Effect of acupuncture on pain and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with migraine: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the therapeutic effect between acupuncture combined with medication and simple medication on migraine and cerebral hemodynamics.@*METHODS@#A total of 120 patients with migraine were randomized into an acupuncture plus medication group (60 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a medication group (60 cases, 6 cases dropped off). In the medication group, flunarizine hydrochloride capsule was given orally before sleep, 10 mg a day. On the basis of the treatment in the medication group, acupuncture was applied at Sizhukong (TE 23), Shuaigu (GB 8), Taiyang (EX-HN 5), Fengchi (GB 20) and etc. in the acupuncture plus medication group, 30 min each time, once a day. Treatment for 4 weeks was required in both groups. Before and after treatment, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, indexes of cerebral hemodynamic [blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), vertebral artery (VA) and basilar artery (BA)] and total TCM syndrome score were observed, and the clinical therapeutic effect and the incidence of the adverse events were evaluated in both groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the VAS scores, the blood flow velocity of ACA, MCA, PCA, VA, BA and the total TCM syndrome scores were decreased in both groups (@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture combined with flunarizine hydrochloride capsule can effectively relieve the pain in patients with migraine, reduce the cerebral blood flow velocity, the efficacy is superior to simple flunarizine hydrochloride capsule.

Calculation of Likelihood Ratio for Identifying Half Sibling Relationship When Both Biological Mothers Participate / 法医学杂志

Objective To derive the formulae for likelihood ratio （LR） calculation of half sibling relationships when both mothers participate. Methods Based on the fact that both biological mothers participate in the identification of half sibling relationship between the two individuals, test hypothesis for the identification of half sibling relationship was established. Conditional probability ratios of genetic evidence under null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis conditions were simplified, and then applied to a real case of half sibling relationship identification. At the same time, the LR of half sibling relationships under the assumption that only a single biological mother or none of the biological mothers participate were respectively calculated. Results In the cases of identification of half sibling relationship from same fathers, with no biological father involved, after the same genetic indicator test analysis, when both biological mothers participate in the identification, the accumulated LR value was higher than that of accumulated LR with only a single biological mother or no parents participating. Conclusion When the autosome STR test is used for the identification and analysis of half sibling relationship between two individuals, the calculation of LR is more simple, intuitive and operable with both mothers participating. The biological mothers should participate in the test as much as possible, otherwise the number of STR loci would need to be increased for a more specific conclusion.

Serum levels of interleukin-38 and interleukin-1β in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of serum cytokines, interleukin-38 (IL-38) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children and the association of IL-38 and IL-1β with inflammatory response in the acute phase and the development of coronary artery lesion (CAL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 40 children with KD who were hospitalized in the hospital between July 2015 and June 2016 were enrolled, with 21 children in the CAL group and 19 in the non-CAL (NCAL) group. Thirty healthy children and 19 children with infection and pyrexia, who were matched for sex and age, were enrolled as healthy control group and pyrexia control group respectively. ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of IL-38 and IL-1β in the 40 children in the acute phase of KD. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlations of IL-1β and IL-38 with interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin (PCT), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum level of IL-38 in the children in the acute phase of KD was significantly lower than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05), but significantly higher than that in the pyrexia control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of IL-38 between the CAL and NCAL groups (P>0.05). The children in the acute phase of KD had a significantly higher level of IL-1β than the healthy control group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between this group and the pyrexia control group (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the level of IL-1β between the CAL and NCAL groups (P>0.05). Serum IL-1β and IL-38 levels were not correlated with serum levels of CRP, ESR, PCT, IL-6, and NT-ProBNP or blood lipids (TG and TC) (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>IL-38 is involved in an inflammatory response in the acute phase of KD and may exert an anti-inflammatory effect, which is opposite to the effect of IL-1β to promote inflammatory response. However, there is no significant correlation between these two cytokines and the development of CAL in KD.</p>

Identification of a rare allele FGA-13 in Guangdong Han population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report on a rare allele FGA-13 identified in Guangdong Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The rare allele was detected by PCR-STR and DNA sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The core repeat sequence of rare allele FGA-OL is [TTTC]₃[TTTT][TTCT][CTTT]₅ [CTCC][TTCC]₂, which has been determined as FGA-13.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rare allele FGA-13 is also present in Guangdong Han population. This is significant for personal identification and paternity testing.</p>

