Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Huangqi Decoction Against Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects / Efectos Protectores y Mecanismos de la Decocción de Huangqi Contra los Efectos Secundarios Inducidos por la Radiación

SUMMARY: The 12C6+ heavy ion beam irradiation can cause bystander effects. The inflammatory cytokines, endocrine hormones and apoptotic proteins may be involved in 12C6+ irradiation-induced bystander effects. This study characterized the protective effects and mechanisms of Huangqi decoction (HQD) against 12C6+ radiation induced bystander effects. Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, 12C6+ heavy ion irradiation model, and high-dose/medium-dose/low-dose HQD groups. HE staining assessed the pathological changes of brain and kidney. Peripheral blood chemical indicators as well as inflammatory factors and endocrine hormones were detected. Apoptosis was measured with TUNEL. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was determined with real-time PCR and Western blot.Irradiation induced pathological damage to the brain and kidney tissues. After irradiation, the numbers of white blood cells (WBC) and monocyte, and the expression of interleukin (IL)-2, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and PCNA decreased. The damage was accompanied by increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as well as increased neuronal apoptosis. These effects were indicative of radiation-induced bystander effects. Administration of HQD attenuated the pathological damage to brain and kidney tissues, and increased the numbers of WBC, neutrophils, lymphocyte and monocytes, as well as the expression of IL-2, CRH and PCNA. It also decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CORT and ACTH as well as neuronal apoptosis. HQD exhibits protective effects against 12C6+ radiation-induced bystander effects. The underlying mechanism may involve the promotion of the production of peripheral blood cells, inhibition of inflammatory factors and apoptosis, and regulation of endocrine hormones.

La irradiación con haz de iones pesados 12C6+ puede provocar efectos secundarios. Las citoquinas inflamatorias, las hormonas endocrinas y las proteínas apoptóticas pueden estar involucradas en los efectos secundarios inducidos por la irradiación 12C6+. Este estudio caracterizó los efectos y mecanismos protectores de la decocción de Huangqi (HQD) contra los efectos externos inducidos por la radiación 12C6+. Las ratas Wistar se dividieron aleatoriamente en grupos control, modelo de irradiación de iones pesados 12C6+ y grupos de dosis alta/media/baja de HQD. La tinción con HE evaluó los cambios patológicos del cerebro y el riñón. Se detectaron indicadores químicos de sangre periférica, así como factores inflamatorios y hormonas endocrinas. La apoptosis se midió con TUNEL. La expresión del antígeno nuclear de células en proliferación (PCNA) se determinó mediante PCR en tiempo real y transferencia Western blot. La irradiación indujo daños patológicos en los tejidos cerebrales y renales. Después de la irradiación, disminuyó el número de glóbulos blancos (WBC) y monocitos, y la expresión de interleucina (IL)-2, hormona liberadora de corticotropina (CRH) y PCNA. El daño estuvo acompañado por una mayor expresión de IL-1β, IL-6, corticosterona (CORT) y hormona adrenocorticotrópica (ACTH), así como un aumento de la apoptosis neuronal. Estas alteraciones fueron indicativas de efectos inducidos por la radiación. La administración de HQD atenuó el daño patológico a los tejidos cerebrales y renales, y aumentó el número de leucocitos y monocitos, así como la expresión de IL-2, CRH y PCNA. También disminuyó la expresión de IL-1β, IL-6, CORT y ACTH, así como la apoptosis neuronal. HQD exhibe mecanismos protectores contra los efectos externos inducidos por la radiación 12C6+. El mecanismo subyacente puede implicar la promoción de la producción de células sanguíneas periféricas, la inhibición de factores inflamatorios y la apoptosis y la regulación de hormonas endocrinas.

Is quantitative diffusion-weighted MRI a valuable technique for the detection of changes in kidneys after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy?

