Screening and Identification of Endophytic Fungi in Scutellariae Radix Transformed Baicalin to Baicalein and Oroxylin A / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: In order to explore natural active ingredients of Scutellariae Radix and alleviate the pressure of traditional medicinal resources,this research aimmed to screen endophytic fungus strains from Scutellariae Radix which could transform baicalin into some active ingredients.Method: Taking fresh plants of Scutellariae Radix as strain resource,endophytic fungus strains were isolated by potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate separation,Scutellariae Radix powder selective culture and HPLC detection.Result: An endophytic fungus strain R3 was isolated and it can transform baicalin to baicalein and oroxylin A simultaneously in potato dextrose broth (PDB) contained 0.1% baicalin and the conversion rate reached 61.09% in 5 d cultured at 28℃ and 150 r·min-1,molar ratio of baicalein and oroxylin A was 3:5.With the method of morphological analysis,microscopic identification and 18SrDNA sequence analysis,the bacterium was identified as Penicillium sp.R3. Conclusion: Penicillium sp.R3 can transform baicalin to baicalein and oroxylin A with certain research value and application value.

A new glycosyl ester isolated from marine-derived Penicillium sp / 中草药

Objective: To isolate and identify the active natural products of marine-derived Penicillium sp. H1. Methods: The isolations and purifications of secondary metabolites were performed by means of column chromatography over silica gel. And their structures were elucidated through the spectroscopic analysis of MS, NMR, and specific rotations. The bioactivities were assayed by paper diffusion. Results: From the fermentation broth of marine-derived Penicillium sp. H1, five compounds were isolated and identified as xylarinonericin E (1), fumitremorgin C (2), verruculogen (3), penicillide (4), and pyripyropene A (5), respectively. Compound 1 showed moderate antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense with MIC value of 32.0 μmol/mL. Compound 2 displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 64.0 μg/mL. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit moderate antimicrobial activities.

Essential oils of Tahiti lemon and cinnamon bark in control of storage fungi and the physiological and sanitary quality of beans / Óleos essenciais de limão Taiti e canela em casca no controle de fungos de armazenamento e na qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de feijão

With the objective to evaluate the efficiency of essential oils of Citrus latifolia (Tahiti lemon) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon bark) in the control of plant pathogens Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and the quality of the bean seeds, two experiments were conducted. In the first one, the effect of essential oils of C. latifolia and C. zeylanicum was evaluated in vitro development of the fungi Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and, in the second one, the influence of essential oils on the physiological and sanitary quality of bean seeds. The variables mycelial growth, conidial germination and sporulation of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were measured in the first experiment, while the seed germination test, first count of germination, germination speed index (GSI) and sanity test of bean seeds were measured in the second. The essential oil (EO) of C. zeylanicum was more efficient than C. latifolia in the control of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., but decreased the physiological quality of the beans seeds. The fungal diversity identified in the seed health test was composed by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium and Rhizopus. The results indicate the potential of the use of these EOs in the seeds treatment.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos óleos essenciais de Citrus latifolia (limão taiti) e Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela em casca) no controle dos fitopatógenos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e na qualidade das sementes de feijão, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito dos óleos essenciais de C. latifolia e C. zeylanicum no desenvolvimento in vitro dos fungos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e, no segundo, a influência dos óleos essenciais sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de feijão. As variáveis crescimento micelial, germinação de conídios e esporulação de Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. foram aferidas no primeiro experimento, enquanto o teste de germinação de sementes, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e teste de sanidade de sementes de feijão foram aferidas no segundo. O óleo essencial (OE) de C. zeylanicum foi mais eficiente que C. latifolia no controle dos fungos Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp., mas diminuiu a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão. A diversidade fúngica identificada no teste de sanidade de sementes foi composta por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium e Rhizopus. Os resultados indicam o potencial do uso desses óleos essenciais no tratamento de sementes.(AU)