Identification of sibling brothers using STR and Y-biallelic markers / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the methods for identification of sibling brothers with Y-STR locus mutation by detection of genetic markers on autosome and Y-biallelic.@*METHODS@#Goldeneye 20A and 18NC kit were used to genotyped the 35 STRs on autosome from two men. PowerPlex Y kit and Yfiler kit were used to genotyped the 16 STRs on Y chromosome full sibling index was calculated by ITO method. Twenty Y-biallelic markers were genotyped by fragment length discrepant allele specific PCR or general PCR.@*RESULTS@#Relationship of sibling brothers was found to have mutation of 2 loci on 16 Y-STR and the identical genetype of 20 Y-biallelic markers as well as a cumulative full sibling index of 4.3149 x 10(6) from 35 STRs on autosome.@*CONCLUSION@#In identification of paternal linage of Y-STR mutation, more genetic information can be acquired by detection of Y-biallelic markers including SNP and InDel.

Detection of matrix metalloproteinase-11 in menstrual blood by enhanced chemiluminescence method / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the forensic application value of detection of matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) in menstrual blood by enhanced chemiluminescence method.@*METHODS@#Menstrual blood, vaginal swab, peripheral blood, saliva stain, urine stain and semen stain were collected to detect whether or not there were MMP-11 using enhanced chemiluminescence method. The specificity and reliability of the MMP-11 assay along with its sensitivity were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The positive detection rate of MMP-11 in menstrual blood was 89.47%, whereas no MMP-11 was found in vaginal swab, peripheral blood, saliva stain, urine stain and semen stain. When 25 microL sample was added, the mass concentration of protein was 1.329 microg/microL, then MMP-11 could be detected. A positive detection rate of 89.58% was observed in MMP-11 positive menstrual blood samples after stored at 4 degrees C for 20 months.@*CONCLUSION@#Enhanced chemiluminescence method is sensitive and specific for detecting MMP-11, and can be applied to distinguish menstrual blood from common stain such as peripheral blood, vaginal fluid.

Calculation of the avuncular index / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To introduce the method of avuncular index (AI) calculation.@*METHODS@#Identity by decent coefficient, coancestry coefficient and AI law were employed in identification of uncle-niece relationship, when autosomal STR loci were detected to determine controversial uncle-niece relationship.@*RESULTS@#The results of AI calculation were coincidental using identity by descent coefficien, coancestry coefficient and AI law.@*CONCLUSION@#The results are coincidental using three methods in the different situations. AI index is higher with participation of children's mother.

A new method for calculating paternity index / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To introduce a new method for calculating the paternity index (PI).@*METHODS@#Assuming that each allele from parents has undergone a transition before it segregates and transmits to child. The transition probability is 1 when parent allele is the same as child's, the transition probability is 0 when parent allele is different from the child's. Every allele has a transmission probability with 0.5. Base on these theories, it is easy to gain the probability that child inherits an allele from the alleged father or mother. Thus, the X value (numerator) and Y value (denominator) of PI formula can be calculated, as unknown man provide an allele for child with the allele frequency.@*RESULTS@#A general formula that calculated the PI for trios, duos and missing child cases was deduced.@*CONCLUSION@#The new method is practical in all kinds of forensic paternity case.

A new method for calculating the paternity index in presence of mutation / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To introduce a method of calculating the paternity index (PI) for autosomal codominant markers when the mutation is encountered.@*METHODS@#Assuming mutation arises with a mutational probability before an allele segregates and transmits to child with 1/2 chance, the probability of a random man giving an allele to child is the allele frequency in population. Considering only one mutation event in one case, the mutant allele can be determined by comparing the allele between parents and child. Furthermore, the probability of child's genotype can be calculated to identify the father between a tested man and a random male. Subsequently, the PI can be calculated.@*RESULTS@#Formula of PI was deduced for trios, duos and missing child cases, including maternal mutation.@*CONCLUSION@#The method is easy to understand and useful in paternity testing.

