Feedback of biochemical indexes of blood sugar control by swimming exercise / Feedback dos índices bioquímicos de controle de açúcar no sangue por exercícios de natação / Feedback de los índices bioquímicos del control del azúcar en sangre mediante el ejercicio de natación

ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the metabolic characteristics of ultra-long-distance swimming and the characteristics of energy utilization and absorption during exercise, we have formulated a nutritional supplement plan for crossing to study the influence of swimming sports on blood sugar and give biochemical feedback indicators. Objective: To lay a foundation for studying the nutrition supplement rules during long-term exercise by taking the athletes' blood after training to determine the changes in blood sugar, adjusting and determining the nutritional supplement plan during training. Methods: We monitor athletes' physical function changes and biochemical indicators during training and study the changes of these biochemical indicators and athletes' physical functions after long-term swimming exercises to scientifically arrange the exercise intensity and load during the training period. Results: The urine indexes after exercise did not change much, reflecting the exercise load's low intensity. The changes in blood lactic acid and blood urea indexes after exercise also confirmed this. During the training period, the athletes' hemoglobin and red blood cell parameters are in the ideal range, indicating that the athlete's physical function is in good condition. During the training period, the training load intensity and load are reasonable according to ultra-long-distance swimming's energy supply characteristics. After training, the changes in blood glucose indicators reflect that the nutritional supplement program we formulated for athletes is reasonable and feasible. Conclusions: By monitoring the blood sugar and biochemical indicators of swimmers, it can help athletes to arrange exercise intensity scientifically and load during the training period, to better carry out open water competitions in China, and to arrange training and scientific nutrition during the training period scientifically. Lay the foundation for the establishment of nutrition supplement theory and training theory for super long-time sports. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción: De acuerdo con las características metabólicas de la natación de ultra larga distancia y las características de utilización y absorción de energía durante el ejercicio, hemos formulado un plan de complementos nutricionales para estudiar la influencia de los deportes de natación en el azúcar en sangre y dar indicadores de retroalimentación bioquímica. Objetivo: Sentar las bases para el estudio de las reglas de los suplementos nutricionales durante el ejercicio a largo plazo mediante la extracción de sangre de los atletas después del entrenamiento para determinar los cambios en el azúcar en sangre, ajustando y determinando el plan de suplementos nutricionales durante el entrenamiento. Métodos: monitoreamos los cambios en la función física de los atletas y los indicadores bioquímicos durante el entrenamiento y estudiamos los cambios de estos indicadores bioquímicos y las funciones físicas de los atletas después de ejercicios de natación de larga distancia para organizar científicamente la intensidad y la carga del ejercicio durante el período de entrenamiento. Resultados: Los índices de orina después del ejercicio no cambiaron mucho, lo que refleja la baja intensidad de la carga de ejercicio. Los cambios en los índices de ácido láctico y urea en sangre después del ejercicio también lo confirmaron. Durante el período de entrenamiento, los parámetros de hemoglobina y glóbulos rojos de los atletas están en el rango ideal, lo que indica que la función física del atleta está en buenas condiciones. Durante el período de entrenamiento, la intensidad de la carga de entrenamiento y la carga son razonables de acuerdo con las características de suministro de energía de la natación de ultra larga distancia. Después del entrenamiento, los cambios en los indicadores de glucosa en sangre reflejan que el programa de suplementos nutricionales que formulamos para los atletas es razonable y factible. Conclusiones: monitorear los indicadores bioquímicos y de azúcar en sangre de los nadadores, puede ayudar a los atletas a organizar científicamente la intensidad del ejercicio y la carga durante el período de entrenamiento, a realizar mejor las competiciones en aguas abiertas en China y a organizar el entrenamiento y la nutrición científica durante el período de entrenamiento. Sentar las bases para el establecimiento de la teoría de los suplementos nutricionales y la teoría del entrenamiento para deportes de larga duración. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: De acordo com as características metabólicas da natação de ultra longa distância e as características de utilização e absorção de energia durante o exercício, formulamos um plano de suplemento nutricional para estudar a influência dos esportes de natação no açúcar no sangue e fornecer indicadores de feedback bioquímico. Objetivo: Estabelecer as bases para o estudo das regras de suplementos nutricionais durante exercícios de longa duração, retirando sangue de atletas após o treinamento para determinar as mudanças na glicemia, ajustando e determinando o plano de suplementação nutricional durante o treinamento. Métodos: monitoramos as mudanças na função física e nos indicadores bioquímicos dos atletas durante o treinamento e estudamos as mudanças nesses indicadores bioquímicos e nas funções físicas dos atletas após exercícios de natação de longa distância para organizar cientificamente a intensidade e a carga do exercício durante o período de treinamento. Resultados: As taxas de urina após o exercício não mudaram muito, refletindo a baixa intensidade da carga de exercício. Alterações nos índices de uréia e ácido láctico no sangue após o exercício também confirmaram isso. Durante o período de treinamento, os parâmetros de hemoglobina e hemácias dos atletas estão na faixa ideal, indicando que a função física do atleta está em boas condições. Durante o período de treinamento, a intensidade da carga de treinamento e a carga são razoáveis de acordo com as características da fonte de alimentação da natação de ultra longa distância. Após o treinamento, as mudanças nos indicadores de glicose no sangue refletem que o programa de suplementos nutricionais que formulamos para atletas é razoável e viável. Conclusões: monitorar os indicadores bioquímicos e de açúcar no sangue de nadadores pode ajudar os atletas a organizar cientificamente a intensidade e carga do exercício durante o período de treinamento, conduzir melhor competições em águas abertas na China e organizar treinamento e nutrição científica durante o período de treinamento. Estabelecendo as bases para o estabelecimento da teoria dos suplementos nutricionais e da teoria do treinamento para esportes de longa duração. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos: investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Progress in the research of negative feedback effect of thyroglobulin / 南方医科大学学报