Influence of physiological and health quality on the vigor of cucumber seeds / Influência da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária no vigor de sementes de pepino

The physiological performance of seeds is related to their physiological quality and seed vigor, while their health quality may interfere with germination and early seedling establishment in the field due to the interaction of microorganisms associated with seeds. The study aimed to evaluate the physiological performance and health quality of cucumber seeds and to verify the relationship between these attributes. The physiological quality of cucumber seeds was evaluated by standard germination tests, first count of germination, controlled deterioration test, electrical conductivity test, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, and traditional accelerated aging and aging modified with saline for 48, 72, and 96 h. The health quality of cucumber seed lots was evaluated by blotter test. Stratification of cucumber seed lots by seedling emergence was similar to seedling emergence by controlled deterioration test, first count of germination, and electrical conductivity results. The cucumber seed lots evaluated showed high germination rates; however, lots 1 and 3 had a better performance in vigor tests than lots 2 and 4. Fungi detected in the blotter test were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. Seed lots 2 and 4 had low vigor evaluated by seedling emergence and controlled deterioration, and showed a higher incidence of Penicillium sp. in the evaluation of health quality of seeds. The incidence of Penicillium sp. may negatively affect the vigor of cucumber seeds evaluated by seedling emergence and by controlled deterioration test.(AU)

O desempenho fisiológico de sementes diz respeito à sua qualidade fisiológica e vigor, enquanto a qualidade sanitária pode interferir na germinação e estabelecimento inicial de plântulas no campo devido à interação dos micro-organismos associados às sementes. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho fisiológico e a qualidade sanitária de sementes de pepino e verificar a relação entre esses atributos. A qualidade fisiológica de sementes de pepino foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, deterioração controlada, condutividade elétrica, emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência e envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e modificado com solução salina por 48, 72 e 96 horas. A qualidade sanitária das sementes foi avaliada pelo método do papel-filtro. A estratificação de lotes de sementes de pepino ocorreu de maneira similar à emergência de plântulas pelos testes de deterioração controlada, primeira contagem da germinação e condutividade elétrica. Os lotes de sementes de pepino avaliados apresentaram alto percentual de germinação; no entanto, os lotes 1 e 3 apresentaram melhor desempenho nos testes de vigor que os lotes 2 e 4. Os fungos detectados no teste do papel-filtro foram Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp. e Penicillium sp. Os lotes 2 e 4 de menor vigor avaliados pelos testes de emergência de plântulas e de deterioração controlada foram os mesmos que apresentaram maior incidência de Penicillium sp. na avaliação da qualidade sanitária das sementes. A incidência de Penicillium sp. pode influenciar negativamente o vigor de sementes de pepino avaliado pela emergência de plântulas pelo teste de deterioração controlada.(AU)

Deterioration and Microbiological Evaluation of Information Bearing Paper in a Nigerian University

Using a completely randomized block design and Redeemer’s University as a case study, air samples at the University library, clinic and registry were evaluated for microorganisms that are capable of causing paper deterioration and the physical environments were assessed for ability to predispose paper to bio-deterioration. Using the sterile swab stick, microbial samples were collected from randomly selected books and documents exhibiting signs of deterioration such as brown discolouration (foxing) and, specific codes were assigned for tracking purposes. Air monitoring was done by using the open plate method. Distinct microbial isolates were sub-cultured on agar and subsequently identified using cultural, cell morphological and biochemical tests. Results showed that printed materials were stored at sub-optimal environment required for prevention of paper deterioration at all locations. Moreover, similar microorganisms found dominating the air in sampled locations were found on the foxing spots on deteriorating printed materials. The bacterial organisms recovered from the samples were Lactobacillus casei and Staphylococcus aureus while the fungal organisms were Aspergillus niger, A flavus, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp. and Alternaria sp. Furthermore, Aspergillus flavus was the highest occurring fungal organism isolated, followed by Alternaria sp., Rhizopus and Penicillium sp in descending order of occurrence. The highest colony count 1.7×10-5 cfu/cm2 for bacteria was found in books sampled from the library, while the lowest bacterial colony counts (0.2×10-5) were found in printed materials sampled from the clinic and the registry. The higher human activity such as improper book handling and discharge of aerosol by library users perhaps accounts for the highest occurrence of bio-deterioration organisms found at this location. These results underscore the importance of moderating human activities to limit bio-deterioration of printed materials. Other methods of protecting against bio-deterioration of printed materials such as providing suitable ambience in terms of optimum temperature, lighting and relative humidity for storage of printed items are recommended.

