Qualidade nutricional de dietas da moda veiculadas em revistas não científicas / Nutritional quality of fad diets in non-scientific journals

Objetivo: o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a qualidade nutricional de cardápios de dietas da moda veiculadas nas revistas de circulação não cientificas "Malu" e "7 Dias com você". Métodos: tratou-se de um estudo quali-quantitativo que avaliou cardápios das revistas mencionadas anteriormente, publicadas entre 2015 e 2016. Para a análise do conteúdo nutricional, foi utilizado o software DietWin® para averiguar o valor energético, macronutrientes, o teor de fibra bruta e a quantidade de cálcio, ferro e folato; e para a análise qualitativa, utilizaram-se as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira para oferta de frutas, hortaliças e a presença de alimentos ultraprocessados. Resultados: as dietas analisadas são hipocalóricas; os macronutrientes estão adequados segundo os intervalos de distribuição de macronutrientes para adultos, pois são deficientes em fibras, cálcio, folato e ferro. Em relação à Ingestão Dietética Recomendada, atendem às recomendações para o consumo de hortaliças, são inadequadas em relação ao consumo de frutas e prescrevem alimentos ultraprocessados. Conclusão: a inadequação do conteúdo nutricional das dietas leva a prejuízos nutricionais e estão relacionadas às carências e aos excessos alimentares. Portanto, faz-se necessária a prescrição de dietas individualizadas por meio de avaliação detalhada.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the nutritional quality off addiets menus published in the non-scientific magazines "Malu" and "7Days with You". Methods: This was aquali-quantitative study that evaluated menus ofthe previously mentioned magazines published between 2015 and 2016. For the analysis of nutritional content DietWin® software was used to ascertainthe energy value, macronutrients, crude fiber content and the amount of calcium, iron and folate and for qualitative analysisit wasused the recommendations of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population for the supply of fruits, vegetables and the presence of ultra-processed foods. Results: The diets analyzed are hypocaloric, the macronutrients are adequate according to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribuition Range, are deficient in fiber, calcium, folate and iron in relation to the Recommended Dietary Intake, meet the recommendations for the consumption of vegetables, are inadequate in relation to the consumption of fruits and prescribe ultra-processed foods. Conclusion: The inadequacy of the nutritional content of diets leads to nutritional losses and are related to deficiencies and overeating. Therefore, it is necessary to prescribe individualized diets through detailed evaluation in a physical consultation.

Nutritional composition of fad diets published on websites and blogs / Composição nutricional de dietas da moda publicadas em sites e blogs

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze quantitatively the diets available on blogs and websites. Methods The following 15 diets were analyzed: low-carb diet, gluten-free diet and intermittent fasting diet using the Virtual Nutri software program. The nutrients analyzed were as follows: carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, lipids, iodine, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, D, niacin, and folate. The nutrient values were compared with the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation for adults between the ages of 19-50 years. The macronutrient adequacy percentage was based on a 2000-kcal diet for a healthy life, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Results It was observed that most of the composition of macro and micronutrients was lower than the one established by the World Health Organization and the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation for adults between the ages of 19-50 years. Conclusion Long-term dieting can be a risk factor for several deficiency diseases and may endanger the health of individuals.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar quantitativamente dietas disponíveis em blogs e sites. Métodos Analisou-se 15 cardápios de dietas intituladas: Low Carb, Dieta Sem Glúten e Jejum Intermitente utilizando o software, Virtual Nutri. Os nutrientes analisados foram: carboidratos, fibras, proteínas, lipídios, iodo, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, zinco, manganês, potássio, fósforo, cobre, selênio, vitaminas A, C, B6, B12, D, niacina e folato. Os nutrientes tiveram seus valores comparados com recomendações diárias de ingestão das Dietary Reference Intake para adultos da faixa etária de 19 a 50 anos. O percentual de adequação foi feito baseado em uma dieta de 2000kcal para indivíduos saudáveis, de acordo com o preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Resultados Observou-se que a maioria dos cardápios teve sua composição de macro e micronutrientes aquém do determinado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e das recomendações das Dietary Reference Intake para adultos de 19 a 50 anos. Conclusão O seguimento dessas dietas em longo prazo pode ser um fator de risco a diversas doenças carenciais que pode trazer perigos à saúde dos indivíduos.

