while the scores in the intervention group were (85.95 ± 5.91) and (85.24 ± 5.21), the differences were significant ( t = 10.13, 2.10, both P<0.05). Conclusions:Online character strengths intervention can help alleviate the distress associated with young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes and improve the level of self-management.

Activación de Recursos durante la primera sesión de psicoterapia y su relación con el cambio terapéutico temprano / Resource Activation during the first psychotherapy session and its relation with early therapeutic change

Resumen Objetivo: determinar diferencias en el grado en que los terapeutas enfocan sus intervenciones en activar recursos de los consultantes durante la primera sesión en procesos de psicoterapia con y sin resultados terapéuticos tempranos (RT), y caracterizar dichas intervenciones. Método: se utilizó una muestra de 32 procesos de psicoterapia con pacientes ambulatorios, realizados en contextos de prestación rutinaria de servicios y conducidos por terapeutas de distintas orientaciones teóricas. Estos procesos se agruparon según la presencia o ausencia de RT, evaluada a partir de la diferencia de puntajes en el reporte de bienestar de los consultantes entre la primera y la cuarta sesión, a través del Cuestionario de Autoreporte de Resultados (Outcome Questionnaire -OQ-45.2.-). Y el grado en que la actividad de los terapeutas se enfocó en la Activación de Recursos (AR) se evaluó mediante el Wirkfaktoren-K (WIFA-K. Factores de Efectividad de Klaus Grawe) para jueces independientes. Posteriormente, se realizó una prueba t de varianzas desiguales de Welch, a partir de los promedios de puntajes de la AR en ambos grupos. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos; específicamente, los terapeutas del grupo Con RT dedicaron tres veces más tiempo de la sesión a trabajar en la AR que los del grupo Sin RT. Adicionalmente, se ofrece evidencia detallada respecto de la variación del foco en la AR a lo largo de la sesión y la proporción en que distintos contenidos relacionados con la AR son abordados en ambos grupos.

Abstract Objective: the objective of this paper is to determine the differences in the degree to which therapists focus their interventions on activating clients' resources during the first session of psychotherapy processes with and without Early Therapeutic Outcomes (ETO), and to characterize these interventions. Method: a sample of 32 outpatient psychotherapy processes was collected, carried out in routine service delivery contexts and conducted by therapists with different theoretical orientations. The therapies were grouped according to the presence or absence of ETO, evaluated from the difference in well-being reported by clients between the first and fourth session, through the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2; Lambert et al.,1996). To assess the extent to which the therapists' activity focused on RA in both groups, the Wirkfaktoren-K (Klaus Grawe Effectiveness Factors; von Consbruch et al., 2013) instrument was used by independent judges. Subsequently, a Welch's t-test of unequal variances was performed, based on the averages of AR scores, between both groups. Results: significant differences were found between both groups. Specifically, therapists in the "With ETO" group spent 3 times more minutes working on RA than those in the "Without ETO" group. In addition, detailed evidence is provided on the variation of the focus on RA throughout the session and the proportion in which different RA-related content is addressed in both groups.

Mediating effect of nursing staff′s character advantage between job satisfaction and subjective well-being / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the status quo of job satisfaction, character advantage and subjective well-being of nursing staff, and to explore the relationship among the three, so as to provide theoretical basis for improving the subjective well-being of medical staff.Methods:Using cluster random sampling method, 582 nursing staff in Jinzhou City of Liaoning Province were selected as the survey objects. The General Information Questionnaire, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Character Strengths Scale and Subjective Well-being Scale were used to investigate the respondents. The mediating effect of character strengths on job satisfaction and subjective well-being was analyzed by structural equation model. The mediating effect was analyzed and verified by bootstrap method.Results:The score of Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire, Character Strengths Scale and Subjective Well-being Scale of nursing staff were 70.5 ± 10.8, 45.0 ± 6.8 and 24.2 ± 6.3 respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the total score of job satisfaction and the total score of character strengths of nursing staff ( r=0.214, P<0.01), and the total score of subjective well-being ( r=0.373, P<0.01). The total score of subjective well-being was positively correlated with the total score of character strengths ( r=0.123, P<0.01). Conclusions:The character strengths of nursing staff plays a mediating role between job satisfaction and subjective well-being.