Antimicrobial activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition by extracts from chromatin modulated fungi

ABSTRACT Major health challenges as the increasing number of cases of infections by antibiotic multiresistant microorganisms and cases of Alzheimer's disease have led to searching new control drugs. The present study aims to verify a new way of obtaining bioactive extracts from filamentous fungi with potential antimicrobial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, using epigenetic modulation to promote the expression of genes commonly silenced. For such finality, five filamentous fungal species (Talaromyces funiculosus, Talaromyces islandicus, Talaromyces minioluteus, Talaromyces pinophilus, Penicillium janthinellum) were grown or not with DNA methyltransferases inhibitors (procainamide or hydralazine) and/or a histone deacetylase inhibitor (suberohydroxamic acid). Extracts from T. islandicus cultured or not with hydralazine inhibited Listeria monocytogenes growth in 57.66 ± 5.98% and 15.38 ± 1.99%, respectively. Increment in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was observed for the extract from P. janthinellum grown with procainamide (100%), when compared to the control extract (39.62 ± 3.76%). Similarly, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity increased from 20.91 ± 3.90% (control) to 92.20 ± 3.72% when the tested extract was obtained from T. pinophilus under a combination of suberohydroxamic acid and procainamide. Concluding, increases in antimicrobial activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were observed when fungal extracts in the presence of DNA methyltransferases and/or histone deacetylase modulators were tested.

Bioremediation of diesel/biodiesel contaminated sandy soil inmicrocosm: evaluation of fungal bioaugmentation and naturalattenuation / Biorremediação de solo arenoso contaminado por diesel/biodiesel em microcosmo:avaliação de bioenriquecimento fúngico e atenuação natural

Biodiesel is a clean renewable fuel used as alternative energy source to diesel and it is commercialized as a minor component in diesel blends. Similarly to diesel, biodiesel spill is a source of contamination for the ecosystem making necessary to provide effective remediation strategies. Bioremediation is a technology that has been applied with success to clean up hydrocarboncontaminated environments. In this study, fungal bioaugmentation strategy was compared with natural attenuation during bioremediation of a sandy soil contaminated with diesel, biodiesel and blends (B20 and B50). Respirometric assays simulating the contamination of soil were carried out in Bartha flasks used to measure microbial CO2 production. Penicillium sp. AV4 isolated from the wastewater of a biodiesel factory has the ability to degrade the fuels and was used in bioaugmentation. After 111 days, CO2 evolution demonstrated no significant difference in soil microbial activity between fungal augmentation and natural attenuation treatments for all fuels. The lack of influence of Penicillium sp. AV4 can be related to its inability to compete with soil microorganisms and/or increase its metabolic activity. During natural attenuation, B50 showed a higher CO2 production, followed by the B100, B20 and diesel, which is less biodegradable. Therefore, from a biodegradation perspective, biodiesel could be more beneficial than diesel during bioremediation spill.