Thyroglobulin is the most important and abundant protein in thyroid follicles and has been widely studied as a tumor marker of thyroid cancer recurrence and persistence. Tg is considered the material basis of thyroid hormone synthesis and does not participate in the regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. This review summarizes the recent progress in the research of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion regulation via a negative feedback regulation mechanism by the thyroid-hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Thyroglobulin can negatively regulate the synthesis of thyroid hormone by thyroid follicular cells and antagonize the positive regulation of thyrotropin TSH. The function of thyroid follicular cells is presumably a result of Tg and TSH interaction, and a follicular cycle model is proposed to explain the causes of follicular heterogeneity in glands. We also discuss the prospects and clinical significance of studies into the negative feedback regulation mechanism of the thyroid-hypothalamus-pituitary axis and compare two theories for this mechanism.

Effects of plantar foot sensitivity manipulation on postural control of young adult and elderly / Efeitos da manipulação da sensibilidade plantar sobre o controle da postura ereta em adultos jovens e idosos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Subjects with sensorial losses present balance deficits. Although such condition is often observed among elderly, there is discussion concerning the dependence on sensorial information for body sway control in the elderly without sensorial losses. Purpose: We investigated the effects of foot sensitivity manipulation on postural control during upright standing in young adults and independent elderly (n = 19/group). Methods: Plantar sensitivity was evaluated by esthesiometry, and speed of center of pressure shift data during upright posture were evaluated for each foot using a baropodometer while the subjects were standing with eyes open or closed. The young adult group was evaluated for center of pressure in normal conditions and after plantar sensitivity disturbance, by immersing their feet in water and ice. Results: Young adults did not show alterations in their center of pressure after sensorial perturbation and presented, even under sensorial perturbation, better postural control than elderly subjects. The elderly showed lower foot sensitivity and greater center of pressure oscillation than young adults. Conclusion: Elderly subjects seem to rely more on foot sensitivity for control of body sway than young adults. In the elderly, a clinical intervention to improve foot sensitivity may help in upright posture maintenance.