Bem-estar psicológico, sintomas de depressão e forças do caráter em idosos da comunidade / Psychological well-being, depressive symptoms and character strengths among the community elderly / Bienestar psicológico, síntomas depresivos y fortalezas de carácter en ancianos de la comunidad

Em um mundo com um número crescente de idosos, envelhecer bem se torna cada vez mais importante, e as forças do caráter podem contribuir para que isso seja alcançado. A fim de analisar forças na velhice, associando-as com sintomas depressivos e bem-estar psicológico, 188 idosos responderam às versões reduzidas e em português dos instrumentos Values-in-Action Inventory of Strengths, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica e Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. As forças Amor, Esperança, Curiosidade, Perdão e Vitalidade se associaram tanto a níveis mais elevados de bem-estar psicológico quanto a mais baixos de sintomas depressivos. Foram obtidas correlações significativas entre seis forças e sintomas depressivos ­ negativas fracas ­ e entre 11 delas e bem-estar psicológico ­ positivas fracas. Os resultados deste estudo ampliam, ainda que limitadamente, o conhecimento sobre forças de idosos, especialmente como elas se relacionam com dois construtos que influenciam a velhice. Ademais, fornecem uma base para o desenvolvimento de intervenções futuras.

In a world with an increasing number of elderly people, aging well is becoming increasingly important, and character strengths can contribute to this. In order to analyze strengths among the elderly, associating them with depressive symptoms and psychological well-being, 188 elderly people answered the reduced and Portuguese versions of Values-in-Action Inventory of Strengths, Geriatric Depression Scale and Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Love, Hope, Curiosity, Forgiveness, and Vitality strengths were associated with both higher levels of psychological well-being and lower depressive symptoms. Significant correlations were found between six strengths and depressive symptoms ­ weak negatives ­ and between 11 of them and psychological well-being ­ weak positives. The results of this study expand, albeit to a limited extent, knowledge about elderly people's strengths, especially as they relate to two constructs that influence old age. In addition, they provide a basis for the development of future interventions.

En un mundo con un número creciente de ancianos, envejecer bien se está volviendo cada vez más importante, y las fortalezas de carácter pueden contribuir para esto. Para analizar las fortalezas en ancianos, asociándolas con los síntomas depresivos y el bienestar psicológico, 188 ancianos respondieron las versiones cortas, en português, de los instrumentos Values-in-Action Inven-tory of Strengths, Escala de Depresión Geriátrica y Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Las fortalezas Amor, Esperanza, Curiosidad, Perdón y Vitalidad se asociaron con niveles más altos de bienestar psicológico y síntomas depresivos más bajos. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre seis fortalezas y síntomas depresivos ­ negativas bajas ­ y 11 entre ellos y el bienestar psicológico ­ positivas bajas. Los resultados de este estudio amplían, aunque de forma limitada, el conocimiento sobre las fortalezas en ancianos, especialmente en como ellas se relacionan con dos constructos que influyen en la vejez. Además, proporcionan una base para el desarrollo de futuras intervenciones.

Character strengths as protective factors against behavior problems in early adolescent

Character strengths could efectively prevent negative psychological outcomes in adults. However, there was little research conducted among early adolescents. The present study aimed to explore character strengths that were independently related to fewer behavior problems in early adolescents. In total, 521 early adolescents (mean age 10.92 ± 0.04, range 10­12 years) were recruited from primary schools in Sichuan, China. Character strengths were measured using the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA-Youth). Behavior problems were measured using the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). The results showed that behavior problems were negatively correlated with character strengths (r = −0.14 to −0.3, p < 0.05 Bonferroni corrected). Character strengths explained a signifcant proportion of additional variance (14­22%) in fve types of behavior problems after controlling the efect of demographic factors (residence, left-behind experiences, maternal education level). Moreover, several specifc character strengths showed an independent contribution (ß = −0.34 to −0.14 for self-regulation, perseverance, zest, humility, and leadership; ß = 0.21 to 0.34, for hope; all p < 0.05) to behavior problems. Our study revealed that character trengths were protective factors against behavior problems in early adolescents.

Validación de la Escala de Fortalezas Familiares en población adulta chilena / Validation of the Family Strengths Scale in Chilean adult population

Resumen El enfoque de las fortalezas familiares sugiere que las familias son capaces de surgir y salir exitosas de los desafíos de la vida cotidiana. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de este estudio fue validar la Escala de Fortalezas Familiares, adaptada de un estudio en España, en una población chilena. Para esto, la muestra estuvo formada por 324 adultos chilenos que debían completar el instrumento de 12 ítems. El modelo de dos factores de la escala fue validado mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio (X2/gl = 2.86; RMSR = 0.041; RMRSEA = 0.076; OFI = 0.950; TLI = 0.937), y se encontró que los dos factores se relacionan con aspectos de la autoeficacia familiar y la percepción de adaptación en las familias; en ambos casos se estimaron valores de confiabilidad de escala adecuados (alfa de Cronbach de .91 y .72, respectivamente). Estos resultados permiten avalar la utilización de la escala en la población chilena, lo que podrá contribuir en el avance del conocimiento respecto al funcionamiento familiar, así como guiar intervenciones de prevención y promoción con familias dirigidas a potenciar fortalezas y recursos protectores garantes de una parentalidad respetuosa y afectiva, y al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida familiar.