Evolution des pratiques alimentaires au Maroc

Le Maroc connaît une transition alimentaire qui touche le milieu urbain et rural. L'urbanisation, le développement économique et la mondialisation sont à l'origine de modifications des habitudes alimentaires. Le régime alimentaire marocain, de type méditerranéen, est basé sur une large consommation de céréales et de fruits et légumes. L'alimentation se diversifie progressivement, surtout pour les ménages urbains et les classes plus aisées. Elle comprend davantage d'aliments riches en micronutriments, mais la consommation de produits d'origine animale reste très limitée alors que les ressources du pays, en poisson notamment, sont très importantes. Les aliments prêts à consommer et la restauration hors domicile deviennent plus courants en milieu urbain favorisant la consommation d'aliments riches en sucre et en graisse. Cette évolution témoigne de la transition nutritionnelle en cours en milieu rural aussi bien qu'urbain. Couplées à une réduction de l'activité physique, ces modifications sont à l'origine de la progression du surpoids et de l'obésité dans la population adulte

Autopercepción de la imagen corporal y prácticas para corregirla en adolescentes de una institución educativa, Lima-Perú / Self-perception of body image and practices to correct it in adolescents from an educational institution, Lima, Peru

Introducción. Durante la adolescencia, etapa de cambios físicos y psíquicos, la imagen corporal se reviste de especial importancia; su insatisfacción puede contribuir a realizar prácticas inadecuadas. Objetivo. Identificar la autopercepción de imagen corporal y susprácticas para corregirla. Diseño. Estudio mixto, cuanti-cualitativo. Lugar. Institución educativa privada, distrito Miraflores, Lima, Perú.Participantes. Adolescentes hombres y mujeres. Intervenciones. Se realizó mediciones antropométricas de peso y talla, encuestade autopercepción de imagen corporal, y entrevistas a profundidad y grupales a 108 adolescentes hombres y mujeres para la fasecuantitativa, y 48 para la cualitativa. Principales medidas de resultados. Porcentaje de percepción equivocada de peso o talla.Percepción sobre su imagen corporal y prácticas para corregirla. Resultados. En el estudio, 36,1% tenían percepción equivocadade su peso y 50,9% de su talla. Aunque más de la mitad de los entrevistados en la fase cualitativa tenía percepción equivocada delpeso, mostraron aparente conformidad con su cuerpo; los que no lo estaban, manifestaban expresiones despectivas del mismo; ellose incluso algunos conformes (n=30) realizaban prácticas como dietas, actividad física y usaban medicamentos para bajar de peso ocrecer; sus padres y amigos influían en la decisión de realizar dichas prácticas. Las participantes de once y doce años no mostraroninterés en modificar su imagen corporal. Conclusiones. Casi un tercio de adolescentes tenía percepción equivocada de su peso, y lamitad de su talla. Los inconformes con su imagen corporal realizaban diferentes prácticas para corregirla.

Introduction. Adolescence is a stage of physical and psychological changes; body image is of special importance and dissatisfactionwith this can contribute to inappropriate practices. Objective. To identify self-perception of body image and practices adopted tochange it. Design. Mixed quantitative and qualitative study. Setting. Private education institution, Miraflores district, Lima. Participants. Male and female adolescents. Interventions. In 108 boys and girls for the quantitative study, and 48 for the qualitative study, weightand height, body image self-perception, in-depth individual and group interviews were obtained. Main outcome measures. Percentageof misperception of weight or height. Perception of body image and practices applied to modify this. Results. In this study 36.1% hadmisperception of their weight and 50.9% of their height. Although most respondents in the qualitative study revealed misperception,they showed apparent conformity with their bodies; those who did not show conformity with their body, expressed scornful comments;these and others (n=30) used diet, physical activity and medications to lose weight or to grow. Their parents and friends influencedtheir decisions. 11- and 12-year-old participants were not interested in modifying their body image. Conclusions. Nearly one thirdof adolescents had misperception of their weight and half of them in regard to their height. Those not accepting their body imagepracticed activities to correct it.