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability and the reliability of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the changes of kidneys occurring after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment for renal stones. Materials and Methods A total of 32 patients who underwent ESWL treatment for renal stone disease between June and December 2011 were enrolled in this prospective study. Color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) and DWI were performed before and within 24 hours after ESWL. DWI was obtained with b factors of 0, 500 and 1000 s/mm2 at 1.5 T MRI. Each of Resistive index (RI) and ADC values were calculated from the three regions of renal upper, middle and lower zones for both of the affected and contralateral kidneys. Paired sample t test was used for statistical analyses. Results After ESWL, the treated kidneys had statistically significant lower ADC values in all different regions compared with previous renal images. The best discriminative parameter was signal intensity with a b value of 1000 s/mm2. The changes of DWI after ESWL were noteworthy in the middle of the treated kidney (p<0.01). There were no significant difference between RI values in all regions of treated and contralateral kidneys before and after treatment with ESWL (p>0.05). Conclusion DWI is a valuable technique enables the detection of changes in DWI after ESWL treatment that may provide useful information in prediction of renal damage by shock waves, even CDUS is normal. .

Modulation of radiation and cadmium induced biochemical changes in mouse kidney by Emblica officinalis Linn

Protective effect of Emblica against radiation and cadmium induced biochemical changes in mouse kidney has been studied. Adult male mice were divided into seven groups: I [shamirradiated], II [cadmium chloride], III [irradiated with 2 Gy gamma rays], IV [radiation and cadmium chloride], V [Cadmium chloride and Emblica], VI [radiation and Emblica], VII [radiation, cadmium chloride and Emblica]. The animals were autopsied after 1-28 days of treatment. The kidney was taken out and different biochemical parameters such as total proteins, glycogen, cholesterol, acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, DNA and RNA were estimated. The value of glycogen, RNA, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased up to day-14 in non drug treated groups and day-7 in the Emblica treated groups and thereafter decreased up to the last autopsy interval. The value of cholesterol and DNA decreased up to day-14 in non drug treated groups and day 7 in the drug treated groups then increased in all the groups. In groups III, IV, VI and VII the value of total proteins increased during early intervals and decreased thereafter, but the animals of groups II and V, which were given only cadmium chloride with or without Emblica, showed an opposite trend. The biochemical parameters showed highly significant values [p<0.001] as compared to normal ones. Results indicated that combined treatment of radiation and cadmium chloride exerts synergistic effect. The drug treated animals showed less severe biochemical changes and an early and fast recovery, which may be due to protection provided by Emblica

Effects of repeated extracorporeal shock wave in urinary biochemical markers of rats / Avaliação dos fatores bioquímicos urinários de risco para nefrolitíase em ratos submetidos à aplicação repetida de ondas de choque eletro-hidráulicas

