Morphological characteristics, classifications and difficulties in the use of diagnostic criteria for serrated lesions of the large intestine

Abstract: Introduction Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths. This condition is related to different molecular pathways, among them the recently described serrated pathway, whose characteristic entities, serrated lesions, have undergone important changes in their names and diagnostic criteria in the past thirty years. The multiplicity of denominations and criteria over the last years may be responsible for the low interobserver concordance (IOC) described in the literature. Objectives: The present study aims to describe the evolution in classification of serrated lesions, based on the last three publications of theWorld Health Organization (WHO) and the reproducibility of these criteria by pathologists, based on the evaluation of the IOC. Methods: A search was conducted in the PubMed, ResearchGate and Portal Capes databases, with the following terms: sessile serrated lesion; serrated lesions; serrated adenoma; interobserver concordance; andreproducibility.Articlespublished since 1990were researched. Results and Discussion: The classification of serrated lesions in the past thirty years showed different denominations and diagnostic criteria. The reproducibility and IOC of these criteria in the literature, based on the kappa coefficient, varied in most studies, from very poor to moderate. Conclusions: Interobserver concordance and the reproducibility of microscopic criteria may represent a limitation for the diagnosis andappropriatemanagementof these lesions. It is necessary to investigate diagnostic tools to improve the performance of the pathologist's evaluation, for better concordance, and, consequently, adequate diagnosis and treatment. (AU)

Adenoma de células basales parotídeo: reporte de un caso, manejo terapéutico y revisión de la literatura / Basal cell adehoma of the parotid gland: report of a case, therapeutic management and review of the literature

El adenoma de células basales de las glándulas salivares es un tipo deadenoma de aparición infrecuente. La localización más habitual es la superficie de la glándula parótida. Suele debutar clínicamente como una masa fi rme y desplazable de crecimiento lento, asintomática, que puede distinguirse a la palpación en el examen clínico. Afecta más a las mujeres, entre 35 y 80 años. Histológicamente: se observan cordonesy trabéculas de células epiteliales delimitadas por células basaloides y formaciones microquísticas, sin componente mixocondroide del tumormixto, como el presente caso. Se puede dividir en cuatro subtipos atendiendoa su morfología: sólido, tubular, trabecular y membranoso. El tratamiento preferido es la escisión quirúrgica conservadora que incluyeun reborde o margen de tejido normal no afectado. Describimos un caso clínico de adenoma de células basales de la glándula parótida; el hallazgo de esta patología en particular, es muy rara y poco documentada, además realizamos una revisión de la literatura y discutimos el manejo terapéutico y conservador de esta rara enfermedad.

Basal cell adenoma of the salivary glands is a rarely seen type of adenoma.Its most frequent location is the surface of the parotid gland. Itusually appears as a fi rm, mobile, slow-growing asymptomatic mass,which can be detected by palpation during clinical examination. Itis more prevalent in women between the age of 35 and 80 years.Histologically, cords and trabeculae of epithelial cells bounded bybasaloid cells and microcystic formations are visible, without themyxochondroid component of mixed tumors, as in the present case.The basal cell adenoma can be divided into four subtypes based onmorphology: solid, tubular, trabecular and membranous. The treatmentof choice is conservative surgical excision that includes a rimor margin of normal uninvolved tissue. We describe a clinical case ofbasal cell adenoma of the parotid gland, a particular disease that isvery rarely found and seldom documented. We also perform a reviewof the literature and discuss the conservative therapeutic managementof this unusual disease.

Adenomas invasores, presentación de caso, revisión de la literatura y propuesta de clasificación según su extensión / Invasive adenomas, case report, literature review and proposal for classification according to their extensión

Los adenomas hipofisiarios invasores constituyen una patología de baja frecuencia dentro de los tumores del sistema nervioso central, su nombre hace referencia a aquellas lesiones que se extienden hacia estructuras adyacentes a la región selar y que en algunas ocasiones pueden alcanzar tamaños gigantes. Representan un importante reto quirúrgico considerando la posibilidad de daño de las estructuras comprometidas o rodeadas por el tumor. Son lesiones que se manifiestan de forma tardía y generalmente más por su efecto compresivo que por un compromiso hormonal secundario. Existen múltiples clasificaciones partiendo de la extensión del tumor, además de las que hacen referencia a las características histológicas. En este artículo se exponen los sistemas de clasificación así como algunos de los abordajes reportados en la literatura. Se muestra el caso de una de nuestras pacientes a quien se le diagnosticó tardíamente un adenoma invasor de gran tamaño, después de varios años de cursar con importantes alteraciones del comportamiento y quien posteriormente fue llevada a cirugía para resección del tumor por vía transcranial. Se expone la complejidad anatómica de la región selar y se propone un nuevo sistema de clasificación que contempla el compromiso diferencial de espacios y estructuras neurales y vasculares adyacentes a la región selar con el fin de guiar a los cirujanos sobre los procedimientos quirúrgicos más adecuados y disponibles en el momento.

Invasive pituitary adenomas constitute a low-frequency disease within the central nervous system tumors, the name refers to those lesions involving adjacent structures to the sellar region and who can reach giant sizes. The invasive adenomas represent a major challenge considering surgical morbidity due to the commitment of structures that may be involved given the extent of these lesions. These tumors usually are belatedly manifested and their manifestations are most often secondary to the compressive effect than hormonal involvement. There are multiple classifications based on the extent of the tumor, besides those that referring to the histologic features. This article shows a case of a patient who was diagnosed lately, with a big invasive adenoma who had had major behavioral disturbances in previous years and was subsequently taken to surgery for resection of the tumor. We present the anatomical complexity of the sellar region and we propose a new classification system to guide surgeons on the surgical procedure most suitable and available at the time.