Composição nutricional de dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em revistas não científicas: comparação com as recomendações dietéticas atuais de macronutrientes / Nutritional composition of diets for weight loss published in non-scientific journals: comparison with the current dietary macronutrient recommendations

Objetivos: Com o aumento dos �ndices mundiais do excesso de peso e da preocupa��o com emagrecimento entre os adultos, � crescente o surgimento de dietas populares divulgadas em revistas n�o cient�ficas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a composi��o nutricional de dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em revistas n�o cient�ficas com as recomenda��es diet�ticas atuais de macronutrientes propostas pela American Dietetics Asssociation. M�todos: Foram selecionadas revistas publicadas em 2010 por duas editoras. A composi��o nutricional das dietas foi calculada (NutWin�, 2005) e comparada com recomenda��es atuais para macronutrientes (ADA, 1996). As dietas foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com seu teor de calorias (de grande restri��o cal�rica [(GRC); 800-1200kcal] ou de restri��o cal�rica leve [(RCL); >1200kcal]) e comparadas. Resultados: Foram analisadas 137 dietas (25 exemplares) com aporte cal�rico de 656,5-2243,08Kcal/dia. Considerando a composi��o de macronutrientes dos card�pios, as dietas deste estudo puderam ser classificadas na sua maioria como hipoglic�dicas (59,84%), hiperproteicas (95,70%) e hipolip�dicas (60,58%), al�m de possu�rem quantidades de fibras inadequadas (69,30%). Com exce��o dos lip�dios, os demais macronutrientes apresentaram distribui��o semelhante entre os dois grupos de dietas, quando divididas de acordo com seu valor cal�rico. Conclus�o: Concluiu-se que uma grande propor��o de dietas se apresentou inadequada �s recomenda��es de macronutrientes.

Objectives: With the crescent global rates of overweight and the concern with weight loss among adults, the number of popular diets published in non-scientific magazines has also grown. This study aimed to compare the nutritional composition of weight loss diets published in non-scientific magazines with the current dietary macronutrient recommendations proposed by the American Dietetic Association. Methods: We selected journals published by two publishers in 2010. The nutritional composition of diets was calculated (NutWin�, 2005) and compared with current recommendations for macronutrients (ADA, 1996). The diets analyzed were divided into two groups according to their calorie content (high caloric restriction [(GRC) 800-1200kcal] or mild caloric restriction [(RCL);> 1200 kcal]); they were then compared. Results: We analyzed 137 diets (25 issues) with caloric intake ranging from 656.5 to 2243.08Kcal/day. Considering the macronutrient composition of diets, the diets in this study could be classified mostly as hypoglycemic (59.84%), hyperproteic (95.70%) and hypolipidic (60.58%), besides having inadequate amounts of fiber (69.30%). Except for lipids, the other macronutrients showed similar distribution between the two groups of diets when divided according to their caloric value. Conclusions: We conclude that a large proportion of the diets studied were inadequate according to the recommendations for macronutrients.

Análise da composição nutricional de dietas da moda divulgadas por revistas não científicas / Analysis of the nutritional composition of fad diets in nonscientific magazines

Objetivo: Analisar a composi��o nutricional das dietas da moda divulgadas por revistas n�o cient�ficas. M�todos: Foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo de dietas da moda selecionadas em revistas n�o cient�ficas. A composi��o nutricional das dietas foi calculada pelo software AVANUTRI� e comparada com a recomenda��o proposta pelas DRIS (Dietary Reference Intakes) para macronutrientes e fibras alimentares de acordo com valores propostos pela IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias e Preven��o da Aterosclerose. Para o c�lculo das dietas, foram adotadas como padr�o as recomenda��es para mulheres com 160cm e 61,8kg. Resultados: Foram analisadas 12 dietas publicadas em quatro revistas distintas. O aporte energ�tico oscilou de 720 a 1720kcal/dia. Ao comparar com os macronutrientes, 5 (41,6%) card�pios apresentaram quantidade excessiva de prote�nas; 6 (50%), insufici�ncia de carboidratos; 9 (45%), insufici�ncia de lip�deos; e apenas 2 (10%), quantidade suficiente de fibras. Conclus�o: Os resultados apontam que a maioria das dietas publicadas em revistas n�o cient�ficas apresenta inadequa��es na distribui��o de macronutrientes, o que pode comprometer o estado nutricional dos indiv�duos. Esses dados refor�am a import�ncia de que as dietas sejam individualizadas e acompanhadas por profissional habilitado, um nutricionista.

