Chromosomal abnormalities in recurrent miscarriages by conventional karyotyping analysis / Anormalidades cromossômicas em abortos recorrentes por análise de cariótipo convencional

Abstract Objectives: to describe the prevalence and types of chromosomal abnormalities in couples with recurrent miscarriage and products of conception. Methods: electronic searches were performed in the PubMed/Medline database and in the Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde/BVS (Regional Website of the Virtual Library in Health/BVS) using the descriptors "chromosomal abnormalities and abortions and prevalence". After applying the inclusion and exclusion criterias, 17 studies were selected. Results: 11 studies were conducted in couples with recurrent miscarriage and six in products of conception. The main results of the couples with recurrent miscarriage were: the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities which varied from 1.23% to 12% and there was a predominance alteration of the chromosomal structures (reciprocal translocations, followed by Robertsonian). In products of conception, the results observed were: the frequency of chromosomal abnormality was above 50% in approximately 70% of the studies; there was a predominance alteration of the numerical chromosomal (trisomy - chromosomes 16, 18, 21 and 22, followed by polyploidy and monosomy X). Conclusions: in summary, cytogenetic alterations represent an importante cause of pregnancy loss and its detection can help couples with genetic counseling. Therefore, the value of knowledge on the prevalence of cytogenetic abnormalities in miscarriage samples is unquestionable, once it is permitted a proper genetic counseling for the couple.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a prevalência e os tipos de anormalidades cromossômicas em casais com aborto recorrente e em produtos de concepção. Métodos: foram realizadas buscas eletrônicas nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline e no Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde/BVS usando os descritores "chromosomal abnormalities and abortions and prevalence". Após a aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 17 estudos foram selecionados. Resultados: 11 estudos foram realizados em casais com aborto recorrente e seis em produtos de concepção. Os principais resultados em casais com aborto recorrente foram: a frequência de anormalidades cromossômicas variou de 1,23% a 12% e houve predomínio de alterações cromossômicas estruturais (translocações recíprocas, seguidas por Robertsonianas). Nos produtos de concepção, os resultados observados foram: a frequência de anormalidade cromossômica foi acima de 50% em aproximadamente 70% dos estudos; houve predomínio de alterações cromossômicas numéricas (trissomia - cromossomos 16, 18, 21 e 22, seguido de poliploidia e monossomia X). Conclusões: em resumo, as alterações citogenéticas representam uma importante causa de perdas gestacionais e sua detecção auxilia no aconselhamento genético do casal. Portanto, o valor do conhecimento sobre a prevalência de anormalidades citogenéticas em amostras de aborto espontâneo é indiscutível, uma vez que permite o aconselhamento genético adequado ao casal.

Role of fetal ultrasound in prenatally diagnosed de novo balanced translocations

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate fetal ultrasonographic findings in cases of prenatally diagnosed de novo balanced translocations and the role of fetal ultrasound in prenatal genetic counseling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected cases with de novo balanced translocations that were confirmed in chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and cordocentesis between 1995 and 2016. A detailed, high-resolution ultrasonography was performed for prediction of prognosis. Chromosomes from the parents of affected fetuses were also analyzed to determine whether the balanced translocations were de novo or inherited. RESULTS: Among 32,070 cases with prenatal cytogenetic analysis, 27 cases (1/1,188 incidence) with de novo balanced translocations were identified. Fourteen cases (51.9%) showed abnormal findings, and the frequency of major structural anomalies was 11.1%. Excluding the major structural anomalies, all mothers who continued pregnancies delivered healthy babies. CONCLUSION: Results of a detailed, high-resolution ultrasound examination are very important in genetic counseling for prenatally diagnosed de novo balanced translocations.

Ankylosing spondylitis associated with balanced reciprocal X-1 translocation / 영남의대학술지

A number of research papers have reported more frequent occurrence of rheumatic/autoimmune disease among patients with hypogonadism or a chromosomal anomaly with potential X-chromosome defects. A 30-year-old female patient came to the hospital with a main cause of bilateral buttock pain, which began two years ago and worsened seven days ago. Ankylosing spondylitis with invasion of both sacral-iliac joints was observed. On magnetic resonance imaging, although the uterus was observed normally, an ovary was not observed. In a chromosome test, balanced reciprocal X-1 translocation of 46,X,t(X;1)(p10;q10) was diagnosed. Here, we report on the first case involving ankylosing spondylitis accompanied by balanced reciprocal X-1 translocation.