Abstract The family strength approach suggests that families can overcome daily life challenges. The aim of this research was to validate the Family Strengths Scale, adapted from a study in Spain, to a Chilean population. For this purpose, the sample consisted of 324 Chilean adults who completed a 12-item questionnaire. The two-factor model of the scale was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (x2/g.l.= 2.86; RMSR = 0.041; RMRSEA = 0.076; CFI = 0.950; TLI = 0.937), and it was found that the two factors are related to aspects of family self-efficacy and the perception of family adaptation. In both cases, adequate scale reliability values were estimated (Cronbanch's alpha of 0.91 and 0.72, respectively). These results support the use of the scale in the Chilean population, which may contribute to the advancement of knowledge regarding family functioning, as well as to guide prevention and promotion interventions with families, aimed at enhancing strengths and protective resources that guarantee a respectful and affectionate parenting, and at improving the quality of family life.

Profissionais de TI: Um estudo sobre as forças pessoais/de caráter / IT Professionals: A study of character strengths

RESUMO As forças pessoais/de caráter são as características psicológicas positivas que se refletem nos pensamentos, sentimentos e comportamentos. Esse artigo objetivou descrever as forças pessoais/de caráter mais prevalentes em 60 profissionais de Tecnologia da Informação e comparar quatro grupos distintos nos cargos de Atendimento e Suporte Técnico, Desenvolvedor de Software, Gestor e Líder Técnico em um Parque Tecnológico do Sul do Brasil. Estudo com delineamento quantitativo, descritivo, comparativo e transversal com aplicação online de um Questionário Sócio Demográfico e Laboral e da Escala das Forças de Caráter. As forças mais prevalentes são a imparcialidade, a curiosidade, a bondade, o pensamento crítico e o amor ao aprendizado. As forças com menor prevalência são a apreciação do belo, a espiritualidade, o perdão, a inteligência social e a sensatez. As implicações práticas sugerem que as características psicológicas positivas sejam fortalecidas em processos de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional dos trabalhadores de TI no âmbito organizacional.

ABSTRACT Character strengths are the positive psychological characteristics that are reflected in thoughts, feelings and behaviors. This article aimed to describe the most prevalent character strengths in 60 Information Technology (IT) professionals and compare four distinct groups in the positions of Service and Technical Support, Software Developer, Manager and Technical Leader in a Technology Park in the Southern Brazil. Study with quantitative, descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional design with online application of a Socio-Demographic and Labor Questionnaire and the Scale of Character Strengths. The most prevalent strengths are impartiality, curiosity, kindness, critical thinking and love of learning. The least prevalent character strengths are appreciation of beauty, spirituality, forgiveness, social intelligence and wisdom. Practical implications suggest that positive psychological characteristics should be strengthened in the personal and professional development of IT workers at organizations.

Analysis of current situation and influencing factors of postoperative quality of life and psychological status of pediatric recipients after kidney transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the current situation of quality of life and psychological status of pediatric recipients after kidney transplantation and analyze the influencing factors. Methods Ninety-six pediatric recipients undergoing kidney transplantation were enrolled in this study. Baseline data of the recipients were collected. The quality of life was assessed by Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 (PedsQLTM3.0). The psychological status was evaluated by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The influencing factors of postoperative quality of life and psychological status of pediatric kidney transplant recipients were subject to univariate and multivariate analyses. Results The total score of quality of life of pediatric kidney transplant recipients was (71±14) and (12.4±5.8) for the total difficulty score. Univariate analysis showed that gender, postoperative body mass index (BMI) and postoperative complications were the influencing factors of the total score of quality of life of pediatric kidney transplant recipients (all P < 0.05). Gender, postoperative complications and follow-up time were the influencing factors of the total difficulty score of pediatric kidney transplant recipients (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that gender, postoperative BMI, postoperative complications, dialysis type before kidney transplantation were the influencing factors of postoperative quality of life of pediatric kidney transplant recipients, whereas gender, postoperative complications and follow-up time were the influencing factors of postoperative psychological status (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The quality of life and psychological status of pediatric kidney transplant recipients are good. In clinical practice, special attention should be paid to those children who are female, with low BMI after kidney transplantation, postoperative complications and short follow-up time. Preventive interventions are recommended to further improve the quality of life of the children.