RESUMO Introdução: Pessoas com perdas sensoriais apresentam déficits de equilíbrio. Embora esse quadro seja comum em idosos, ainda se discute o quanto idosos sem doenças que afetam as vias sensoriais dependem dessa informação para controlar oscilações corporais durante o controle da postura. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da perturbação da sensibilidade plantar sobre o controle da postura ereta em adultos jovens e idosos independentes (n = 19/grupo). Métodos: A sensibilidade plantar foi avaliada com estesiômetro e dados de velocidade e deslocamento do centro de pressão durante a postura de pé foram avaliados para cada pé com um baropodômetro, em condições de olhos abertos e fechados. O grupo de adultos jovens foi avaliado quanto ao centro de pressão nas condições normal e pós-perturbação da sensibilidade plantar, pela imersão dos pés em água e gelo. Resultados: Adultos não apresentaram alterações no centro de pressão em resposta à perturbação sensorial e tiveram, mesmo na condição de perturbação sensorial, melhor controle postural do que idosos. Idosos apresentaram menor sensibilidade plantar e maior oscilação do centro de pressão do que os adultos jovens. Conclusão: Idosos pareceram depender mais da sensibilidade plantar para manter o controle postural do que adultos jovens. Em idosos, intervenções clínicas que melhorem a sensibilidade plantar podem auxiliar na tarefa de manter a postura de pé.

Role of inhibition of osteogenesis function by Sema4D/Plexin-B1 signaling pathway in skeletal fluorosis in vitro / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Skeletal fluorosis is a chronically metabolic bone disease with extensive hyperostosis osteosclerosis caused by long time exposure to fluoride. Skeletal fluorosis brings about a series of abnormal changes of the extremity, such as joint pain, joint stiffness, bone deformity, etc. Differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts were regulated by osteoclasts via Sema4D/Plexin-B1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts are conducted by osteoblasts via RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway. Both of these processes form a feedback circuit which is a key link in skeletal fluorosis. In this study, an osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture model in vitro was developed to illustrate the mechanism of skeletal fluorosis. With the increase of fluoride concentration, the expression level of Sema4D was decreased and TGF-β1 was increased continuously. OPG/RANKL mRNA level, however, increased gradually. On the basis of that, the inhibition of Sema4D/Plexin-B1/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway caused by fluoride promoted the level of TGF-β1 and activated the proliferation of osteoblasts. In addition, osteroprotegerin (OPG) secreted by osteoblasts was up-regulated by fluoride. The competitive combination of OPG and RANKL was strengthened and the combination of RANKL and RANK was hindered. And then the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts were inhibited, and bone absorption was weakened, leading to skeletal fluorosis.

Increased L-arginine Production by Site-directed Mutagenesis of N-acetyl-L-glutamate Kinase and proB Gene Deletion in Corynebacterium crenatum / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In Corynebacterium crenatum, the adjacent D311 and D312 of N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase (NAGK), as a key rate-limiting enzyme of L-arginine biosynthesis under substrate regulatory control by arginine, were initially replaced with two arginine residues to investigate the L-arginine feedback inhibition for NAGK.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>NAGK enzyme expression was evaluated using a plasmid-based method. Homologous recombination was employed to eliminate the proB.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The IC50 and enzyme activity of NAGK M4, in which the D311R and D312R amino acid substitutions were combined with the previously reported E19R and H26E substitutions, were 3.7-fold and 14.6% higher, respectively, than those of the wild-type NAGK. NAGK M4 was successfully introduced into the C. crenatum MT genome without any genetic markers; the L-arginine yield of C. crenatum MT-M4 was 26.2% higher than that of C. crenatum MT. To further improve upon the L-arginine yield, we constructed the mutant C. crenatum MT-M4 proB. The optimum concentration of L-proline was also investigated in order to determine its contribution to L-arginine yield. After L-proline was added to the medium at 10 mmol/L, the L-arginine yield reached 16.5 g/L after 108 h of shake-flask fermentation, approximately 70.1% higher than the yield attained using C. crenatum MT.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Feedback inhibition of L-arginine on NAGK in C. crenatum is clearly alleviated by the M4 mutation of NAGK, and deletion of the proB in C. crenatum from MT to M4 results in a significant increase in arginine production.</p>