Ankylosing spondylitis associated with balanced reciprocal X-1 translocation / 영남의대학술지

A number of research papers have reported more frequent occurrence of rheumatic/autoimmune disease among patients with hypogonadism or a chromosomal anomaly with potential X-chromosome defects. A 30-year-old female patient came to the hospital with a main cause of bilateral buttock pain, which began two years ago and worsened seven days ago. Ankylosing spondylitis with invasion of both sacral-iliac joints was observed. On magnetic resonance imaging, although the uterus was observed normally, an ovary was not observed. In a chromosome test, balanced reciprocal X-1 translocation of 46,X,t(X;1)(p10;q10) was diagnosed. Here, we report on the first case involving ankylosing spondylitis accompanied by balanced reciprocal X-1 translocation.

SEC31A-ALK Fusion Gene in Lung Adenocarcinoma / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion is a common mechanism underlying pathogenesis of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) where these rearrangements represent important diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this study, we found a new ALK fusion gene, SEC31A-ALK, in lung carcinoma from a 53-year-old Korean man. The conjoined region in the fusion transcript was generated by the fusion of SEC31A exon 21 and ALK exon 20 by genomic rearrangement, which contributed to generation of an intact, in-frame open reading frame. SEC31A-ALK encodes a predicted fusion protein of 1,438 amino acids comprising the WD40 domain of SEC31A at the N-terminus and ALK kinase domain at the C-terminus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies suggested that SEC31A-ALK was generated by an unbalanced genomic rearrangement associated with loss of the 3'-end of SEC31A. This is the first report of SEC31A-ALK fusion transcript in clinical NSCLC, which could be a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC.

Un cariotipo anormal: 45, XX t (13q; 14q) 5p+++ / Abnormal Karyotype: 45, XXt (13q; 14q) 5p+++

El cariotipo realizado a una paciente del sexo femenino de 8 años de edad, que estaba siendo estudiada por discapacidad intelectual moderada, dismorfias faciales y en las extremidades, reveló el siguiente resultado: 45, XX t (13q; 14q) 5p+++. En este trabajo se reporta el hallazgo cromosómico de una translocación robertsoniana heredada por vía materna combinada con una trisomía parcial del cromosoma 5p.

The karyotype study performed to an 8-year-old female patient, under previous study due to moderate intellectual disability and facial dysmorphias in the limbs, showed the following results: 45, XXt (13q; 14q) 5p+++. In this study a chromosomal finding of an inherited Robertsonian translocations by maternal line combined with a partial trisomy of chromosome 5p was reported.

Clinicopathological features of Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by various translocations of the TFE3 transcription factor gene. These rare cancers occur predominantly in children and young adults. Here, we review the clinicopathological features of Xp11.2 translocation RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 21 patients with Xp11.2 translocation RCC. We retrospectively analyzed patient characteristics, clinical manifestations, and specific pathological features to assess definitive diagnosis, surgical and systemic treatments, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 43.4+/-20.0 years (range, 8-80 years; 8 males and 13 females). Eleven patients were incidentally diagnosed, nine patients presented with local symptoms, and one patient presented with systemic symptoms. The mean tumor size was 6.2+/-3.8 cm (range, 1.9-14 cm). At the time of diagnosis, 11, 1, and 5 patients showed stage I, II, and III, respectively. Four patients showed distant metastasis. At analysis, 15 patients were disease-free after a median follow-up period of 30.0 months. Four patients received target therapy but not effectively. CONCLUSIONS: Xp11 translocation RCC tends to develop in young patients with lymph node metastasis. Targeted therapy did not effectively treat our patients. Surgery is the only effective therapy for Xp11 translocation RCC, and further studies are needed to assess systemic therapy and long-term prognosis.

HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND t(11;18)(q21;q21) TRANSLOCATION IN GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA / Helicobacter pylori e presença de translocação t(11;18)(q21;q21) em pacientes portadores de linfoma MALT gástrico

Context Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is clearly associated with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and can be cured with anti- H pylori therapy alone. The presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation is thought to predict a lower response rate to anti- H pylori treatment. Objectives To study the presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) genetic translocation and its clinical impact in low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma Brazilian patients. Methods A consecutive series of eight patients with gastric MALT lymphoma were submitted to gastroscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, histopathological examination, H pylori search and RT-PCR-based methodology. All patients received anti-H pylori treatment. Eradicated patients were followed-up every 3-6 months for 2 years. Results Eight patients were studied. All patients had tumor involvement restricted to the mucosa or submucosa and seven patients had low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. All infected patients achieved H pylori eradication. Histological tumor regression was observed in 5/7 (71%) of the low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma patients. The presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation was found in 4 (57%) of these patients; among them only two had histological tumor regression following H pylori eradication. Conclusions RT-PCR is a feasible and efficient method to detect t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation, being carried out in routine molecular biology laboratories. The early detection of such translocation can be very helpful for better targeting the therapy to be applied to gastric MALT lymphoma patients. .

Contexto A patogênese do linfoma MALT (tecido linfoide associado à mucosa) gástrico, também conhecido como linfoma de zona marginal de células B, está claramente associada à gastrite por infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori e, a maioria desses tumores pode ser curada apenas com a erradicação da bactéria. A presença da translocação t(11;18)(q21;q21) tem sido identificada como a anomalia citogenética mais comum do linfoma MALT gástrico e sua presença pode prever uma menor taxa de resposta ao tratamento anti-H pylori. Objetivos Estudo da translocação genética t(11;18)(q21;q21) e seu impacto na evolução clínica de pacientes portadores de linfoma MALT gástrico de baixo grau. Métodos Uma série consecutiva de oito pacientes com linfoma MALT gástrico foi submetida à endoscopia digestiva, ultra-sonografia endoscópica, exame histopatológico, pesquisa do H pylori e metodologia rotineira de transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) utilizando primers específicos para API2-MALT1. Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento anti-H pylori e retratamento, quando necessário. Após a erradicação, exames endoscópicos foram realizados a cada 3-6 meses durante 2 anos para acompanhamento da evolução do tumor. Resultados Foram estudados oito pacientes (seis mulheres, idade média: 57 anos). Todos apresentavam à ecoendoscopia envolvimento tumoral restrito à mucosa ou submucosa com aparência endoscópica variável. A histologia mostrou que sete pacientes tinham linfoma MALT gástrico de baixo grau e um de alto grau. A erradicação do H pylori foi obtida em todos os pacientes, embora a bactéria não tenha sido identificada em um deles. Foi observada regressão histológica ...

Resultados en el diagnóstico prenatal citogenético en Pinar del Río / Results of the Prenatal Cytogenetic Diagnosis in Pinar del Río

Introducción: el Diagnóstico Prenatal Citogenético utilizando las células del líquido amniótico, constituye, la principal modalidad en Cuba para realizar los estudios cromosómicos prenatales en aquellas embarazadas con riesgos de tener un niño afectado. Ojetivo: describir las principales alteraciones cromosómicas detectadas en el diagnostico prenatal citogenético en la Provincia de Pinar del Río a partir de enero del año 2007 hasta Diciembre del 2012. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en 2777 pacientes que fueron remitidos al Centro Provincial de Genética Médica para estudios prenatales. Los datos recopilados fueron: motivos de indicación, número y tipo de aberraciones cromosómicas detectadas y embarazadas con un diagnóstico prenatal de defectos congénitos que decidieron continuar el embarazo. Resultados: durante esta etapa se realizaron un total de 2777 estudios cromosómicos prenatales; el motivo de indicación que más prevaleció fue la avanzada edad materna (75.62 % del total de los casos). Se diagnosticaron un total de 43 fetos con anomalías cromosómicas, incluyendo 28 casos con aneuploidías, 12 con reordenamientos estructurales y 3 mosaicos cromosómicos. Conclusiones: se trabajó con los criterios técnicos y diagnósticos establecidos internacionalmente para este tipo de estudios, el por ciento de positividad fue de 1.54 y los resultados obtenidos fueron similares a los reportados por otros estudios.