Serie de Redacción Científica: Estudio de Cohortes / Scientific Writing Series: Cohort studies

Objetivo. El estudio de cohortes es un diseño de tipo observacional. Este diseño solo incluye participantes que tienen el mismo riesgo de estar expuestos, para luego comparar quienes de los expuestos y no expuestos presentarán el desenlace de interés durante el mismo periodo de tiempo. La temporalidad entre la exposición y el resultado de interés en un estudio de cohorte está bien definida porque se tiene certeza de que la exposición antecede al resultado de interés. Los estudios de cohorte pueden ser prospectivos, retrospectivos o una combinación de ambos. Una de las principales ventajas es su naturaleza longitudinal, lo que permiten estimar la incidencia y el riesgo relativo como asociación de interés. Algunas variables pueden variar en el tiempo por lo que es importante, utilizar técnicas de modelamiento de datos avanzados como los modelos de efectos fijos y aleatorios

Objetive. The cohort study is an observational design. This only includes participants who have the same risk of being exposed, then compares who is exposed and unexposed presents the outcome of interest during the same period. The temporality between the exposure and the outcome of interest in a cohort study is well defined because it is certain that the exposure antecedent to the outcome of interest. Cohort studies can be prospective, retrospective, or a combination of both. One of the main advantages is its longitudinal nature, making it possible to estimate the incidence and relative risk as an association of interest. Some variables may vary over time, so it is essential to use advanced data modeling techniques such as fixed and random effects models.

Relações entre Forças de Caráter e Autorregulação Emocional em Universitários Brasileiros / Relaciones entre Fuerzas de Carácter y Autorregulación Emocional en Universitarios Brasileños / Relations between Character Strengths and Emotional Self-Regulation in Brazilian University Students

Resumo Investigar a relação entre as forças de caráter e a autorregulaçào emocional faz-se importante, pois os construtos podem auxiliar na diminuição de psicopatologias e contribuir para um desenvolvimento saudável. O estudo teve por objetivo analisar a predição das forças de caráter em relação à autorregulaçào emocional diante de eventos tristes. A amostra teve 233 universitários, com idades entre 18 e 52 anos (M=23.20; DP=5.588). Os participantes responderam à Escala de Forças de Caráter (EFC) e à Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Adulto (EARE-AD). Cada fator da EARE-AD foi predito por pelo menos três forças de caráter (β entre .177 e .375). Com exceção da força espiritualidade, todas as forças se associaram significativamente com os fatores da EARE-AD (r entre .14 e .47). Os resultados indicam que as forças de caráter vitalidade e autorregulação são as que mais contribuem para minimizar dificuldades emocionais. Novos estudos são sugeridos a fim de compreender alguns resultados encontrados nas forças de caráter.

Resumen Investigar la relación entre las fuerzas de carácter y la autorregulación emocional es importante, pues los constructos pueden contribuir a la disminución de psicopatologias y aportar para un desarrollo sano. El propósito del estudio fue analizar la predicción de las fuerzas de carácter en relación con la autorregulación emocional ante eventos tristes. La muestra contó con 233 universitarios, con edades entre 18 y 52 años (M=23.20; DE=5.588). Los participantes contestaron la Escala de Fuerzas de Carácter (EFC) y la Escala de Autorregulación Emocional-Adulto (EARE-AD). Cada factor de la EARE-ad se predijo por al menos tres fuerzas de carácter (β entre .177 y .375). A excepción de la fuerza espiritualidad, todas las fuerzas se asociaron significativamente con los factores de la EARE-AD (r entre .14 y .47). Los resultados señalan que las fuerzas de carácter vitalidad y autorregulación son las que más aportan para reducir dificultades emocionales. Nuevos estudios son sugeridos con el fin de comprender algunos resultados encontrados en las fuerzas de carácter.

Abstract It is important to research the relation between character strengths and emotional self-regulation because constructs can help reduce psycho-pathologies and contribute to healthy development. The purpose of the study was to analyze the prediction of character strengths in relation to emotional self-regulation in the face of sad events. The sample was made up of 233 university students between the ages of 18 and 52 (M=23.20; DE=5.588). Participants answered the Character Strengths Scale (EFC) and the Adult Emotional Self-Regulation Scale (EARE-AD). Each factor of the EARE-ad was predicted by at least three character strengths (β entre .177 y .375). With the exception of the spirituality strength, all of the strengths were significantly associated with EARE-AD factors (r between .14 and .47). Results show that the character strengths of vitality and self-regulation are those that contribute most to reduce emotional difficulties. We suggest new studies in order to understand some of the findings regarding character strengths.