Kisspeptin signalling and its roles in humans

Kisspeptins are a group of peptide fragments encoded by the KISS1 gene in humans. They bind to kisspeptin receptors with equal efficacy. Kisspeptins and their receptors are expressed by neurons in the arcuate and anteroventral periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oestrogen mediates negative feedback of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion via the arcuate nucleus. Conversely, it exerts positive feedback via the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. The sexual dimorphism of these nuclei accounts for the differential behaviour of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis between genders. Kisspeptins are essential for reproductive function. Puberty is regulated by the maturation of kisspeptin neurons and by interactions between kisspeptins and leptin. Hence, kisspeptins have potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Kisspeptin agonists may be used to localise lesions in cases of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction and evaluate the gonadotrophic potential of subfertile individuals. Kisspeptin antagonists may be useful as contraceptives in women, through the prevention of premature luteinisation during in vitro fertilisation, and in the treatment of sex steroid-dependent diseases and metastatic cancers.

Atuação da fisioterapia no tratamento de incontinência urinaria de esforço / Role of physical therapy in the treatment of urinary incontinence of effort

A incontinência urinária de esforço é caracterizada por toda perda involuntária de urina causada por uma força excessiva sobre a musculatura do assoalho pélvico. A fisioterapia urológica tem como objetivo reabilitar essa musculatura através de exercícios do assoalho pélvico, biofeedback, eletroestimulação e cones vaginais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi revisar e apontar a importância da reabilitação fisioterapêutica em paciente com incontinência urinaria de esforço. Este estudo foi realizado com base na revisão literária, obedecendo aos critérios de inclusão. Verificou-se a importância da fisioterapia urológica em pacientes com incontinência urinaria de esforço, pelos métodos utilizados nessa reabilitação, assim proporcionando ao paciente uma melhor opção de tratamento.(AU)

Stress urinary incontinence is characterized by involuntary loss of urine caused by excessive force on the muscles of the pelvic floor. Neurological physiotherapy aims to rehabilitate the musculature through pelvic floor exercises, biofeedback, electrical stimulation and vaginal cones. The objective of this research is to review and point out the importance of Physiotherapeutic Rehabilitation in patients with Stress urinary incontinence. This study was conducted as a literary review, obeying the criteria of inclusion. It was observed the importance of neurological physiotherapy in patients with urinary incontinence of effort, by methods used in rehabilitation, thus giving the patient a better treatment option.(AU)

Transduction motif analysis of gastric cancer based on a human signaling network

To investigate signal regulation models of gastric cancer, databases and literature were used to construct the signaling network in humans. Topological characteristics of the network were analyzed by CytoScape. After marking gastric cancer-related genes extracted from the CancerResource, GeneRIF, and COSMIC databases, the FANMOD software was used for the mining of gastric cancer-related motifs in a network with three vertices. The significant motif difference method was adopted to identify significantly different motifs in the normal and cancer states. Finally, we conducted a series of analyses of the significantly different motifs, including gene ontology, function annotation of genes, and model classification. A human signaling network was constructed, with 1643 nodes and 5089 regulating interactions. The network was configured to have the characteristics of other biological networks. There were 57,942 motifs marked with gastric cancer-related genes out of a total of 69,492 motifs, and 264 motifs were selected as significantly different motifs by calculating the significant motif difference (SMD) scores. Genes in significantly different motifs were mainly enriched in functions associated with cancer genesis, such as regulation of cell death, amino acid phosphorylation of proteins, and intracellular signaling cascades. The top five significantly different motifs were mainly cascade and positive feedback types. Almost all genes in the five motifs were cancer related, including EPOR, MAPK14, BCL2L1, KRT18, PTPN6, CASP3, TGFBR2, AR, and CASP7. The development of cancer might be curbed by inhibiting signal transductions upstream and downstream of the selected motifs.