Introduction: the Cytogenetic Prenatal Diagnosis using amniotic liquid cells contitutes the main resource in Cuba to carry out cromosomal studies in pregnant women with risk of having an afected baby. Objective: to describe main chromosomal disorders detected in the cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis in Pinar del Río Province from January 2007 to December 2012. Material and method: a descriptive, retrospective study was carried out of 2,777 patients referred to the Province Center of Medical Genetics for prenatal studies. Compiled data were: referral causes, number and types of detected chromosomal disorders, and pregnant women with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations, who decided for complete gestation. Results: during that period a sheer number of 2,777 prenatal chromosomal studies were carried out. The prevalent referral cause was advanced maternal age (75.62% of all cases). A total of 43 fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities, including 28 cases with aneuploidies, 12 with structural reorderings and 3 chromosomal mosaics. Conclusions: the work was done under diagnostical and technical internationally established criteria for these types of studies, the positiveness percentage was 1.54 and the results obtained were similar to those reported by other studies.

Various endocrine disorders in children with t(13;14)(q10;q10) Robertsonian translocation

PURPOSE: 45,XY,t(13;14)(q10;q10) karyotype can suggest infertility associated with more or less severe oligospermia in male adults. In addition, 45,XX,t(13;14)(q10;q10) karyotype carries reproductive risks such as miscarriage or infertility in female adults. However, reports on the phenotype of this karyotype in children are very rare. This study was done to observe various phenotypes of this karyotype in children. METHODS: Between January 2007 and December 2012, children diagnosed with 45,XY,t(13;14)(q10;q10) or 45,XX,t(13;14)(q10;q10) karyotype by chromosome analysis were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Eight children (5 boys and 3 girls) were diagnosed with 45,XY,t(13;14)(q10;q10) or 45,XX,t(13;14)(q10;q10) karyotype. They ranged in age from 5 years and 6 months to 12 years and 4 months. The phenotypes of the study patients consisted of 1 hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, 1 precocious puberty, 3 early puberty, 2 growth hormone deficiency (GHD) (partial) and 1 idiopathic short stature. As shown here t(13;14)(q10;q10) Robertsonian translocation shows a wide range of phenotypes. CONCLUSION: It can be said that t(13;14)(q10;q10) Robertsonian translocation shows various phenotypes from GHD to precocious puberty in children. Further large-scale studies are necessary.

Leucemia mieloide aguda con t(8; 21)(q22; q22): reporte de casos / Acute myeloid leukaemia with t(8; 21)(q22; q22): case report

La leucemia mieloide aguda es una neoplasia hematopoyética caracterizada por la proliferación clonal de blastos inmaduros en médulas ósea interfiriendo con sus funciones normales. Tiene una supervivencia aproximada de 35% afectando principalmente a adultos mayores de 60 años y niños menores de un año y preferentemente al sexo masculino. Un hallazgo frecuente es la presencia de la translocación cromosómica t (8; 21) (q22; q22) que involucra a los genes RUNX1 y RUNX1T1. La detección de esta alteración tiene implicancia diagnóstica y pronóstica de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y reportar dos casos de leucemia mieloide aguda en pacientes masculinos de 14 y 24 años que presentaron clínica, laboratorio y morfología típicos de la enfermedad pero con edad de aparición no habitual, enfatizando además, el pronóstico bueno desde el punto de vista citogenético de esta translocación en ambos casos.

Acute myeloid leukemia is a haematopoietic neoplasia characterized by clonal proliferation of immature blasts in bone marrow, interfering with its normal functions. Overall survival is about 35% affecting mainly male adults over 60 years old and infants under one year old. Genetic translocation t(8;21)(q22;q22) is a recurrent finding and involves RUNX1 and RUNX1T1 genes. The detection of this genetic translocation is relevant to the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. The objective of this work is to report two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia in 14 and 24 years old male patients with typical clinical, laboratorial and morphological findings but with unusual appearing ages, emphasizing the good prognosis from the genetic point of view of this translocation in both cases.