Fortalezas de carácter en pacientes adultos en tratamiento psicoterapéutico / Character strengths in adult patients in psychotherapeutic treatment

Resumen La investigación que se informa tuvo como objetivos: 1) estudiar las 24 fortalezas de carácter en pacientes adultos que se encuentran en diferentes etapas de un tratamiento cognitivo conductual psicoterapéutico naturalista; y 2) analizar la relación de las fortalezas con algunas del progreso durante el tratamiento, la alianza terapéutica y la adherencia al tratamiento desde la perspectiva del terapeuta. Se contó con una muestra intencional de 85 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos en tratamiento psicoterapéutico ambulatorio y sus respectivos terapeutas. Se utilizaron: una hoja de datos demográficos y del tratamiento, el Inventario de Fortalezas y Virtudes y una encuesta de opinión para el terapeuta. Los resultados mostraron que los pacientes en la etapa final presentan una mayor fortaleza de Autorregulación. Los pacientes con depresión presentaban menores fortalezas de apertura mental y capacidad de perdonar, en comparación con pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad y con trastornos comórbidos ansioso-depresivos. Aquellos pacientes que habían tenido un tratamiento psiquiátrico previo presentaban menores niveles de la fortaleza persistencia. Un mayor tiempo de tratamiento se asoció con mayores niveles de las fortalezas Liderazgo y curiosidad, en tanto que un mayor malestar psicológico se vinculó con una disminución de una alta cantidad de fortalezas. La fortaleza espiritualidad se halló significativamente asociada al progreso en el tratamiento según su terapeuta. Una mayor apertura mental se halló vinculada a mayor adherencia a horarios, sugerencias y mejor vínculo terapéutico según la opinión del terapeuta. El estudio del funcionamiento positivo en pacientes permitirá enriquecer la psicología clínica para convertirse en una disciplina más integradora.

Abstract The study of positive traits or strengths has been the cornerstone of positive psychology. Positive psychology assumes that positive variables are different in nature from psychopathological variables and they do not necessarily improve with a usual psychotherapeutic treatment. They would require another type of intervention to progress: a positive intervention. Studies on character strengths in the clinical population are very scarce and, in general, focused on depression. Previous studies found that higher levels of hope, vitality, spirituality and leadership strengths were related to lower levels of anxiety and depression. In addition, lower levels of gratitude have been linked to symptoms of depression. The study of strengths and progress during treatment is very limited, whereas the relationship between strengths of character and treatment process has not yet been investigated. This research aims to: 1) study the 24 character strengths in adult patients who are at different stages of a naturalistic cognitive behavioral treatment; and 2) to analyze the relationship of character strengths with progress during treatment, therapeutic alliance and adherence to treatment from the therapist's perspective. Therapist's report has proven to be a very valuable source of information about the therapeutic process and outcome. An intentional sample of 85 adult outpatients (25 men and 60 women) was used and their respective therapists (11 men and 7 women). Patients had mainly anxiety, depressive or comorbid anxiety-depressive disorders; 22 were in the initial stage, 46 in the intermediate stage and 17 in the final stage of treatment.They completed a demographic and treatment datasheet, the Inventory of Strengths and Virtues and the therapist filled in an opinion survey. The study was cross-sectional. The treatment was cognitive-behavioral. The therapists did not receive any training or instruction during study, the treatment was "as usual". Stages of treatment, initial, intermediate or final, were assigned by the therapist. The results showed that patients in the final stage have greater self-regulation strength. In this strength, there are no differences between patients at initial and intermediate stages of treatment but it increases significantly in the group that was finishing treatment. It should also be noted that in the 23 remaining strengths there are no differences among patients at the different stages of treatment. Patients with depression had lower strengths of open-mindedness and forgiveness compared to patients with anxiety disorders and comorbid anxiety-depressive disorders. Those patients who had had a previous psychiatric treatment had lower levels of Persistence strength. However, no differences were found between patients who had a previous psychological treatment and those who had not. A longer duration of treatment was associated with higher levels of leadership and curiosity strengths, while greater psychological distress was associated with a decrease in a high number of strengths. The strength spirituality was found to be significantly associated with progress in treatment according to the therapist. A greater open-mindedness was associated with better adherence to schedules, suggestions and therapeutic alliance according to the therapist´s opinion.The association between character strengths and the therapist's opinion has been mild to moderate, which is expected for being a hetero-report. This has been the first study to compare the character strengths between patients at different stages of a naturalistic psychotherapeutic treatment and to include patients with anxiety disorders. This research provided a first approach to the relationship between character strengths and the therapist's perception of progress in therapy and some treatment process related variables. The study of positive functioning in patients will enrich clinical psychology to become a more integrative discipline. In this way, the goal of therapy will not only be to alleviate the negative symptoms, but also to help individuals build a full life.