PURPOSE: To access the effect of repeated extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) on urinary biochemical markers METHODS: 20 rats were assigned for ESW (Direx Tripter X1® - 14 KV) to one of two groups: G1 (n=10) one ESW; G2 (n=10) two ESWs within a 14-day interval. Within the twenty-four hour period before and after the application of shock waves, the animals were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hour urine collection. The ph, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, oxalates, alkaline phosphatase and citrates were measured. Twenty-four hours after the material was collected for urinary determination, the animals underwent nephrectomy of the kidney submitted to the ESW applications and were, then, sacrificed. The kidneys were processed for hispatological examination. RESULTS: Small variations in the biochemical markers were found in both groups, with no significant differences between the values obtained either prior to or following the ESW applications, except for citrate and alkaline phosphatase. Citraturia decreased significantly in group 2, following the second ESWL application (24.8 ± 3.0 mg/day after the first ESWL vs. 15.3 ± 2.2 mg/day after the second ESWL; p < 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase increased significantly following ESWL in group I (0.57 ± 0.02 vs. 0.79 ± 0.04 µmol/mg creatinine; p < 0.01) and also in group 2 (0.69 ± 0.05 vs. 0.83 ± 0.03 µmol/mg creatinine; p < 0.05). Glomerular, interstitial and sub-capsular hemorrhage with perivascular edema was found in the animals in both groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in urinary alkaline phosphatase was found in both groups studied, suggesting a proximal tubule lesion. In the group of rats undergoing more than one ESWL application, a smaller urinary citrate excretion was noticed, which may be a factor contributing for the formation of new calculi.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos renais das ondas de choque eletro-hidráulicas (OCEH), utilizando como parâmetros marcadores bioquímicos urinários. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 20 ratos machos, EPM - Wistar, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: G1 (n=10) Animais submetidos a uma sessão de OCEH. G2 (n=10) Animais submetidos a duas sessões de OCEH separadas por um intervalo de 14 dias. Para coleta da urina os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas 24 horas antes e depois da aplicação das OCEH. Foram medidos o pH, a creatinina, sódio, potássio, cloretos, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, oxalato, fosfatase alcalina e citrato. Vinte e quatro horas após a coleta da urina os animais foram submetidos à nefrectomia do rim envolvido no experimento e, em seguida, sacrificados. Os rins foram então submetidos aos procedimentos de fixação e coloração histológica com hematoxilina e eosina. RESULTADOS: Pequenas variações nos marcadores bioquímicos foram detectadas nos dois grupos, sem diferenças significantes nos valores obtidos antes e após a aplicação das OCEH, exceto para os valores urinários de citrato e fosfatase alcalina. A citratúria diminuiu significantemente nos animais do Grupo 2 após a segunda aplicação das OCEH( 24,8 ± 3,0 mg/dia após a primeira sessão de OCEH e 15,3 ± 2,2 mg/dia após a segunda sessão de OCEH; p < 0.05). A fosfatase alcalina urinária aumentou de forma significante no grupo 1 após a sessão de OCEH (0,57 ± 0,02 vs. 0,79 ± 0,04 µmol/mg de creatinina; p < 0,01) e também no grupo 2 (0,69 ± 0,05 vs. 0,83 ± 0,03 µmol/mg de creatinina; p < 0,05). Os achados histológicos observados nos animais dos dois grupos foram: hemorragia glomerular, intersticial e subcapsular, acompanhada de edema perivascular. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se um aumento significante da fosfatase alcalina urinária nos dois grupos estudados, sugerindo uma lesão dos túbulos proximais causada pelas ondas de choque eletro-hidráulicas. Nos animais submetidos a mais de uma ...

Changes produced in cerebellum and kidney of rabbits after chronic exposure to mobile phone microwaves. a histopathological study

The use of mobile phones is currently one of the faster growing technological developments. The microwave emitted by these telephones are considered as one of the non-ionizing radiations which still having much uncertainties about the severity of effects of both acute and chronic exposure to their various types. The direct biological effects of exposure to this kind of ionizing radiation have not been studied extensively particularly from the histological point of view. The close proximity of the antenna of such a device to the head and the abdominal organs has raised concerns about the biological interactions between these Electromagnetic Radiation [EMR] and cerebellum and kidney. So these organs were chosen to be target organs for our present study. The present work was performed to assess and investigate the histopathological effects of the frequent and long term exposure to the microwaves emitted by the mobile phone on cerebellum and kidney of rabbits. Male and female rabbits have been used in this experiment for normal and exposed groups. Animals were sexually immature and classified into 3 groups: Normal control [non-exposed] rabbits [male, female], irradiated [exposed] female rabbits, irradiated [exposed] male rabbits. The radiation exposure was carried out on heads of animals for 30 min/ day for a period of 90 days at the frequency of 900 MHz [Specific Absorption Rate "SAR" was 0.62 W/ kg]. For kidney the duration of exposure was 90 min/ day for a period of 90 days at the same range of frequency but the device was operated but not activated. The exposure of the experimental animals of both sexes to this type of non-ionizing radiations resulted in many histopathological alterations in both cerebellum and kidney. In cerebellum herniation of some cerebellar folia, detaching of epithelia of the pial surface and generalized perineural, perivascular and periglial edema could be recorded. The Purkinje cells appeared degenerated, sometimes highly destructed, irregular in shape, dark in staining, small in size, ill-defined and surrounded by widened preicellular spaces. In some regions of cerebellar tissue an absence of Purkinje layer after the degeneration of their cells was detected. The granular cells appeared in darkly stained, clusters aggregated as gliosis, small in size with hyperchromatic pyknotic nuclei. The granular cell layer in some fields accepted a generalized spongiform appearance resulted in compression and degeneration throughout the cerebellar cortex. The molecular later contained few destructed nerve cells, vacuolated matrix and sometimes infiltrated with degenerated dark cells. In some examined fields it accepted a spongiform appearance after severe damage to its constituent fibers and cells. The renal tissue exhibited pronounced tubular necrosis, vacuolar degeneration in glomeruli, narrowing of the Bowman's space, partial necrosis in the medullary elements with some pyknotic nuclei in the interstitium, tubular collapse, atrophied renal epithelia of the renal tubules forming necrotic remnants, glomerular sclerosis, the renal tubules may be reduced to collapsed skeletons, desquamation and absence of the normal renal epithelia. The distal convoluted tubules were more sensitive and more affected than the proximal convoluted tubules. In both of the tested organs [cerebellum, kidney] the effects of EMR were more destructive and more adverse in irradiated males than irradiated females. The chronic exposure to the radiofrequency radiation of the mobile phone resulted in many histopathological alterations in cerebellum and kidney. The subject which leads us to suggest that these radiations may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic at least under the conditions used in the present experiment [30 min/ day for cerebellum and 90 min/ day for kidney for a period of 90 days at SAR value of 0.62 W/ Kg]