Biodiesel é um combustível renovável utilizado como fonte energética alternativa ao diesel e é comercializado misturado a esse combustível. Assim como o diesel, derramamentos de biodiesel são fontes de contaminação dos ecossistemas, sendo necessário aplicar estratégias para a remediação. A biorremediação é uma tecnologia que vem sendo aplicada com sucesso para remediar ambientes contaminados com hidrocarbonetos. Neste trabalho, o bioenriquecimento fúngico foi comparado à atenuação natural durante a biorremediação de um solo arenoso contaminado com diesel, biodiesel e misturas (B20 e B50). Ensaios respirométricos foram efetuados, utilizando respirômetros de Bartha para avaliar a produção microbiana de CO2 no solo contaminado. Penicillium sp. AV4, isolado de efluentes de usina de biodiesel, possui a capacidade de degradar os combustíveis e foi usado no bioenriquecimento. Após 111 dias, a evolução de CO2 devido à atividade microbiana no solo não apresentou diferença estatística entre o bioenriquecimento fúngico e a atenuação natural, considerando todos os combustíveis. A ineficácia do fungo pode estar relacionada com sua incapacidade de competir com os microrganismos do solo e/ou expressar sua atividade metabólica degradadora. Durante a atenuação natural, B50 demonstrou maior produção de CO2, seguido por B100, B20 e diesel, o qual é menos biodegradável. Do ponto de vista da biodegradação, o biodiesel pode ser mais facilmente biorremediado do que o diesel.

New Meroterpenoids from a Penicillium sp. Fungus

Two meroterpenoids (1 and 2) along with twelve known compounds (3 – 14) were isolated from the culture broth of a Penicillium sp. fungus collected from Chuja-do, Korea. Based on the results of a combination of spectroscopic analyses, the new compounds, preaustinoids E (1) and F (2), were determined to be epimeric austin-type penta-cyclic lactones.

Antibacterial sorbicillin and diketopiperazines from the endogenous fungus Penicillium sp. GD6 associated Chinese mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza / 中国天然药物

One new sorbicillin derivative, 2-deoxy-sohirnone C (1), one new diketopiperazine alkaloid, 5S-hydroxynorvaline-S-Ile (2), and two naturally occurring diketopiperazines, 3S-hydroxylcyclo(S-Pro-S-Phe) (3) and cyclo(S-Phe-S-Gln) (4), together with three known compounds were isolated from the Chinese mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. GD6. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. The absolute configuration of 3-hydroxyl moiety in 3 was determined by Mosher's method, while the absolute stereochemistry of 2 and 4 was established by comparison with the CD spectra of natural and synthesized diketopiperazines. Compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 80 μg·mL.

Antibacterial sorbicillin and diketopiperazines from the endogenous fungus Penicillium sp. GD6 associated Chinese mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza / 中国天然药物

One new sorbicillin derivative, 2-deoxy-sohirnone C (1), one new diketopiperazine alkaloid, 5S-hydroxynorvaline-S-Ile (2), and two naturally occurring diketopiperazines, 3S-hydroxylcyclo(S-Pro-S-Phe) (3) and cyclo(S-Phe-S-Gln) (4), together with three known compounds were isolated from the Chinese mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. GD6. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. The absolute configuration of 3-hydroxyl moiety in 3 was determined by Mosher's method, while the absolute stereochemistry of 2 and 4 was established by comparison with the CD spectra of natural and synthesized diketopiperazines. Compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 80 μg·mL.

A new diterpene glycoside associated from marine-derived Penicillium sp. H1 / 中草药

Objective To identify the active metabolites of Penicillium sp. H1 isolated from Beibu Gulf of Guangxi. Methods The isolation and purification of compounds were performed by means of column chromatography with silica gel. And their structures were elucidated through the analysis of UV, MS, NMR, and specific rotations. The bioactivities of compounds against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense were assayed by paper diffusion. Results Three diterpenes (1—3) were isolated from the fermentation broth of Penicillium sp. H1. Compound 1 was identified as a new compound and named xylarinonericin D. Compounds 2 and 3 were identified as BE-31405 (2) and sordaricin (3), respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense with MIC values of 32.0 μg/mL and 16.0 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new diterpene glycoside.