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional composition of fad diets in non-scientific magazines. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of fad diets selected from non-scientific magazines. The nutritional composition of diets was calculated by AVANUTRI� software and compared with DRIS (Dietary Reference Intakes) for macronutrients and fibers according to the values proposed by the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Standard recommendations for women of 160cm in height and 61.8kg in weight were adopted to perform the calculation of diets. Results: We analyzed 12 diets published in four different magazines. The energy intake ranged from 720 to 1720kcal/day. Regarding macronutrients, 05 (41.6%) menus presented excessive amount of protein, 06 (50%) showed carbohydrate insufficiency, 09 (45%) presented lipid insufficiency, and only 02 (10%) showed sufficient amount of fibers. Conclusion: The results indicate that most diets published in non-scientific magazines present inadequacies of nutrients, which may compromise the nutritional status of individuals. It is indispensable that diets be individualized and monitored by professional nutritionists.

Inoculation message treatments for curbing noncommunicable disease development / Tratamientos mediante mensajes de inoculación para contener la aparición de enfermedades no transmisibles

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of various types of inoculation message treatments on resistance to persuasive and potentially deceptive health- and nutrition-related (HNR) content claims of commercial food advertisers. METHODS: A three-phase experiment was conducted among 145 students from a Midwestern U.S. university. Quantitative statistical analyses were used to interpret the results. Results: Results provide clear evidence that integrating regulatory focus/fit considerations enhances the treatment effectiveness of inoculation messages. Inoculation messages that employed a preventative, outcome focus with concrete language were most effective at countering HNR advertising claims. The findings indicate that inoculation fosters resistance equally across the most common types of commercially advertised HNR product claims (e.g., absolute, general, and structure/function claims). CONCLUSIONS: As the drive to refine the inoculation process model continues, further testing and application of this strategy in a public health context is needed to counter ongoing efforts by commercial food advertisers to avoid government regulations against deceptive practices such as dubious health/nutrition claims. This research advances inoculation theory by providing evidence that 1) good regulatory fit strengthens the effect of refutational preemption and 2) an inoculation approach is highly effective at fostering resistance to commercial advertisers' HNR content claims. This macro approach appears far superior to education or information-based promotional health campaigns targeted solely at specific populations demonstrating rising rates of noncommunicable disease.

OBJETIVO: Estudiar el efecto de diversos tipos de tratamientos basados en mensajes de inoculación sobre la resistencia a los reclamos de los anunciantes de alimentos comerciales con contenidos persuasivos y potencialmente engañosos relacionados con la salud y la nutrición (RSN). MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un experimento en tres fases en el que participaron 145 estudiantes de una universidad del centro oeste de los Estados Unidos. Para interpretar los resultados, se utilizaron análisis estadísticos cuantitativos. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron datos probatorios claros de que la integración de las consideraciones de la teoría del enfoque/ajuste regulador mejoran la eficacia de los tratamientos basados en mensajes de inoculación. Los mensajes de inoculación que adoptaron un enfoque de prevención de resultados y utilizaron un lenguaje concreto fueron más eficaces en contrarrestar los reclamos publicitarios RSN. Se observó que la inoculación fomenta la resistencia por igual frente a los tipos más frecuentes de reclamos RSN de los productos anunciados comercialmente (reclamos absolutos, generales, y de estructura y función). CONCLUSIONES: Mientras se mantienen los intentos de perfeccionar el modelo del proceso de inoculación, es preciso seguir poniendo a prueba y aplicando esta estrategia en un contexto de salud pública con objeto de contrarrestar las iniciativas regulares de los anunciantes de alimentos comerciales para evitar las reglamentaciones gubernamentales contra prácticas engañosas tales como los reclamos equívocos en materia de salud y nutrición. Esta investigación promueve la teoría de la inoculación al proporcionar datos probatorios de que 1) un buen ajuste regulador fortalece el efecto de la prevención refutadora; y 2) un método de inoculación resulta ser muy eficaz en fomentar la resistencia a los reclamos con contenidos RSN de los anunciantes comerciales. Este enfoque macro se muestra muy superior a las campañas de promoción de la salud educativas o basadas en la información dirigidas exclusivamente a poblaciones específicas que presentan tasas ascendentes de enfermedades no transmisibles.