Radiation nephritis: anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone in adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) / Nefritis por radiación: efecto anti-inflamatorio de la dexametasona en ratas Wistar adultas (Rattus norvegicus)

The anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone on the irradiated kidneys of adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) was studied. Eighteen adult Wistar rats were, after acclimatization, randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals per group. The control group had normal saline, receiving neither drugs nor radiation. The second group received normal saline and radiation. The third group received pretreatment with dexamethasone at 1mg/kg body weight/day for 2 days followed by radiation. Radiation was delivered to the animals as a single fraction of 2.5 Gy of gamma rays from Cobalt-60 source, using an AECL Theatron 780-C Teletherapy machine. After exposure to the different interventions, the animals were sacrificed on the 14th post-irradiation day and the kidneys dissected out from each animal. The renal tissues were subjected to histological processing, and then studied using an eyepiece objective ruler calibrated with a 2mm stage micrometer for histomorphometric studies. The result of the study showed that all irradiated animals suffered weight loss by the 14th day post-irradiation (p<0.05) irrespective of the additional treatment with dexamethasone and this was statistically significant. Histomorphometry showed that the maximum width of the glomerular capsule was significantly greater in the radiation groups than in the control at p<0.05. The maximal glomerular diameter was significantly greater in irradiated animals compared with the control animals at p<0.05. The outcome of this study showed that the intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone at 1mg/kg body weight/day for 2 days prior to treatment with irradiation did not prevent weight loss nor ameliorate the swelling of the nephrons resulting from the effect of radiation injury to the Wistar rat.

Fue estudiado el efecto anti-inflamatorio de la dexametasona en riñones irradiados de 18 ratas Wistar adultas (Rattus norvegicus). Luego de la aclimatización, aleatoriamente se dividieron en 3 grupos de 6 animales por grupo. El grupo control recibió una solución salina normal, sin recibir drogas ni radiación. El segundo grupo recibió solución salina normal y radiación. El tercer grupo recibió tratamiento previo con dexametasona con 1 mg / kg de peso corporal / día, durante 2 días, seguido de radiación. Los animales fueron expuestos a radiación con una fracción independiente de 2.5 Gy de rayos gamma por una fuente de Cobalto-60, usando una máquina de teleterapia AECL Theatron 780-C. Después de la exposición a las diferentes intervenciones, los animales fueron sacrificados el día 14 post-irradiación y los riñones de cada uno de los animales fueron disecados. Los tejidos renales fueron sometidos a procesamiento histológico, y luego se estudiaron utilizando un objetivo ocular milimetrado calibrado a 2mm para el estudio histomorfométrico. Se demostró que todos los animales irradiados sufrieron pérdida de peso 14 días después de ésta (p <0.05), independientemente de los tratamientos adicionales con dexametasona , siendo estadísticamente significativo. La histomorfometría mostró que el ancho máximo de la cápsula glomerular fue significativamente mayor en los grupos irradiados que en el control en p <0.05. El diámetro máximo del glomérulo fue significativamente mayor en los animales irradiados en comparación con los animales control p <0.05. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que la administración intraperitoneal, de 1 mg / kg de peso corporal / día durante 2 días, de dexametasona antes de comenzar el tratamiento con irradiación, no impide la pérdida de peso ni permite aliviar el edema de los nefrones, injuria producto de la radiación a las Ratas Wistar.