Application of ITO method and discriminant functions in full sibling and half sibling identification / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the application of ITO method and discriminant functions method in full sibling and half sibling identification.@*METHODS@#Five hundred pairs of full siblings (FS), 50 pairs of half siblings (HS) and 500 pairs of unrelated individuals (UR) were genotyped by PowerPlex 16 system. Full sibling index (FSI), half sibling index (HSI) and the FSI:HSI ratio were calculated with ITO method. Allelic matching of each pair of the three groups was compared. The locus numbers of no-allele sharing (x0), half-allele sharing (x1) and two-alleles sharing (x2) were calculated, respectively. The discriminant functions about full-siblings, half-siblings and unrelated individuals (UR) were established by SPSS 13.0 statistical software.@*RESULTS@#(1) Regard FSI > or = 19 or FSI < 1 as the standard of distinguishing full sibling from unrelated individual, the alternate correct percentage was 96.4%. Regard HSI > or = 19 or HSI < 1 as the standard of distinguishing half sibling from unrelated individual, the alternate correct percentage was 85.3%. Regard FSI:HSI > or = 1 or FSI:HSI < 1 as the standard of distinguishing full sibling from half sibling, the alternate correct percentage was 87.5%. (2) Four groups of discriminant functions were established. The alternate correct percentage of these discriminant functions were 84.4%-97.7%, with the highest one in full sibship-unrelated individual group.@*CONCLUSION@#Both ITO method and discriminant functions method are efficient in identification of full sibling or half sibling.

Effects of ghrelin on the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and its possible mechanisms / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of ghrelin on the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte, and study the possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured in vitro. The proliferation potentials of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes that were treated with different concentrations of ghrelin were evaluated by MTT methods. The levels of c-myc and thymidine kinase mRNA were detected using RT-PCR. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into the matured adipocytes with insulin (INS) or ghrelin. The morphological changes of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were observed and the differentiation rate was assayed by oil-red O staining. Total RNA was extracted from adipocytes at various times, and the levels of peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and CAAT/enhancer binding protein(C/EBPalpha) mRNA expressions were detected using RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ghrelin at concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-15) mol/L significantly stimulated preadipocyte proliferation (p<0.05). The levels of c-myc and thymidine kinase mRNA significantly increased in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with 10(-9) mol/L and 10(-11) mol/L ghrelin treatment (p<0.01). The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with 10(-11) mol/L ghrelin had lots of lipid droplets in the cytoplasma, but the differentiation rate was lower than those treated with INS. Ghrelin of 10(-11) mol/L significantly increased the mRNA expression of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha in the course of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation, compared with the normal control group (p<0.05). The PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha mRNA expression increased with the prolonged differentiation of preadipocytes induced by ghrelin or INS. There were significant differences in the levels of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha mRNA expression between the 2nd and 8th days of differentiation(p<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Ghrelin promotes the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes induced by ghrelin may be associated with increased c-myc levels. Ghrelin may promote differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by increasing mRNA expression of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha, thus enhances the sensitivity of adipocytes to INS.</p>

Effect of acylation stimulating protein on the perilipin and adipophilin expression during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation / 生理学报

Perilipin and adipophilin, two significant lipid droplet (LD)-specific proteins, participate in storing fat or ectopic lipid deposition and fat mobilization in many types of mammalian cells. Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is a novel adipocyte-derived hormone known for a major determinant for triglyceride synthesis (TGS) and lipid metabolism. The present study was aimed to investigate: (1) whether ASP, rather than insulin, is a powerful potentiator which could physiologically and directly influence TGS during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation; (2) whether ASP exposure at indicated time points during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation could influence the gene/protein expression of adipophilin and perilipin. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated by traditional hormone cocktail and divided into control, ASP and insulin groups according to the treatment of ASP (1 mmol/L) or insulin (100 nmol/L). ASP-stimulated and insulin-stimulated TGS rate at indicated time points (0 d, 3 d, 6 d, 9 d) were assayed by measuring the incorporation of [(3)H]-oleic acid into TG, and the corresponding glucose transport was assayed by [(3)H]-2-DG uptake. The effects of ASP or insulin on gene/protein expression of adipophilin and perilipin at indicated time points were evaluated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The results obtained were as follows: (1) on the 3rd and 6th day of differentiation, ASP dramatically enhanced TGS rate compared with control group (P<0.05, P<0.01); There was no significant difference in TGS rate between insulin group and control group; (2) on the 6th and 9th day of differentiation, both ASP and insulin promoted glucose uptake (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the promoting effect in ASP group was greater than that in insulin group; (3) ASP elevated adipophilin gene and protein expression at the very early stage of differentiation (P<0.05, P<0.001) and had no significant effect from the 4th day of differentiation. Perilipin gene and protein expression increased throughout preadipocyte differentiation and its expression was up-regulated following ASP stimulation from the 3rd day of differentiation (P<0.05, P<0.001) to the end of differentiation (P<0.05); (4) Insulin did not affect gene and protein variation pattern of adipophilin and perilipin. Taken together, this study provides evidence that ASP-evoked changes in gene and protein expression of adipophilin and perilipin correlate with ASP-stimulated TGS acceleration, and adipophilin and perilipin are involved in the molecular mechanism of ASP-induced adipogenesis and LD formation.