Pathologic Diagnosis of Gastric Epithelial Neoplasia / 대한소화기학회지

Gastric epithelial neoplasia is a very common disease entity in Korea, encompassing gastric adenoma and adenocarcinoma. There are still discrepancies in pathologic diagnosis of gastric epithelial neoplasia between Western and Japanese pathologists after Vienna consensus classification. With increasing use of endoscopic therapy such as endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection, it is very important to agree on the consensus criteria in the diagnosis of gastric epithelial neoplasia among pathologists in Korea. On this background, the current concepts, and contemporary issues of definition, diagnostic and classification criteria of gastric epithelial neoplasia were reviewed.

Tumorigênese hipofisária / Pituitary tumorigenesis

Os tumores hipofisários, adenomas na sua quase totalidade, representam de 10 por cento a 15 por cento das neoplasias intracranianas (1) e são encontrados em até 27 por cento de autópsias não selecionadas, como achado incidental (2). Morfologicamente são classificados em microadenomas (< 1cm de diâmetro) e macroadenomas, que podem ser circunscritos, invasivos e/ou expansivos. Do ponto de vista funcional, são divididos em adenomas secretores (de PRL, GH, ACTH, TSH, LH e FSH, podendo co-secretar dois ou mais hormônios) e clinicamente não secretores ou "não funcionantes". O diagnóstico é feito pelo fenótipo da hipersecreção (acromegalia, Cushing etc.) e, nos macroadenomas com efeito de massa, por hipopituitarismo e/ou distúrbios neurológicos, onde predominam as queixas visuais e cefaléia. Quanto aos mecanismos de tumorigênese hipofisária, a disputa entre causa primária hipotalâmica versus hipofisária ganhou força a favor da segunda graças às evidências da monoclonalidade dos tumores, juntamente com outros argumentos como a ausência de tecido hiperplásico circundando o adenoma cirurgicamente removido e a relativa independência do controle hipotalâmico. No entanto, admite-se que um papel permissivo do hipotálamo é importante para a progressão tumoral. Muitos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na tumorigenese hipofisária já foram desvendados, incluindo oncogenes, genes supressores tumorais e fatores de crescimento, e serão descritos neste artigo de revisão.

Pituitary adenomas in childhood.

Pituitary adenomas are common tumors composed of adenohypophysial cells.Although they usually arise in the sella turcica, they may occasionally be ectopic. Pituitary adenomas are rarely diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, but their mass effect and endocrine abnormalities can compromise both quality and length of life. Many signs or symptoms of pituitary adenoma, complained of in adulthood, not became evident during adolescence, suggesting true prevalence of this tumor in teenagers is higher than expected. Pititury adenoma occuring during adolescence are associated with features or therapeutic needs sometimes different from those occuring in adulthood. At the onset of disease, delay in growth was rarely observed in teenagers with pituitary adenomas. Many girls complain of oligoamenorrhoea and galactorrhoea, while headache and delay in pubertal development are the most commons features in boys. Hypopituitarism is occasionally encountered in adolescence. Early diagnosis and appropriate choice of therapy are necessary to avoid permanent endocrine complications of disease and its treatment.

Borderline epithelial tumours of the ovary--a retrospective analysis of 31 cases.

Thirty one cases of epithelial borderline tumours of the ovary recorded over a period of six years were reviewed. The incidence of borderline tumours was 6% in relation to ovarian epithelial malignancies, with serous and mucinous types comprising three fourth of the lesions. The serous tumours were bilateral in 39%, revealed surface growth in 17% and had peritoneal implants in 11% of cases. The mucinous tumours were bilateral in 11% and had associated pseudomyxoma peritonei in 22% of cases. Nuclear grade appeared to correlate with extraovarian spread and surface growth in the serous borderline tumours, but not in the mucinous borderline tumours. The endometrioid borderline tumours and mixed epithelial borderline tumours were rare lesions. Twenty one patients (68%) presented in Stage-la. Surface growth correlated with recurrences. The prognosis remained good in serous borderline tumours even in the presence of implants as these were non-invasive. The mean disease free survival was 43.03 months. There was no statistical difference in disease free survival of patients with and without implants.

Pólipos rectocolónicos: diagnóstico, tratamiento, revisión histológica y deguimiento / Rectocolonic polyps: diagnosis, treatment, histologic review and follow-up

Se efectúa un estudio restrospectivo sobre 499 pólipos rectocolónicos extirpados entre 1976 y 1989. Se tuvo en cuenta edad, sexo, localización topográfica, tamaño y forma e histología de pólipos extirpados. Se reexaminaron histológicamente 303 especímenes, ya que se descartaron 147 pólipos hiperplásicos y 49 por tratarse de material no aprovechable. La revisión histológica mostró importantes diferencias con el exámen primitivo. En los adenomas tubulares disminuyó la displasia moderada de 9,7 a 4,5%. No se halló displasia severa en este grupo. En los tubulovellosos se redujo la displasia severa de 6,3 a 3,1%. En 3 casos se halló seudoinvasión carcinomatosa en este grupo y también se encontró un carcinoma focal contra 3 hallazgos de invasión neoplásica en el estudio anterior. En los adenomas vellosos aumentaron las displasias leves y disminuyeron las severas. De los 15 pólipos informados como vellosos con adenocarcinoma se ocluyeron seis, 3 por seudoinvasión y 3 como afectados por displasia moderada. Se destacan los hallazgos de la revisión que mostró las mayores diferencias en las lesiones de alto grado de riesgo y la tendencia a una disminución en ese grado