Histopathologic evaluation of the effect of microwave irradiation on fixation of kidney tissue

Post-mortem structural changes in tissues cause technical difficulties in accurate histo-pathologic interpretation. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of microwave irradiation before tissue fixation on preventing post mortem autolysis and accelerating the process of tissue fixation in the kidneys. Twenty-four chickens randomly were divided into 8 groups of 3 each. They were slaughtered and stored at room temperature. At 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 hours the kidneys were removed from chickens. The right kidneys were used as controls and fixed by conventional method through immersing in 10% buffered formalin; all the left kidneys were first irradiated by microwave [MWI; 30sec/450 watt] and then immersed in 10% buffered formalin. Kidney tissue samples were prepared according to standard routines, sliced into sections measuring 5 microns and stained by hematoxylin and eosin; next, these slides were examined through a light microscope. Morphologic study showed no difference in tissue preservation between the two methods till 20 hours post-mortem; however, at 25 hours, samples that had been fixed according to the standard methods revealed marked post-mortem structural degeneration while samples receiving microwave irradiation before fixation had preserved their original structure to a greater degree. Microwave irradiation before fixation of kidney tissue that has been dead for up to 25 hours results in greater structural preservation as compared to fixation by routine methods. We recommend further studies, preferably by using image analyzing, immunohistopathology and electronic microscopy to scrutinize minute structural changes in detail

Evaluation of 99m Tc-DTPA renal scanning for localization and shielding of the kidneys in patients candidate for abdominal radiotherapy

Clinical radiation nephropathy can result in considerable morbidity and/or mortality. Renal tolerance [TD5/5] has been stated to be 20 Gy when irradiation has been delivered to both kidneys in 3-5 weeks. Therefore to minimize renal toxicity in these patients, localization and shielding of the kidneys are essential. This study was carried out to evaluate the role of 99mTc-DTPA renal scintigraphy in renal localization for perfect shielding. From April 2000 to March 2001, thirteen patients had complete history, physical examination, serum creatinine level, complete blood count, urinalysis and abdominal sonography. Then the patients were referred to nuclear medicine department. After I.V. injection of 10 mCi 99mTc-DTPA, the kidneys were localized by gamma camera and marked on skin. All patients received abdominal radiation with A-P and P-A fields with cobalt 60 machine up to 3000-5000CGY. Kidneys were shielded posteriorly after 1500cGY with 5 HVL [Half value layer] blocks. After minimum follow-up of 24 months, no evidence of increasing blood pressure, edema, proteinuria, rising in serum creatinin or changing in kidney size was found. The results show that localization of kidneys by 99mTc-DTPA is a useful, easy and safe method to shield kidneys in these patients

Evaluación del daño renal post-litotripsia extracorpórea: experiencia Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Evaluation of renal damage secondary to extracorporeal shock ware lithotripsy: experience at the Hospital Clínico de la Universidad of Chile