Three-way Translocation of MLL/MLLT3, t(1;9;11)(p34.2;p22;q23), in a Pediatric Case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia / 대한진단검사의학회지

The chromosome band 11q23 is a common target region of chromosomal translocation in different types of leukemia, including infantile leukemia and therapy-related leukemia. The target gene at 11q23, MLL, is disrupted by the translocation and becomes fused to various translocation partners. We report a case of AML with a rare 3-way translocation involving chromosomes 1, 9, and 11: t(1;9;11)(p34.2;p22;q23). A 3-yr-old Korean girl presented with a 5-day history of fever. A diagnosis of AML was made on the basis of the morphological evaluation and immunophenotyping of bone marrow specimens. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed blasts positive for myeloid lineage markers and aberrant CD19 expression. Karyotypic analysis showed 46,XX,t(1;9;11)(p34.2;p22;q23) in 19 of the 20 cells analyzed. This abnormality was involved in MLL/MLLT3 rearrangement, which was confirmed by qualitative multiplex reverse transcription-PCR and interphase FISH. She achieved morphological and cytogenetic remission after 1 month of chemotherapy and remained event-free for 6 months. Four cases of t(1;9;11)(v;p22;q23) have been reported previously in a series that included cases with other 11q23 abnormalities, making it difficult to determine the distinctive clinical features associated with this abnormality. To our knowledge, this is the first description of t(1;9;11) with clinical and laboratory data, including the data for the involved genes, MLL/MLLT3.

Casais com abortamento espontâneo recorrente: participação das translocações cromossômicas / Couples with recurrent miscarriages: contributions of chromosome translocations

Objetivo: A etiologia do abortamento recorrente (AR) é multifatorial e, em cerca de 50% dos casos, não éesclarecida. Dentre os diferentes fatores associados (anatômico, genético, imunológico, endócrino, ambiental), as causas cromossômicas têm um papel relevante. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar citogeneticamente a ocorrência de anomalias cromossômicas em casais com pelo menos dois abortamentos espontâneos no primeiro trimestre de gestação. Método: Foram avaliados os cariótipos de 24 casais, encaminhados ao Laboratório de Citogenética e Biologia Molecular, IBILCE-UNESP, Campus de São José doRio Preto, SP, devido história de pelo menos dois abortamentos espontâneos em primeiro trimestre de gestação.Os cariótipos foram estabelecidos a partir de cultura de linfócitos de sangue periférico e bandeamentos G eC. Resultados: Estes casais relataram um total de 49 abortos, com uma média de 2 abortos/casal, principalmenteentre as 6-8 semanas de gestação. A análise cromossômica identificou um indivíduo com aumento da constrição secundária do braço longo do cromossomo 9 (46,XX,9qh+), considerado uma variante cromossômica normal e a ocorrência de translocações balanceadas em quatro casais (17%): 46,XY,t(8;13)(q22;q22);46,XY,t(4;5)(q25;q33); 46,XX,t(11;14)(p10;q10) e 46,XY,t(10;13)(p10;q10). Estas translocações ocorreram mais freqüentemente no cônjuge do sexo masculino, e com freqüência média acima da relatada na literatura (5% a10%). Conclusão: Os resultados são importantes, pois reforçam a contribuição das translocações na etiologia dos AR e auxiliam quanto ao risco e ao aconselhamento genético dos casais nas gestações futuras.

Objective: The etiology of the recurrent abortion (RA) is multifactorial. Approximately 50% of the cases arenot well identified. Among the different associated factors (anatomical, genetic, immunological, endocrine, environmental), the chromosomal causes play an important role. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate cytogenetically the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in couples who presented at least two spontaneous abortions in the first trimester of gestation. Method: The karyotypes of 24 couples wereevaluated, after lymphocytes culture of peripheral blood and G and C banding analysis. These couples were referred to the Cytogenetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, IBILCE-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, forchromo some analysis, after two or more miscarriages in the first trimester of gestation. Results: These couples reported a total of 49 abortions, and the mean number of miscarriages per couple was two, mainly between the 6-8 weeks of gestation. The chromosomal analysis identified an individual with increased secondary constriction of the long arm of chromosome 9 (46, XX, 9qh+), which is considered a normal chromosomal variant, and the occurrence of balanced translocations in four couples (17%):46,XY,t(8;13)(q22;q22); 46,XY,t(4;5)(q25;q33); 46,XX,t(11;14)(p10;q10) and 46,XY,t(10;13)(p10;q10). These translocations were more frequent in the male gender, and with a mean higher frequency than the ones reported in the literature (5%-10%). Conclusions: These results are important to reinforce the contribution ofthe translocations in RA etiology, and to advise towards the risk and genetic counseling for couples infurther gestations.