Comer / Eat

Contenido: Naturaleza. Cultura. Comer: entre la naturaleza y la cultura. El ayuno. El ayuno y la santidad. El hambre. Las huelgas de hambre. Caníbales. Vampiros. La obsesión por la comida. Apocalípticos de la globalización. Primitivismo. ¿En una época la comida era genuina?. El cerebro goloso y la obesidad. Las enfermedades a lo largo de la historia. El culto de Ana. La moda y la delgadez.

Evaluation of nutritional adequacy of popular fad diets in Saudi Arabia

Popular fad diets are practiced in Saudi Arabia but little is known about the nutritional adequacy of these diets. The aims of this study were to describe, analyze, and evaluate some popular fad diets and to make recommendations on their use. A total of 10 fad diets were chosen to be evaluated as they were established to be popular in Saudi Arabia. The internet and diet books were used to obtain descriptions and menu plans. Dietary analysis of three days menus for each diet was evaluated. A validated questionnaire for rating popular diets was used to analyze nutritional adequacy, daily energy allowance, recommended rate of weight loss, flexibility and sustainability, physical activity advice, use of supplements, claims, author's credentials and scientific evidence. Nutrients at risk were established by comparing analysis with National Reference Values. Overall scores for the 10 diets ranged from 12 to 65 out of 100. Scores for nutritional adequacy ranged from 12 to 32 out of 40. Four diets provided less than 4200kJ/day. Seven diets did not provide adequate carbohydrate intakes [<50% energy intake]. Nine diets did not provide recommended energy from protein [12-25%]. Six diets provided more than 30% of energy from fat with five diets providing more than 10% of energy from saturated fat. One diet was proven adequate but only with improvements to be made in some areas. No diets scored high enough to be recommended for use

Avaliação de utilização de dietas da moda por pacientes de um ambulatório de especialidades em nutrição e suas implicações no metabolismo / Evaluation of the use of fad diets to patients at an outpatient specialty nutrition and its implications in metabolism

Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização de dietas da moda para emagrecimento por pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de especialidades em nutrição, no norte do RS. Materiais e métodos: Essa pesquisa foi um estudo transversal, com amostra composta por 40 pacientes que responderam um questionário anônimo, antes do início do atendimento nutricional agendado. Resultado: Entre os pacientes, 11 relataram ter realizado dietas da moda, todos do sexo feminino. A dieta da sopa foi a mais citada. A maioria dos pacientes considerou muito ruim o resultado alcançado. A maior parte assinalou que o tempo de peso reduzido foi muito curto ou curto. Entre os sintomas mencionados, os mais frequentes foram fraqueza, irritabilidade e tontura. Em relação às dietas consideradas pelos pacientes prejudiciais à saúde, a da sopa foi a mais apontada. Conclusão: O uso de dietas da moda pelos pacientes questionados foi baixo, o que indica que esses indivíduos possuem adequado conhecimento sobre alimentação.