Early functiona results of biofeedback and itsimpact on quality of life of paatients with anal incontinence / Resultados funcionais imediatos do biofeedback e seu impacto na qualidade de vida de pacientes com incontinencia anal

Context Biofeedback has been used successfully in the treatment of fecal incontinence, working mainly on rehabilitation of the sphincter muscle. However, there are few studies presenting objective results of biofeedback, in terms of functional results and those related to the quality of life. Objectives The aims of this study was to evaluate the immediate results of biofeedback in the treatment of fecal incontinence and its impact on the quality of life of patients by using validated questionnaires, correlating the results with those related to functional parameters of quality of life and clinical variables. Methods We analyzed and compared the results of biofeedback in 52 patients with fecal incontinence before the start of the sessions and immediately after the end of them, by applying validated questionnaires assessing the degree of intensity of fecal incontinence (FISI - Fecal Incontinence Severity Index) and evaluation of quality of life related to fecal incontinence (FIQL - Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale) as compared to clinical variables (age, onset of symptoms, etiology of the fecal incontinence, number of sessions of biofeedback and number and types of deliveries). Results The evaluation of the results of FISI showed a significant increase in the number of individuals who had low severity scores of symptoms before and after the biofeedback (from 48.1 to 65.4%) with P = 0.004. There was significant improvements in domains of the FIQL, behavior (P = 0.008), depression (P = 0.006) and embarrassment (P = 0.008) after biofeedback. There was no significant correlation between the improvement of functional parameters evaluated by FISI and the improvement of quality of life. Positive correlation was found between the improvements of the domains of FIQL. There was no significant correlation between the results obtained using the FISI and FIQL with clinical ...

Contexto O biofeedback vem sendo utilizado com sucesso no tratamento da incontinência anal, atuando, sobretudo, na reeducação da musculatura esfincteriana. Existem, entretanto, poucos estudos que apresentam resultados objetivos, do ponto de vista funcional e relacionado à qualidade de vida, da aplicação do biofeedback em portadores de incontinência anal. Objetivos Avaliar os resultados imediatos do biofeedback no tratamento da incontinência anal e seu impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes por meio da utilização de questionários validados, correlacionan-do os resultados funcionais com aqueles relacionados aos parâmetros de qualidade de vida e com variáveis clínicas. Métodos Foram analisados e comparados os resultados do biofeedback em 52 pacientes com incontinência anal, antes do início das sessões e logo após o término das mesmas, por meio da aplicação de questionários validados de avaliação do grau de intensidade da incontinência fecal (FISI – Fecal Incontinence Severity Index) e de avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à incontinência fecal (FIQL – Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale), assim como em relação às variáveis clínicas (idade, tempo de evolução dos sintomas, causa da, número de sessões de biofeedback e número e tipos de partos). Resultados A avaliação dos resultados da aplicação do FISI demonstrou aumento significativo do número de indivíduos que apresentavam baixos escores de gravidade de sintomas antes e após a realização do biofeedback (de 48,1% para 65,4%) com P = 0,004. Houve significativa melhora dos domínios do FIQL, comportamento (P = 0,008), depressão (P = 0,006) e ...

Cuando la constipación no responde a fibra: ¿qué más hacer? / When constipation does not respond to dietary fiber: what else can we do?