Es controversial determinar la magnitud del posible daño del parénquima renal secundario a las ondas de choque utilizadas en litotripsia extracorpórea (LEC). La elevación urinaria de la actividad de la enzimaN-acetil-ß-D-glucosaminidasa (NAG) puede reflejar este daño y su evolución en el tiempo. El objetivo de este estudio será precisar la magnitud y duración del daño renal posterior a LEC, a través de mediciones de NAG y su correlación con algunos parámetros clínicos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 15 pacientes, de ambos sexos, portadores de litiasis renal única, sin otra patología renal asociada. Se determinó la actividad urinaria de NAG antes y 1, 7 y 30 días post LEC. Se midió la relación entre NAG (U/L) y creatinina (mmol/L) urinarias, expresada como índice NAG (U/mmol). Se consideró su relación con: a) tamaño, b) ubicación y c) número de impactos utilizados. Paralelamente, se determinó NAG urinario como referencia en 5 pacientes sanos y en un portador de daño tubular renal. En 7 de 15 pacientes, se verificó un incremento en el índice NAG al día siguiente de la LEC, regresando a valores basales, en la mitad de los casos, al cabo de una semana. Esta elevación fue menor comparada con la observada en el paciente con daño renal. No se encontró diferencias entre el número de impactos y ubicación de la litiasis, con el valor del índice NAG. Cinco de siete pacientes que presentaron alza enzimática tenían litiasis mayor a 1 cm. Se puede señalar que la LEC produce cierto grado de daño renal, aunque de baja magnitud, variable, reversible a corto plazo y asociado al tamaño de los cálculos, similar a lo descrito en la literatura. Si bien la muestra empleada es pequeña para determinar diferencias estadísticamente significativas, nuestra investigación aparece como un informe preliminar para objetivar el potencial daño renal post-LEC y permitirá evaluar la implementación de esta técnica de medición en el futuro.

study of the possible hazards of acute and chronic exposure to microwaves on hepatorenal function and some blood trace elements in albino rats

Microwave exposure possess some degree of health hazards, the objective of the present study was the investigation of the possible effects of acute and chronic exposure to radiation on some liver, kidney, tissue antioxidants enzymes as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione and toxic free radical lipid peroxide that results from stress oxidative tissues damage as well as the effect of microwaves on some trace elements that acts as metalloenzyme as zinc, selenium, copper and manganese. The result of the present study showed that exposure to microwaves [acute and chronic] produced significant reduction of antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione content. It also produced significant increase in toxic free radical malondialdehyde. These changes are more manifested with acute exposure [7 days]. The parameters of this study were improved with concomitant administration of DDB [well known antioxidant and tissue protective]. Also, the results showed that there was significant impairment of liver and kidney parameters with acute exposure and still there were changes in chronic which were insignificant. The parameters of liver and kidney were improved by the administration of DDB concomitantly

Histochemical studies on the role of pantothenic acid on radiation damage of the kidney

The present study was designed to evaluate effect of pantothenic acid to gamma irradiated rats. Female albino rats [120-150gm] were subjected to [5 Gy] whole body [137]Cs gamma irradiation. Fresh kidney specimens were obtained after 1 and 4 weeks of treatment. Frozen sections were prepared for histochemical study for localization of both acid, alkaline phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase enzymes. The enzymatic activity was quantitatively evaluated and statistically analyzed. The obtained results showed significant decrease in both alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase enzymes activity while the acid phosphatase enzyme activity was significantly increased in comparison to the control group after one week, while after four weeks the activity of both acid and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased, while the enzymatic activity of succinic dehydrogenase decrease. Pantothenic acid treatment [22 mg/kg body weight / day for 6 days] after half hour of radiation showed marked improvement of the radiation induced changes in the activity of measured enzymes. Finally it could be concluded that pantothenic acid could be of value in improving the radiation injury on the kidney

Definiçäo de bordas em imagens de estudos renais dinâmicos / Edge definition in dynamic renal study image

Este trabalho mostra um tratamento estatístico aplicado à seqüência de imagens em estudos renais dinâmicos para a definição dos contornos dos rins, criando uma região de interesse (ROI) cuja geometria deverá adaptar-se, em cada imagem, à geometria da área captante dos rins [1].

This work shows a statistical procedure applied to a set of images of renal function study to define a region of interest (ROi) on the kidney's contours, whose geometry will adapt to the emiting area in every frames [ 1 ].