Secondary metabolites from marine fungus Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD16 / 中草药

Objective To study the secondary metabolites of the marine fungus Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD16. Methods The metabolites were isolated and purified by silica gel, ODS column, and preparative HPLC methods. The structures of the compounds were identified by MS and NMR spectral data analysis. The DPPH radical scavenging, acetylcholinesterase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of compounds were evaluated by DPPH method, Ellman colorimetric method, and PNPG method, respectively. Results Six compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fermentation broth of the marine fungus Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD16, and they were identified as 2-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzyl)-5-methoxyphenol (1), penicillide (2), bioxanthracene 2 (3), 6-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (4),4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenol (5), and 2-(4-hydroxyphenethyl) acetate (6), respectively. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new compound named penicinol. Compounds 2-6 show DPPH radical scavenging activity and compound 4 exhibits inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 24.4 μmol/L.

Antifungal activity of Gallesia integrifolia fruit essential oil

ABSTRACT Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) is native to Brazil and has a strong alliaceous odor. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and evaluate fungicidal activity against the main food-borne diseases and food spoilage fungi. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by GC-MS. From 35 identified compounds, 68% belonged to the organosulfur class. The major compounds were dimethyl trisulfide (15.49%), 2,8-dithianonane (52.63%) and lenthionine (14.69%). The utilized fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, and Trichoderma viride. Minimal fungicidal concentration for the essential oil varied from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/mL and bifonazole and ketoconazole controls ranged from 0.20 to 3.50 mg/mL. The lower concentration of the essential oil was able to control P. ochrochloron, A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. ochraceus and T. viride. This study shows a high fungicidal activity of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and can support future applications by reducing the use of synthetic fungicides.

Antifungal activity of Gallesia integrifolia fruit essential oil

ABSTRACT Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) is native to Brazil and has a strong alliaceous odor. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and evaluate fungicidal activity against the main food-borne diseases and food spoilage fungi. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by GCMS. From 35 identified compounds, 68% belonged to the organosulfur class. The major compounds were dimethyl trisulfide (15.49%), 2,8-dithianonane (52.63%) and lenthionine (14.69%). The utilized fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, and Trichoderma viride. Minimal fungicidal concentration for the essential oil varied from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/mL and bifonazole and ketoconazole controls ranged from 0.20 to 3.50 mg/mL. The lower concentration of the essential oil was able to control P. ochrochloron, A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. ochraceus and T. viride. This study shows a high fungicidal activity of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and can support future applications by reducing the use of synthetic fungicides.

Fungal production of the anti-leukemic enzyme L-asparaginase: from screening to medium development / Produção fúngica da enzima antileucêmica L-asparaginase: da triagem ao desenvolvimento de um meio de cultivo

The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is challenging due to side effects, efficacy of the available drugs, and costs. Utilization of L-asparaginase as a therapeutic agent is essential to increase survival of patients. However, costs are elevated and the bacterial forms of the enzyme cause reactions that result in its inhibition by the immune system. Therapeutics alternatives may be searched among eukaryote producers, like fungi. Twelve strains of filamentous fungi were evaluated regarding expression of L-asparaginase activity. The profile of nitrogen assimilation and radial growth were determined for strains which showed higher production ratios. Three media were formulated after selection of the carbon source and carbon/nitrogen ratio that better induced L-asparaginase expression by Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. The enzyme activity produced in liquid media reached 8.3 U min.-1 mL-1 (Penicillium sp. T6.2) and 11.4 U min.-1 mL-1 (Fusarium sp.) after 72 hours of cultivation in Bacelar-1 medium. These data show that good producers can be found among fungi, and adjustment of productive processes may offer an alternative to implement eukaryote L-asparaginase production.