Constipation should be defined by symptoms, and is refractory to fiber in about 40 percent of the cases. About 50 percent of these cases caused by a defecatory disorder, usually dyssynergic defecation, which is defined as inadequate relaxation of the pelvic floor during straining. In this cases, biofeedback therapy produces an adequate relief in about 80 percent. It is suggested that ano-rectal manometry with balloon expulsion test should be the first approach in cases of fiber-refractory constipation. In cases of normal ano-rectal test, an evaluation of colonic transit time is suggested. In cases of slow transit constipation, treatment responses are much lower. Osmotic laxatives, especially polyethilenglicol, are recommended in all types of constipation. There are new laxatives, like lubiprostone and linaclotide, and new prokinetics, like prucalopride, that are already available in different countries, that show a reasonable good response profile.

La constipación debe ser definida por síntomas, y es refractaria al uso de fibra en alrededor de 4 por ciento de los casos. En alrededor de 50 por ciento existe un defecto expulsivo, casi siempre defecación disinérgica, la que es definida por una relajación inadecuada del piso pelviano al momento de pujar. Se recomienda un estudio de manometría ano-rectal con test de expulsión del balón como primera opción en estos casos. En los casos de disinergia, la terapia con biofeedback tiene una eficacia del alrededor de 80 por ciento, beneficio que se mantiene a largo plazo. En casos de manometría ano-rectal normal, se sugiere evaluar un tiempo de transito colónico, pues la respuesta de los casos con tránsito lento es bastante menor. En todos los casos de constipación se recomienda el uso de laxantes osmóticos tipo polietilenglicol. Existen nuevos laxantes, como lubiprostona y linaclotide, y nuevos procinéticos como prucalopride, que ya están disponibles en diversos países del mundo, que tienen una eficacia razonable en estos casos.

Acetyl salicylic acid inhibits Th17 airway inflammation via blockade of IL-6 and IL-17 positive feedback

T-helper (Th)17 cell responses are important for the development of neutrophilic inflammatory disease. Recently, we found that acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) inhibited Th17 airway inflammation in an asthma mouse model induced by sensitization with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-containing allergens. To investigate the mechanism(s) of the inhibitory effect of ASA on the development of Th17 airway inflammation, a neutrophilic asthma mouse model was generated by intranasal sensitization with LPS plus ovalbumin (OVA) and then challenged with OVA alone. Immunologic parameters and airway inflammation were evaluated 6 and 48 h after the last OVA challenge. ASA inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-17 from lung T cells as well as in vitro Th17 polarization induced by IL-6. Additionally, ASA, but not salicylic acid, suppressed Th17 airway inflammation, which was associated with decreased expression of acetyl-STAT3 (downstream signaling of IL-6) in the lung. Moreover, the production of IL-6 from inflammatory cells, induced by IL-17, was abolished by treatment with ASA, whereas that induced by LPS was not. Altogether, ASA, likely via its acetyl moiety, inhibits Th17 airway inflammation by blockade of IL-6 and IL-17 positive feedback.

A quantitative investigation of E2F1-regulated cell cycle compensation mechanism / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the core mechanism of cell cycle compensation using a mathematical model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A set of ordinary differential equations were used to describe the interactions between the core cell cycle molecules. Continuous and cyclic changes of the concentrations of these molecules were computed to capture the discrete events of molecular interactions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The calculated molecule concentrations and captured signaling events agreed with the experimental results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>E2F transcription factor 1 is the pivotal element linking the positive and negative feedbacks and regulating G1/S and G2/M phase compensation.</p>

Membrane-bound cytokine and feedforward regulation / 中国实验血液学杂志

Feedback and feedforward widely exist in life system, both of them are the basic processes of control system. While the concept of feedback has been widely used in life science, feedforward regulation was systematically studied in neurophysiology, awaiting further evidence and mechanism in molecular biology and cell biology. The authors put forward a hypothesis about the feedforward regulation of membrane bound macrophage colony stimulation factor (mM-CSF) on the basis of their previous work. This hypothesis might provide a new direction for the study on the biological effects of mM-CSF on leukemia and solid tumors, and contribute to the study on other membrane bound cytokines.