Objective: To evaluate the use of fad diets for weight loss for patients treated on an outpatient specialty in nutrition, in northern Brazil. Materials and methods: This study was a cross-sectional study with a sample of 40 patients who answered an anonymous questionnaire before the scheduled start of nutritional care. Results: Among patients, 11 reported having been on fad diets, all female. The soup diet was the most cited. Most patients felt very bad result. Most noted that the time was very short lightweight or short. Among the symptoms mentioned, the most common were weakness, dizziness and irritability. In relation to the diets for the patients considered harmful to health, the soup was the most pointed. Conclusion: The use of fad diets questioned by patients was low, indicating that these individuals have adequate knowledge about nutrition.

Composição nutricional de dietas para emagrecimento divulgadas em revistas não científicas / Nutritional breakdown of weight loss diet advertised in non-scientific publications

Introdução: Com o aumento mundial do excesso de peso e preocupação com emagrecimento entre os adultos, é crescente o surgimento de dietas populares divulgadas em revistas não científicas. Objetivo: Comparar a composição nutricional de dietas para emagrecimento encontradas em revistas femininas de circulação nacional com as recomendações dietéticas atuais de macro- e micronutrientes preconizadas para mulheres adultas jovens. Métodos: Foram selecionadas revistas publicadas em 2007. A composição nutricional das dietas foi calculada (Nutwin®) e comparada com recomendações atuais para macronutrientes (NCEP ATP III) e micronutrientes [cálcio, ferro, vitamina C e folato (DRIS,IOM)]. Biodisponibilidade de ferro do almoço e jantar também foi calculada. As dietas foram divididas em dois grupos: de grande restrição calórica [(GRC); 800-1200 kcal] ou de restrição calórica leve [(RCL); >1200 kcal] e comparadas. Resultados: Foram analisadas 86 dietas (17 exemplares; duas editoras) com aporte calórico de 709-1822 kcal/dia. Mais da metade das dietas analisadas tinha <50% das calorias totais de carboidratos. Foram encontradas maiores proporções de dietas inadequadas quando comparadas dietas GRC com RCL; conforme recomendações dos micronutrientes e cálcio (30,2% vs.11,6%; P=0,025), ferro (46,5% vs.16,3%; P=0,010) e folato (93,0% vs.72,1%; P=0,035). Maior proporção de dietas com GRC apresentaram baixa biodisponibilidade de ferro somente no almoço quando comparadas com as dietas com RCL (27,6% vs. 9,3%; P=0,013). Conclusão: Uma grande proporção de dietas com GRC apresentaram-se inadequadas às recomendações de micronutrientes para mulheres em idade fértil, maior do que as dietas com RCL. Os resultados sugerem necessidade de utilização desses instrumentos de divulgação de dietas para a população de forma mais favorável à saúde.

Introduction: Global increase of overweight and concern about weight loss among adults have led to an increase in popular diets presented in non-scientific magazines. Aim: To compare the nutritional breakdown of weight loss diets advertised in magazines with nationwide circulation to the current dietary macro and micronutrients recommended for young adult women. Methods: Magazines published in 2007 were selected. The nutritional breakdownof diets was calculated (Nutwin®) and compared to the current recommendations for macronutrients (NCEP ATP III) and micronutrients [calcium, iron, vitamin C and folate (DRIS, IOM)]. Iron bioavailability from lunch and dinner was also calculated. The diets were divided into two groups: high energy restricted [(HER) 800-1200 kcal] and mild energy restricted [MER >1200 kcal] and compared [Student t test, chi-square (SPSS ®)]. Results: Eighty-six diets were analyzed (17 magazines, two publishers), with daily calorie intake of 1154 (709-1822) kcal. More than half of the diets tested had less than 50% of calories from carbohydrates. A higher proportion of HER diets was classified as inadequate, according to recommendations for calcium (30.2% vs.11.6%, P=0.025), iron (46.5% vs.16.3%, P=0.010) and folate (93.0% vs.72.%, P=0.035), when compared to MER diets. A higher proportion of the HER diets group had low iron bioavailability only at lunch, when compared to MER diets (27.6% vs. 9.3%, P=0.013). Conclusion: A higher proportion of HER diets was inadequate to the micronutrient recommendations for women of childbearing age, compared to MER diets. The results suggest that it is necessary to make better use of these magazines to inform the population about diets.