Mental health assessment of adolescent girls in an observational home in North coastal Andhra Pradesh: a cross sectional study

Background: Adolescence is a stressful period involving changes both physically and mentally and requires support from family as well as peers. Assessment of mental health of adolescent girls in government special cum children home and observational home for girls in Visakhapatnam. Methods: It is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted in November 2016 using strengths and difficulties questionnaire among all 10 to 18 year old girls in the observational home. Social history was also taken additionally. Data was entered and analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Results: 16% girls had abnormal total difficulty scoring. Emotional problems were the highest (22%) followed by conduct (16%), peer problem (14%) and hyperactivity (5%). Abnormal pro social behavior was observed among 5% of the study population observed. Conclusions: Emotional problems were more common and only two thirds had and a normal total difficulties score. All children may be assessed periodically to know their psychological requirements and to identify at risk individuals.

Effects of Saliva Contamination on Shear Bond Strength with Conventional, Moisture Insensitive, and Self-Etching Primers / 대한소아치과학회지

The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths of orthodontic bracket with Conventional primer (CP), Moisture insensitive primer (MIP), and Self-etching primer (SEP). In addition, the effect and the timing of saliva contamination on shear bond strength was evaluated.A total of 135 bovine mandibular incisors were used in the study and divided into 3 groups. Group I, II and III were used CP, MIP, SEP, respectively. Each group was then divided into three subgroups: the group without saliva contamination, the group with primer application after saliva contamination, and the group with saliva contamination after primer application. After the primer application, the metal bracket for the lower incisor was attached and the shear bond strength was measured.The mean shear bond strengths was highest with CP and lowest with SEP in dry condition. However, CP showed a significant decrease in shear bond strength in the presence of saliva contamination. MIP and SEP showed no significant decrease in shear bond strength with saliva contamination.

Applicability of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (for Parents) in Hearing Impaired Children Aged 3-7 Years / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the application of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (the edition for parents) (SDQ) in children with hearing impairment aged three to seven years. Methods:From November, 2018 to March, 2019, 85 hearing impaired children aged three to seven years in Ningxia Disabled Rehabilitation Center were tested by SDQ and Meadow-Kendall Social-Emotional Assessment Inventory (SEAI). After six weeks, 14 randomly sampled subjects were retested. Results:The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total SDQ was 0.669 and that of sub-dimensions was 0.724 respectively, and that of subscales ranged from 0.275 to 0.657. And the test-retest reliabilities after six weeks were between 0.543 and 0.898 (P < 0.05). The scores of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and total difficulties on SDQ were related to SEAI. The detection rate of emotional behavior problems was 22.4%. There was no significant difference between genders and age groups in the scores and the detection rates of emotional behavior problems (P > 0.05). Conclusion:SDQ can be used as a screening tool for the hearing impaired children aged three to seven years.

Relationship between bullying and emotional behavior problems in middle school students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the current situation of emotional and behavioral problems and analyze the influencing factors of middle school students.@*Methods@#The general information questionnaire, the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (student version), and the illinois bullying scale were used to evaluate 680 students in two middle schools in Hunan province.Statistical analysis was performed using t test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis.@*Results@#(1) The detection rate of total difficulty (12.09±5.67), conduct problem (2.42±1.66), hyperactivity/attention defect (3.65±2.08), emotional (2.82±2.32), peer relationship problem (3.21±1.79) and pre-socialization behavior (7.02±2.39) were 11.2%, 11.2%, 7.7%, 6.9%, 11.0% and 14.5%.(2)The scores of total difficulties, conduct problem, hyperactivity/attention deficit and peer relationship problems of boys were higher than that of girls(t=2.79, 4.03, 2.44, 3.40, all P<0.05), while the score of pre-socialization behavior of boys was lower than that of girls (t=-5.29, P<0.05). (3) The scores of total difficulties, conduct and peer relations, pre-socialization of rural students were significantly different with those of urban students(t=-3.93, -2.55, -7.00, 5.26, all P<0.05). (4) The score of total difficulties, conduct problem, hyperactivity/attention deficit and emotional symptoms of left-behind students were higher than that of un-left-behind students (t=-3.18, -2.50, -2.67, -2.40, 2.19, all P<0.05). (5) Middle school students with different fathers' education levels showed different scores of total difficulties, peer relationship problem and pre-socialized behavior(F=3.84, 7.10, 6.20, all P<0.05), while middle school students with different mothers' education levels showed different scores of total difficulties and peer relationship problem(F=3.97, 7.38, both P<0.05). (6) The scores of total difficulties, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and hyperactivity/attention deficit of the middle school students were significantly positively correlated with the total score of the bullying total scale, the bullish subscale, the bullying subscale, and the fighting subscale(r=0.165-0.430, P<0.05). (7) Gender, urban and rural areas, left-behind or not, maternal education level, bullying, being bullied, fighting were the influencing factors of middle school students' emotion and behavior problems(β=0.010-0.533, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Some middle school students in Hunan province have emotional and behavioral problems and more attention should bo paid to mental health education.