O tratamento da leucemia linfoblástica aguda é desafiador devido aos efeitos adversos, à eficácia dos fármacos disponíveis e aos custos envolvidos. A utilização de L-asparaginase como agente terapêutico é fundamental para aumentar a sobrevida do paciente. Porém, seu custo é elevado e as formas bacterianas da enzima causam reações que resultam na sua inibição pelo sistema imune. Alternativas terapêuticas podem ser buscadas entre produtores eucariontes, como os fungos. Doze linhagens de fungos filamentosos foram avaliadas quanto à expressão de atividade de L-asparaginase. O perfil de assimilação de nitrogênio e o crescimento radial foram determinados para as linhagens com maior razão de produção. Três meios foram formulados após a seleção da fonte de carbono e da razão carbono/nitrogênio que melhor induziram a expressão de L-asparaginase por Penicillium sp. e Fusarium sp. A atividade enzimática produzida em meio líquido alcançou 8,32 U min.-1 mL-1 (Penicillium sp. T6.2) e 11,45 U min.-1 mL-1 (Fusarium sp.) após 72 horas de cultivo no meio Bacelar-1. Esses dados mostram que bons produtores podem ser encontrados entre os fungos e que ajustes nos processos produtivos podem oferecer uma alternativa para a implementação da produção de L-asparaginase eucarionte.

In vitro DISSOLUTION OF ACIDULATED ROCK PHOSPHATE BY PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING MICROORGANISMS / Disolución in vitro de rocas fosfóricas aciduladas por microorganismos solubilizadores de fósforo

The low availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil and the high cost of P fertilization are factors that limit agricultural productivity. A biotechnological alternative for to handle this problem is to use soil microorganisms capable of dissolving rock phosphate (RP), thus improving its effectiveness as a P fertilizer. This study was carried out with the objective of determining the effectiveness of Aspergillus niger -As-, Penicillium sp. -Pn-, Bacillus sp -B-. and an unidentified actinomycete -At- in the in vitro dissolution of two partially acidulated rock phosphates. The treatments consisted of 2x16 factorial arrangement [2 levels of RP: either Boyaca RP or Norte de Santander RP; 16 levels of inoculum: an uninoculated control, individual inoculations (with As, Pn, B, At), dual inoculations (AsPn, AsB, AsAt, PnB, PnAt, BAt), triple inoculations (AsPnB, AsPnAt, AsBAt, PnBAt), and quadruple inoculation (AsPnBAt)]. Each treatment was replicated three times. It was found that the microbial effectiveness in the in vitro dissolution of RP depended on the type of RP, the composition of the inoculum used and the interaction of both factors. The best results were obtained with the Norte de Santander RP and A. niger used alone. When this fungus combined with the other microorganisms, its capacity to dissolve RP was significantly reduced.

La baja disponibilidad de fósforo (P) en el suelo y el costo de la fertilización fosfórica son limitantes para la productividad agrícola. Una alternativa biotecnológica para manejar este problema es mediante el uso de microorganismos del suelo capaces de disolver rocas fosfóricas (RP) y así mejorar su efectividad como fertilizante fosfórico. Con este fin se realizó un ensayo para determinar la efectividad microbial en la disolución in vitro de dos RP (Norte de Santander y Boyacá) parcialmente aciduladas. Los tratamientos consistieron en un arreglo factorial 2x16 [2 niveles de RP: Boyacá o Norte de Santander; 16 niveles de inóculo: Un control no inoculado, inóculos individuales (Aspergillus niger -As-, Penicillium sp. -Pn-, Bacillus sp. -B-, y un actinomiceto no identificado -At-), inóculos dobles (AsPn, AsB, AsAt, PnB, PnAt, BAt), inóculos triples (AsPnB, AsPnAt, AsBAt, PnBAt), e inóculos cuádruples (AsPnBAt)]. Cada tratamiento tuvo tres replicas. La efectividad en la disolución in vitro de RP fue dependiente del tipo de RP, tipo de inóculo y la interacción de ambos factores, teniendo mejores resultados con la RP del Norte de Santander y A. niger sólo. Cuando este hongo se combinó con otros microorganismos su capacidad para disolver RP se redujo significativamente.