Diet-induced obesity affects testis development in pubertal rats / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of diet-induced obesity on the developmental process of testes in pubertal rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty 21-day-old male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group (n=32) and an experiment group (n=48), and fed respectively on a normal diet and a high-fat diet. And changes in the body weight, Lee's index, testis weight and epididymis weight were measured at the end of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th week after the treatment, that is, when the rats were 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks old. The concentrations of testosterone and estradiol were determined by Access immunoassay system and the morphological alterations in testis development observed by HE staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The body weight of the high-fat group obviously increased at the end of the 3rd week (P < 0.05), 26.6% heavier than that of the control by the end of the 6th week (P < 0.01), and Lee's index was also obviously increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the controls, the testicular coefficient declined in the high-fat group at the end of the 5th and 6th week (P < 0.05), plasma TG and TC remarkably increased, the testosterone level obviously decreased (P < 0.05), estradiol concentration lowered at the end of the 3rd, 4th and 5th week but dramatically increased at the 9th, with significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). Microscope examination showed that spermatogenic epithelial cells were arranged in disorder, the spermatogenic cell layers reduced and the number of mature sperms reduced.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High-fat diet can induce nutritional obesity in pubertal rats, which in turn may lead to the underdevelopment of the testis and the abnormal level of gonadal hormones.</p>

Malnutrition; determinants in children between six months to five years of age in Bahawalpur

To find-out the determinants of malnutrition in children between six months to five years age in Bahawalpur. This was an observational descriptive cross - sectional study. At Paediatric Medicine out - patient department in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. From Feb. 2005 to March 2007. Eleven hundred children with malnutrition having ages six months to five years. Main outcome measures. Determinants of malnutrition in children under - 5 in Bahawalpur. This study consists of 1100 sick children between the ages six months to five years brought by their parents [mother] to the Pediatric Medicine out-patient department in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Only the children with malnutrition [undernutrition] were included in the study population. Mothers of these children were interviewed and clinical examination of each child was carried-out to find-out the causes of malnutrition in them. According to Gome's classification, 39.45% of them had first degree malnutrition, 37.10%, second degree and 23.45%, third degree malnutrition. The major causes of malnutrition found in our study population included: Illiteracy; food-fads; poverty; lack of breast-feeding; improper weaning; diarrhea and respiratory diseases. All these factors were statistically significant

Características de la madre, diversidad de la dieta y problemas de nutrición en niños de comunidades rurales de Sonora, México / Influence of personality characteristic of the mother on diversity of children diet

Introducción. Con base en el modelo de Creencias en Salud, se llevó a cabo un estudio para conocer la influencia que tienen sobre la diversidad de la dieta algunas características de personalidad y estimaciones de riesgo que presentan las madres en el cuidado de niños de 1 a 6 años. Material y métodos. Doscientas diez familias de la zona rural del estado de Sonora, México, fueron evaluadas en sus hogares utilizando instrumentos validados y confiabilizados en muestras de poblaciones indepedientes a las de este estudio utilizando el modelo conceptual de atributolatente. Como características de personalidad se midieron los estilos de autoridad, estado anímico y estrés de la crianza y las estimaciones de riesgo fueron evaluadas a través de indicadores tales como: susceptibilidad, amenaza y control percibido. Resultados. Los resultados indican que lo niños cuyo peso para la talla fue menor a la primera desviación estándar, presentaron a la diversidad en el consumo de energía como única variable, mientras que para los niños cuyo peso se sitúa por arriba de la primera desviación estándar, tienen en la diversidad de la dieta algunas características conductuales y estimaciones de riesgo que presentan las madres con niños de 1 a 6 años. La variable que lo explica fue la diversidad en el consumo de frituras. En ambos casos las variables predictoras fueron el estilo de autoridad y las estimaciones de riesgo. El estrés de la crianza aparece como variable importante en preescolares para diversidad total. Conclusión. Aún cuando los valores del coeficiente de determinación son bajos, los datos pueden ser útiles en la orientación programática de actividades encaminadas a establecer dietas variadas en la población