Palmar strength and sociodemographic, clinical-functional, and psycho-cognitive factors in elderly with Diabetes Mellitus / Força de preensão palmar e fatores sociodemográficos, clínico funcionais e psicocognitivos em idosos com Diabetes Mellitus / Fuerza de asimiento palmar y factores sociodemográficos, clínicos funcionales y psicos cognitivos en ancianos con Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Introduction: An important consequence of the aging of people with DM2 is physical disability, particularly the loss of mobility. Objective: To determine sociodemographic, clinical-functional, and psycho-cognitive factors related to the reduction in hand grip strength (HGS) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and to verify the relationship between HGS and fragility. Method: This is an observational cross-sectional study with 156 elderly individuals aged 60 years and over, both male and female, diagnosed with DM2. The participants were assessed according to sociodemographic, clinical-functional, psycho-cognitive, and functional mobility data. HGS was evaluated using a manual dynamometer. The tests performed were: Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis, and Chi-square. The level of significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results: A significant relationship was observed between HGS and each of the following: sex (p < 0.001), age range (p = 0.04), marital status (p = 0.004), physical activity (p = 0.06), number of conditions diagnosed (p = 0.002), use of insulin therapy (p = 0.03), complaint of pain in lower limb power (p < 0.001), falls in the last year (p = 0.004), fear of falling (p = 0.003), Mini-Mental State Examination (p = 0.01), Geriatric Depression Scale (p = 0.008), fragility phenotype (p < 0.001). Conclusion: HGS was reduced in elderly women with DM2, those who did not have a marital life had five or more diseases diagnosed with insulin therapy, did not engage in regular physical activity, complained of lower limb pain, had a history of two or more falls in the last year, had a fear of falling, had a cognitive deficit, had depressive symptoms, and were fragile.

Resumo Introdução: Uma consequência importante do envelhecimento das pessoas com DM 2 é a incapacidade física, particularmente a perda de mobilidade. Objetivo: Determinar os fatores sociodemográficos, clínico-funcionais e psico-cognitivos relacionados à redução da força de preensão palmar (FPP) em idosos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) e verificar a relação entre FPP e fragilidade. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, com 156 idosos de 60 anos ou mais, com diagnóstico de DM 2, masculino e feminino. Os sujeitos foram avaliados segundo dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, funcionais, psicocognitivos e de mobilidade funcional. A FPP foi avaliada por meio do Dinamômetro Manual. Foram realizados os testes de Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal-Wallis e Qui-quadrado. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Houve relação significante entre FPP e as variáveis: carga de fragilidade (p < 0,001), sexo (p < 0,001), faixa etária (p = 0,04), estado civil (p = 0,004), atividade física (p = 0,06), número de patologias (p = 0,002), uso de insulinoterapia (p = 0,03), queixa de dor em membros inferiores (p < 0,001), queda no último ano (p = 0,004), medo de cair (p = 0,003), MMSE (p = 0,01), GDS (p = 0,008), fenótipo de fragilidade (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A FPP é reduzida em idosas com DM 2 sem vida conjugal, com cinco ou mais doenças diagnosticadas, com uso de insulinoterapia, não praticantes de atividade física regular, que se queixaram de dor nos membros inferiores, com história de duas ou mais quedas no último ano, medo de cair, com déficit cognitivo, que apresentava sintomas depressivos e eram frágeis

Resumen Introducción: Una consecuencia importante del desarrollo de las tareas con DM 2 es una incapacidad física, particularmente una pierda de movilidad. Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos, clínico-funcionales y psico-cognitivos relacionados a la reducción de la fuerza de asimiento palmar (FPP) en ancianos con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) e verificar la relación entre FPP y fragilidad. Método: Estudio observacional, transversal, con 156 ancianos de 60 años o más, con DM 2, masculino y femenino. Los sujetos fueron evaluados según datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, funcionales, psicocognitivos y de movilidad funcional. La FPP fue evaluada por medio del Dinamómetro Manual. Se realizaron las pruebas de Mann-Whitney o Kruskal-Wallis y Qui-cuadrado, p < 0,05. Resultados: La relación entre el FPP y las variantes de carga de fragilidad (p < 0,001), sexo (p < 0,001), faixa etária (p = 0,04), estado civil (p = 0,004), atividad física ( p = 0,06), número de patologias (p = 0,002), uso de insulinoterapia (p = 0,03), queixa de dor en miembros inferiores (p < 0,001), queda no último año (p = 0,004), medo de cair (p = 0,003), MMSE (p = 0,01), GDS (p = 0,008), fenótipo de fragilidade (p < 0,001). Conclusión: La FPP se reduce en ancianas con DM 2 sin vida conyugal, con cinco o más enfermedades diagnosticadas, con uso de insulinoterapia, no practicantes de actividad física regular, que se quejaron de dolor en los miembros inferiores, con historia de dos o más caídas en el último año, miedo a caer, con déficit cognitivo, que presentaba síntomas depresivos y eran frágiles.