Self-controlled feedback enhances learning in adults with Down syndrome / Feedback autocontrolado melhora a aprendizagem em adultos com síndrome de Down

BACKGROUND: One factor that has consistently been shown to enhance learning in typical participants is self-controlled practice. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the learning benefits of self-controlled feedback found previously in non-disabled adults would also be found in adults with Down syndrome. METHODS: Participants with Down syndrome practiced a linear positioning task. In the self-control group, learners were provided with feedback about the movement outcome at their request. Each participant in the yoked group received the same feedback schedule as their counterpart in the self-control group. RESULTS: Learning was assessed by a retention test, consisting of 10 trials without feedback, one day later. The self-control group demonstrated more effective learning of the task than the yoked group. CONCLUSION: Self-controlled feedback enhanced motor learning in participants with Down syndrome.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Uma variável que consistentemente tem mostrado melhorar a aprendizagem em sujeitos típicos é a prática autocontrolada. OBJETIVOS: Examinar se os benefícios do feedback autocontrolado para a aprendizagem, encontrados previamente em adultos típicos, também serão encontrados em adultos que apresentam a Síndrome de Down. MÉTODOS: Participantes com a Síndrome de Down praticaram uma tarefa de posicionamento linear. Os aprendizes do grupo autocontrolado receberam feedback sobre o resultado do movimento, quando solicitado. Já os participantes do grupo pareado receberam o mesmo arranjo de feedback dos sujeitos do grupo autocontrolado. RESULTADOS: A aprendizagem foi avaliada por meio de um teste de retenção, o qual consistiu em dez tentativas sem feedback, um dia depois da fase de prática. O grupo autocontrolado demonstrou aprendizagem mais efetiva da tarefa do que o grupo pareado. CONCLUSÃO: Feedback autocontrolado melhora a aprendizagem motora em sujeitos com a Síndrome de Down.

Neural regulation of the stress response: glucocorticoid feedback mechanisms

The mammalian stress response is an integrated physiological and psychological reaction to real or perceived adversity. Glucocorticoids are an important component of this response, acting to redistribute energy resources to both optimize survival in the face of challenge and to restore homeostasis after the immediate challenge has subsided. Release of glucocorticoids is mediated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, driven by a neural signal originating in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Stress levels of glucocorticoids bind to glucocorticoid receptors in multiple body compartments, including the brain, and consequently have wide-reaching actions. For this reason, glucocorticoids serve a vital function in negative feedback inhibition of their own secretion. Negative feedback inhibition is mediated by a diverse collection of mechanisms, including fast, non-genomic feedback at the level of the PVN, stress-shut-off at the level of the limbic system, and attenuation of ascending excitatory input through destabilization of mRNAs encoding neuropeptide drivers of the HPA axis. In addition, there is evidence that glucocorticoids participate in stress activation via feed-forward mechanisms at the level of the amygdala. Feedback deficits are associated with numerous disease states, underscoring the necessity for adequate control of glucocorticoid homeostasis. Thus, rather than having a single, defined feedback ‘switch’, control of the stress response requires a wide-reaching feedback ‘network’ that coordinates HPA activity to suit the overall needs of multiple body systems.

Computer simulation study on physiological feedback parameters during chest compression / 生物医学工程学杂志

To have a thorough understanding of the CPR quality based on patients' various physiological states, the doctors must do something to simulate the chest compression physiological feedback parameters (CCPFP). The CCPFP simulation plays an important role in raising efficiency of CPR training and improving chest compression quality. In this study, the CCPFP, including cardiac output (CO), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), partial pressure of End-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) and mean arterial relaxation pressure (MARP), was simulated using Charles F. Babbs' Model. Simulation results showed that the effect of compression depth upon CCPFP was important in the range of 2-6 cm, whereas compression rate had little effect on the CCPFP higher than 100/min; the thoracic factor is inversely proportional to the CCPFP with fixed compression depth and compression rate. The CCPFP simulation can be implemented at the various physiological statuses, and verified well with the animal experimental results and the clinical results.