Viridicatol from Marine-derived Fungal Strain Penicillium sp. SF-5295 Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects through Inhibiting NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 and BV2 Cells

Viridicatol (1) has previously been isolated from the extract of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SF-5295. In the course of further biological evaluation of this quinolone alkaloid, anti-inflammatory effect of 1 in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was observed. In this study, our data indicated that 1 suppressed the expression of well-known pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and consequently inhibited the production of iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Compound 1 also reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In the further evaluation of the mechanisms of these anti-inflammatory effects, 1 was shown to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Compound 1 blocked the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa B (IkappaB)-alpha in the cytoplasm, and suppressed the translocation of NF-kappaB p65 and p50 heterodimer in nucleus. In addition, viridicatol (1) attenuated the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells.

Antibacterial metabolites of marine fungus penicillium sp. F00120 from the deep sea sediments in the South China Sea / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial agents in the marine fungus Penicillium sp. F00120 from the deep sea sediments in the South China Sea. METHODS: The compounds were purified by a combination of chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified by MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the isolates were evaluated by the agar plate diffusion method. RESULTS: Eight compounds were isolated from the culture and were characterized as ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), 22-tetraen -3-one(1), 25-hydroxyergosta4, 6, 8(14), 22-tetraen-3-one(2), ergosta-7, 22-dien-3β, 5α, 6β-triol (3), ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3β-ol(4), 5α, 8α-epidioxyergosta-6, 22-dien-3β-ol(5), 5α, 6α-epoxyergost-8(14), 22-dien-3β, 7α-diol(6), cholesterol(7), and 4-hydroxyacetophenone(8), respectively. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-3 and 6-8 are isolated from this fungus for the first time. Compounds 3, 4, and 8 shows moderate antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coll.

Biosynthesis and Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles with Sparfloxacin and Ofloxacin Synthesized from Penicillium Sp. on Some Bacterial Pathogens.

Here in this paper we have reported the extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using filamentous fungi Penicillium sp. The Penicillium sp. was isolated from the soil sample collected from vegetable market in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The purified fungal culture was subjected for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The color change of the solution in the conical flask into dark brown suggests the formation of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs). These Silver nanoparticles have been further characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer which showed the absorption peak at 416nm which confirms the nanoparticles synthesis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy showed proteins and functional groups which stabilizes the nanoparticles as capping agent , Xray diffraction (XRD) analysis determine the crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis which showed the particle size was around 35 to 67 nm and. These biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed good antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial pathogens and also these nanoparticles enhanced the antibacterial property of Sparfloxacin and Ofloxacin.

Antibacterial metabolites from Penicillium sp. I09F 484 / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the antibacterial agents from the culture broth of Penicillium sp. I09F 484. METHODS: The compounds were purified by a combination of chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified by IR, MS, CD, 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the isolates were evaluated by the micro-broth dilution method and the antiviral activities were also assessed. RESULTS: Eight compounds were identified from the cultures of strain I09F 484. Their structures were elucidated as patulin(1), gentisyl alcohol(2), 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol(3), 2-methylhydroquinone(4), (45, 55)-4, 5-dihydroxy-2-methylcyclohex-2-enone(5), epiepoformin(6), thymidine(7), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) (8). Compound 1 displayed moderate antibacterial activities with MICs ranging 64-128 μg · mL-1 against a number of pathogenic strains, while 4 was active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Compound 2 displayed antiviral activity against influenza A strains A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) nd A/Hanfang/359/95( H3N2) viruses, with IC50 values of 5.0 and 5.9 μmol · L-1 Respectively. Compound 4 inhibited Coxsackie virus B3 replication, with an IC50 value of 149.4 μmol · L-1. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-5 are obtained from the strain for the first time. The antibacterial activity of the crude extracts is mainly due to the presence of the known patulin (1). Compounds 2 and 4 show moderate influenza and Coxsackie virus B3 inhibitory activity and the antiviral activities are first assessed.