Medicina nuclear: estudio de la función renal en pediatría / Nuclear medicine in the study of renal function in pediatric patients

Los estudios gammagráficos de la función renal son extremadamente sensibles, no son invasivos, no producen reacciones alérgicas ni efectos farmacológicos o hemodinámicos y la radiación que proporcionan a los pacientes es muy inferior a la recibida al someterse a estudios convencionales de rayos X. Se describen los radiofármacos más comúnes utilizados, las metodologías y las patologías renales en las que los estudios de medicina nuclear son de importancia, ya sea como estudios de primera elección o como estudios complementarios

experimental study on impact of whole body gamma irradiation on liver function and kidney function

Five groups of rabbits were used to investigate the effect of increasing doses of radiation on liver and kidney function. One group acted as a control group. The other 4 groups were exposed to increasing doses of whole body gamma radiation. 1-5Gy. The kidney and liver function tests were affected one week after exposure, except bilirubin level that was decreased immediately after exposure within 24 hours

Blood pressure and renal prostaglandin E2-like content in unilateral kidney radiation

Se estudiaron los efectos de la irradiación renal con rayos X sobre la concentración de prostaglandina medular y la tensión arterial en la rata. A tales fines, 26 ratas fueron divididas en los siguientes grupos: 6 controles (operados pero no irradiadas) fueron sacrificadas a las 12 semanas; a 20 se les irradió un riñón expuesto a través de una incisión en el flanco recibiendo una dosis de 3000r. Estas ratas fueron sacrificadas en grupos de cinco a 1, 4, 8 y 12 semanas después de la irradiación. Se determinó tensión arterial sistólica, concentración de sustancia tipo PGE2 y tamaño renal. La tensión arterial promedio aumentó progresiva y significativamente (p<0,005). El riñon irradiado disminuyó en tamaño y la diferencia con el riñon opuesto fue estadísticamente significativa a 8 y 12 semanas post-irradiación (p<0,05). Al mismo tiempo el contenido de PGE2 tanto en el riñon irradiado como en el opuesto disminuyó significativamente (p<0,005 y 0,001, respectivamente). Hubo una correlación negativa estadísticamente significativa entre la tensión arterial y el contenido de sustancia tipo PGE2 en ambos riñones (r=-0,50), así como también entre los valores tensionales y el promedio y la suma del contenido de PGE2 de ambos riñones (r=0,53). Los resultados sugieren un rol de las prostaglandinas renales en el desarrollo de la hipertensión en este modelo experimental

Unilateral renal radiation blood pressure and PGE2-Like renal substance: a one-kidney model

La nefritis por irradiación puede producir hipertensión arterial. Se estudiaron los efectos que la irradiación, producía sobre un modelo uninefrectomizado en la rata. Se evaluó tensión arterial sistólica, tamaño renal y concentración en médula renal de sustancia tipo PGE2. A cuarenta y una ratas se les practicó nefrectomía de un riñon. Tres semanas después a cinco ratas se les aplicaron las técnicas quirúrgicas previamente descriptas pero sin irradiarlas. Estas ratas fueron sacrificadas doce semanas después y sirvieron de control. A 20 ratas se les irradió el riñon remanente con una dosis de 3000r y luego fueron sacrificadas en grupos de cinco a 1, 4, 8 y 12 semanas después de la irradiación. A 16 ratas se les aplicó una dosis de 1000r sobre el riñon y se las sacrificó en grupos de cuatro en iguales períodos. Hubo un aumento significativo aunque desigual de la tensión arterial sistólica en los dos grupos (p<0,05 para la dosis de 1000r y p<0,0005 para las ratas que recibieran 3000r). En ambos grupos hubo una disminución progresiva y significativa del contenido de sustancia tipo PGE2 (p<0,001 para ambos). El tamaño renal no cambió. El grupo que recibiera 3000r sufrió hipertensiones sistólicas más severas y presentó concentraciones medulares de PGE2 más bajas. Ambas grupos demostraron valores tensionales más altos que aquellos observados previamente en el modelo de dos riñones. Los resultados sugieren que en este modelo experimental la hipertensión puede estar relacionada a la disminución de la concentración renal de prostaglandinas