Species identification of biomaterials by amplifying 12S rRNA gene / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish an accurate, simple, quick, specific and sensitive method for species identification by amplifying 12S rRNA gene with the same reaction system.@*METHODS@#Based on the downloaded 12S rRNA gene sequences of eleven species (human, chicken, duck, goose, pig, rabbit, rat, sheep, bull, dog and goat) from GenBank, a pair of universal primers to eleven species and three pairs of specific primers to human, chicken and duck were designed. The amplicons amplified with universal primers were used for internal controls, and the amplicons amplified with specific primers were used as identification of human, chicken and duck. DNA was extracted from various samples including blood stains, fresh or freezing muscles, heat-treated muscles and hairs. Both single DNA of human, chicken or duck and mixed DNA of any two kinds of them were amplified.@*RESULTS@#The lengths of universal amplicons were about 400 bp. The lengths of specific amplicons were 163 bp for human, 286 bp for chicken, and 374 bp for duck, respectively. No cross amplification was observed, indicating a high specificity of the specific primers. The identification rate was 100% for human, 99% for chicken, and 100% for duck, respectively. The detection sensitivity ranged from 2.5 pg to 200 pg of DNA concentration depending on species, even in mixtures of different species DNA without interference.@*CONCLUSION@#The method established could identify different species under the same reaction system.

Detection of MMP-11 from menstrual blood using immunohistochemistry / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To prove the feasibility of detecting menstrual blood as well as its cellular localization with rabbit-anti-human matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) polyclonal antibody.@*METHODS@#MMP-11 in menstrual blood, peripheral blood, vaginal liquid, aged menstrual bloodstain, and endometrium sections were assayed with SAP immunohistochemistry.@*RESULTS@#MMP-11 was found only in menstrual samples within stroma and epithelium cells.@*CONCLUSION@#MMP-11 polyclonal antibody may be applied in the distinction between menstrual blood and venous blood.

Haplotypes of DXS10011 and DXS8377 in Guangdong Han individuals / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate genetic polymorphism of two X chromosome specific STR: DXS10011 and DXS8377 in male samples from Guangdong Han population.@*METHODS@#The DNA samples were amplified by PCR and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining.@*RESULTS@#Among 113 samples, 20 alleles were found for DXS1011 and 12 alleles for DXS8377. Also, 72 DXS10011-DXS8377 haplotypes were shown. The most common haplotypes only occurred three times. When only female children were tested in motherless case, the exclusion probability of paternity was 0.9588 for DXS10011-DXS8377 haplotypes. Investigations in 83 family trios with female children and 29 pedigrees with two children suggested a co-dominant X-linked inheritance; mutations were not found.@*CONCLUSION@#Our data indicate that DXS10011 and DXS8377 are highly informative X chromosome markers for complicated kinship analysis.

Sequences of off-ladder alleles of PowerPlex 16 kit in Chinese Han population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the sequences of off-ladder alleles of PowerPlex 16 kit in Chinese Han population and their nomenclature.@*METHODS@#10071 Samples from unrelated individuals in Chinese Han population were screened by using PowerPlex 16 kit and ABI 377 or 3100. The samples showing off-ladder alleles were re-screened with PAGE and the off-ladder alleles were obtained and sequenced.@*RESULTS@#32 off-ladder alleles were found in 11 STR loci, whose frequencies ranged from 0.05 per thousand to 4.02 per thousand. These alleles were classified as four types: (1) having complete repeat but its length is out of the ladder; (2)having incomplete repeat; (3) having deletion or insertion of one or two base(s) in flanking sequence; (4) having deletion of some segment.@*CONCLUSION@#Off-ladder alleles have various types. It demonstrates varying repteating number of the core unit, and variation in the flanking sequence or core sequence as well. The nomenclature of International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics cannot define these alleles effectively.

Comparation on Haversian system between human and animal bones by imaging analysis / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the differences in Haversian system between human and animal bones through imaging analysis and morphology description.@*METHODS@#Thirty-five slices grinding from human being as well as dog, pig, cow and sheep bones were observed to compare their structure, then were analysed with the researchful microscope.@*RESULTS@#Plexiform bone or oeston band was not found in human bones; There were significant differences in the shape, size, location, density of Haversian system, between human and animal bones. The amount of Haversian lamella and diameter of central canal in human were the biggest; Significant differences in the central canal diameter and total area percentage between human and animal bones were shown by imaging analysis.@*CONCLUSION@#(1) Plexiform bone and osteon band could be the exclusive index in human bone; (2) There were significant differences in the structure of Haversian system between human and animal bones; (3) The percentage of central canals total area was valuable in species identification through imaging analysis.