Multifaceted functions of Siva-1: more than an Indian God of Destruction

Siva-1, as a p53-inducible gene, has been shown to induce extensive apoptosis in a number of different cell lines. Recent evidence suggests that Siva-1 functions as a part of the auto-regulatory feedback loop that restrains p53 through facilitating Mdm2-mediated p53 degradation. Also, Siva-1 plays an important role in suppressing tumor metastasis. Here we review the current understanding of Siva-1-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway. We also add comments on the p53-Siva-1 feedback loop, the novel function of Siva-1 in suppressing tumor metastasis, and their potential implications.

Biofeedback and the electromyographic activity of pelvic floor muscles in pregnant women / Biofeedback na atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos do assoalho pélvico em gestantes

BACKGROUND: Maintaining continence is among the functions of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) and their dysfunction can cause urinary incontinence (UI), which is a common occurrence during pregnancy and the puerperal period. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), therefore, is important during pregnancy, although most women perform the muscle contractions unsatisfactorily. OBJECTIVES: This study is an exploratory analysis of the results of three electromyographic (EMG) activity biofeedback sessions in pregnant women. METHODS: The study sample included 19 nulliparous women with low risk pregnancies. The participants performed three sessions of EMG biofeedback consisting of slow and fast contractions. The average value of the normalized amplitudes of surface electromyography was used to evaluate the results. The linear regression model with mixed effects was used for statistical analysis, with the EMG data normalized by maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). RESULTS: A steady increase in EMG amplitude was observed during each contraction and by the end of the biofeedback sessions, although this difference was only significant when comparing the first tonic contraction of each session (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that three sessions of training with biofeedback improved PFM EMG activity during the second trimester in women with low-risk pregnancies. The effectiveness of this protocol should be further investigated in randomized controlled trials.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Dentre as funções dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAPs), pode-se citar a manutenção da continência, sendo que sua disfunção pode causar a incontinência urinária (IU), muito frequente no período gestacional e no puerpério. Diante disso, se faz importante o treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (TMAP) durante o período gestacional, entretanto grande parte das mulheres realiza a contração dessa musculatura de maneira insatisfatória. OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma análise exploratória dos resultados de três sessões de biofeedback na atividade eletromiográfica em mulheres gestantes. MÉTODOS: Este estudo incluiu 19 gestantes nulíparas com gravidez de baixo risco. Foram realizadas três sessões de biofeedback eletromiográfico compostas por contrações lentas e rápidas, utilizando-se como método de avaliação dos resultados as médias das amplitudes normalizadas da eletromiografia (EMG) de superfície. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear com efeitos mistos, sendo que os dados da EMG foram normalizados pela contração voluntária máxima (CVM). RESULTADOS: Após as sessões de biofeedback, constatou-se um aumento crescente na amplitude eletromiográfica a cada contração realizada e a cada sessão, entretanto essa diferença só foi estatisticamente significante para a comparação entre a primeira contração tônica de cada sessão (p=0.03). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos indicam que três sessões de treinamento com biofeedback melhoraram a atividade eletromiográfica dos MAPs em gestantes de baixo risco no segundo trimestre. A efetividade do protocolo necessita ser futuramente investigada em estudo randomizado controlado.

Delaying vascular aging with Chinese medicine: implications from an overview of the p53 and miR-34s family / 中国结合医学杂志

p53 is an important target for studying vascular aging. However, as people gradually learned more about the miR-34s and the relationship between miR-34s and p53, new research idea emerged. This paper tries to elaborate the feature of p53, microRNA and miR-34s in-depth, analyze the regulatory action of miR-34s on p53, and offer some new prevention and treatment prospects about vascular aging in Chinese medicine.