Character strengths in the Brazilian northeast region: Contributions of personality beyond age and sex / Forças de caráter no nordeste brasileiro: contribuições da personalidade para além de idade e sexo

The objective was to verify to what extent the personality traits explain character strengths, controlling the effect of age and sex. A total of 251 individuals living in the Northeast region of Brazil (Mage = 18.51, SD = 9.03), 66.9% of which were women, answered a booklet containing the Character Strengths Scale, Five Major Factors Inventory (Big Five) and demographic issues. From the correlations, followed by multiple hierarchical regressions, it was found that age and sex were important to explain some strengths. Controlling the effect of these demographic variables, it was observed that the kindness, conscientiousness, extroversion and openness to experience personality traits directly explained these strengths, unlike the neuroticism trait, which did it inversely. Backed by the empirical evidence, it can be concluded that character strengths can be explained by personality traits and demographic variables (sex and age), collaborating with the expansion of knowledge in the area and understanding the positive aspects of the human being.

Objetivou-se verificar em que medida os traços de personalidade explicam as forças de caráter, controlando o efeito da idade e do sexo. Participaram 251 pessoas residentes no nordeste brasileiro (Midade = 18,51, DP = 9,03), 66,9% mulheres, respondendo um livreto contendo a Escala de Forças de Caráter, Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e questões demográficas. A partir de correlações, seguidas de regressões múltiplas hierárquicas, verificou-se que idade e sexo foram importantes para explicar algumas forças. Controlando o efeito dessas variáveis demográficas, observou-se que os traços de personalidade amabilidade, conscienciosidade, extroversão e abertura à experiencia explicaram diretamente as forças, ao contrário do traço neuroticismo, que o fez de maneira inversa. Respaldados pelas evidências empíricas, conclui-se que as forças de caráter podem ser explicadas pelos traços de personalidade e variáveis demográficas (sexo e idade), colaborando com a expansão do conhecimento na área e no entendimento dos aspectos positivos do ser humano.

The relationship between military loyalty and both character strengths and psychological resilience / 解放军医学杂志

Objective: To explore the correlation between military loyalty and both character strengths and psychological resilience, and understand the influence of personality factor on military loyalty. Methods: The correlation between military loyalty, character strengths and psychological resilience can be found by correlation analysis. Hierarchical regression analysis explored the influence of demographic and personality factors on military loyalty. Analysis of mediating effect was conducted for finding the role that psychological resilience plays in character strengths mediating the military loyalty. Results: A total of 476 valid questionnaires were retrieved. Military personnel showed a significant positive correlation of character strengths and psychological resilience with loyalty (P=0.000); character strengths and psychological resilience had significant positive predictive effects on the loyalty of military personnel, of which character strengths had a positive predictive rate (β=0.42, P=0.000) for the loyalty of military personnel and explained 15.6% of the total variation in loyalty. The positive prediction rate (β=0.38, P=0.000) of military psychological resilience for loyalty explained 13.0% of the total variation of loyalty; psychological resilience not only has a significant positive predictive effect on the loyalty of military personnel, but also plays a partial mediating effect of character strengths on the loyalty of military personnel, with the mediating effect accounting for 29.3% of the total effect. Conclusion: Character strengths and psychological resilience can effectively and positively predict the loyalty of military personnel, while psychological resilience partially regulates the improvement of the loyalty of military personnel.

Progress of bedside ultrasound in cardiac arrest / 医学研究生学报

Cardiac arrest is the most critical condition for patients. Early identification of the cause of cardiac arrest and timely intervention on different causes are the key to treatment. Bedside ultrasound can simply, quickly, and effectively assess the cause of cardiac arrest, select the appropriate tracheal tube for the patient, confirm the position of the endotracheal tube, confirm the position of the endotracheal tube, and effectively evaluate the effect of mechanical ventilation and organ resuscitation after interventions. This article reviews bedside ultrasound in identifying the reversible causes of cardiac arrest, airway management, and evaluating organ function after resuscitation.