Menstrual blood identification and matrix metalloproteinase-11 / 法医学杂志

The identification of menstrual blood belongs to the forensic examination of bloodstains. The traditional methods for detecting menstrual blood were reviewed and their obstacles in forensic application were discussed. Matrix metalloproteinase-11 is a kind of protease which degrades the extracellular matrix. Some researches had indicated that matrix metalloproteinase-11 might be a new marker for specifically and sensitively detecting menstrual blood. The structure, function of matrix metalloproteinase-11 and its application in menstrual blood identification were reviewed.

Effects of fatty acid regulation on visfatin gene expression in adipocytes / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The levels of long-term elevated serum or intracellular free fatty acid (FFA) induce insulin resistance associated with central obesity. The insulin-mimetic protein visfatin is preferentially produced by visceral adipose tissues and has been implicated in obesity and insulin resistance. To identify that FFA is capable of inducing insulin resistance and to clarify the role of FFA on visfatin, we examined the effect of monounsaturated FFA oleate (C18:1) and saturated FFA palmitate (C16:0) on glucose transport and visfatin gene expression in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes or preadipocytes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>FFA-free DMEM/F12, 0.125 mmol/L, 0.5 mmol/l and 1.0 mmol/L oleate or palmitate was added to cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes or preadipocytes and incubated overnight. Glucose transport was assessed as (3)H-2-deoxy-glucose uptake. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to RT-PCR for the measurement of visfatin mRNA levels. Statistical comparisons between control group and other groups were performed with the two-tailed paired t test, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean values among the groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Insulin increased specific membrane glucose transport in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Upregulation was evident from 15 minutes to 1 hour exposure to insulin. However, after 6-hour exposure to insulin, there was a downregulation in the response to insulin. Dose response studies demonstrated that 2-deoxy glucose transport was increased by 336% at 50 nmol/L insulin (P < 0.01), and reached a maximal effect at 100 nmol/L insulin (P < 0.01). Oleate and palmitate treatment did not influence basal glucose transport (without insulin stimulation), whereas insulin-stimulated glucose transport was inhibited after overnight oleate and palmitate treatment in preadipocytes and adipocytes. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, insulin resistance could be achieved at 0.125 mmol/L oleate or palmitate (P < 0.05, respectively), and the inhibition was dose dependent. In adipocytes, the inhibition was noted at 0.5 mmol/L oleate or 1.0 mmol/L palmitate. Visfatin mRNA expression increased during differentiation more than 1.5-fold. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) did not influence visfatin mRNA expression compared with the control group. Dose-response studies demonstrated that addition of 0.125 mmol/L oleate and palmitate to 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased visfatin mRNA expression significantly (78%, 77%, respectively, relative to untreated control, P < 0.05), and further to 65% (relative to untreated control, P < 0.05) and 55% (relative to untreated control, P < 0.01) at 1.0 mmol/L FFA. Furthermore, the suppression on preadipocytes was similar to that of adipocytes, which reached a maximal reduction of 44% (oleate, P < 0.05) and 47% (palmitate, P < 0.05) at 1.0 mmol/L FFA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Oleic acid and palmitic acid may induce insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and preadipocytes. Downregulation of visfatin mRNA may contribute to impair insulin sensitivity caused by oleate and palmitate.</p>

Diversity of paternity index with different allele frequencies / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the diversity of combined paternity index (CPI) of multiple STR loci when different population allele frequencies was used to calculate the paternity index.@*METHODS@#CPI of 13 CODIS (combined DNA index system) loci for 108 trio cases and 108 duo cases selected randomly were calculated by using five Chinese Han population allele frequencies, respectively.@*RESULTS@#The CPI range for trio cases and duo cases were 2077.63-50897711626.46 and 25.12-2998685141, respectively. When different population allele frequencies were applied to the same case, the ratio of maximum CPI and minimum CPI, which was more than 100, for trio cases and duo cases were 20 cases (19.52%) and 13 cases (12.04%), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The variation of CPI value of the CODIS loci was obvious with different allele frequencies. To prevent the error causing by uncertain allele frequencies, a conservative CPI value should be calculated in paternity testing.