Microbiological featuring of two neotropical fish species from the quilombola area of maranhão state, Brazil / Caracterização microbiológica de duas espécies de peixes neotropicais oriundas de área quilombola maranhense, Brasil

The aim of study is to feature the microbiological quality of two neotropical fish species from the quilombola area of Maranhão State, Brazil. In order to do so, 21 samples of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and 21 samples of Cichlasoma bimaculatum were captured in flooded environment. Collected fish were euthanized in laboratory environment; muscle fragments were removed for microbiological analyses focused on enumerating molds and yeasts, viable strict and facultative mesophilic microorganisms and coagulase-positive staphylococci; on counting total and thermotolerant coliforms; and on investigating Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Microbiological results were compared to the Brazilian legislation, which establishes the list of microbiological standards for food products. Among the assessed fish, 9.52% were classified as non-acceptable for human consumption, based on the Salmonella parameter. Enumerated coagulase-positive staphylococci ranged from < 10 to 3.9 x 104 CFU/g; 9.52% of assessed fish were classified as having intermediate standard for human consumption, whereas 4.76% were classified as non-acceptable for such a purpose. E. coli counting ranged from 3.6 to > 1,100MPN/g; 4.76% of assessed fish were classified as having intermediate standard for human consumption, whereas 4.76% were classified as non-acceptable for such a purpose. Total and thermotolerant coliforms' counting and the enumeration of viable strict and facultative aerobic microorganisms, as well as of molds and yeasts, have evidenced high microbial population rates; this finding suggests poor hygienic conditions at capture site, contaminated raw material and risk of incidence of enteropathogens. This finding has evidenced imbalance in the investigated environment, as well as compromised aquatic biodiversity.(AU)

Objetivou-se caracterizar a qualidade microbiológica de duas espécies de peixes neotropicais oriundas de área qui-lombola maranhense, Brasil. Para isso, foram capturadas 21 amostras de Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus e 21 amostras de Cichlasoma bimaculatum de ambiente alagável. No laboratório, os peixes foram eutanasiados, procedida a retirada dos fragmentos mus-culares e realizada as análises microbiológicas: enumeração de bolores e leveduras, micro-organismos mesófilos aeróbios estri-tos e facultativos viáveis e de estafilococos coagulase positiva, quantificação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, pesquisa de Escherichia coli e Salmonella sp. Os resultados microbiológicos obtidos foram comparados com a legislação brasileira que estabelece a lista de padrões microbiológicos para alimentos. Dos peixes avaliados, 9,52% foram considerados inaceitáveis para consumo humano para o parâmetro Salmonella. A enumeração de estafilococos coagulase positivavariou de <10 a 3,9 x 104 UFC/g, sendo 9,52% dos peixes considerados com padrão intermediário e 4,76% inaceitáveis para consumo. A quanti-ficação de E. coli variou de 3,6 a >1.100 NMP/g, sendo 4,76% considerados com padrão intermediário e 4,76% inaceitáveis para consumo. A quantificação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e a enumeração de micro-organismos aeróbios estritos e facultativos viáveis e bolores e leveduras revelou elevadas populações microbianas o que sugere más condições higiênicas do local de captura, matéria-prima contaminada e risco da presença de enteropatógenos, demonstrando desequilíbrio no ambiente estudado com comprometimento da biodiversidade aquática.(AU)

Qualidade microbiológica de hambúrgueres comercializados no município do Rio de Janeiro / Microbiological quality of hamburgers commercialized in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro

O hambúrguer é um produto cárneo moldado, com maior risco de contaminação microbiana pelo fato de ser preparado com carne moída que apresenta maior superfície de exposição, além de ser muito manipulado e consumido, muitas vezes, mal-passado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de hambúrgueres industriais comercializados no município do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, bem como, verificar as condições higiênicosanitárias dos locais de comercialização. Foram coletadas 12 amostras de hambúrguer, de oito marcas comerciais, comercializados em três diferentes supermercados. Durante a coleta das amostras foi realizada uma avaliação visual das condições higiênicas da comercialização. Após obtenção, as amostras foram encaminhadas para o Laboratório de Controle Microbiológico de Alimentos da Universidade Castelo Branco (UCB), para realização das análises microbiológicas. De acordo com os resultados das avaliações higiênicosanitárias dos locais onde as amostras de hambúrguer foram obtidas, observou-se 20%, 60% e 20% de não conformidades nos supermercados I, II e III, respectivamente, devido falhas na organização da gôndola, no acondicionamento do produto e/ou no controle da temperatura de comercialização. Resultados em não conformidade com o padrão microbiológico vigente foram observados em 16,67%, 66,67% e 8,33% das amostras para a contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas, Estafilococos coagulase positiva e E. coli, respectivamente. A presença de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias típicas de Salmonella spp foi verificada em 41,67% das amostras. Os resultados demonstraram que os hambúrgueres comercializados em três supermercados do município do Rio de Janeiro/RJ estavam impróprios para o consumo podendo representar risco à saúde dos consumidores.(AU)

The hamburger is a molded meat product with a greater risk of microbial contamination because it is prepared with ground meat, which has a greater contact surface. In addition, it is very manipulated and often consumed medium rare. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of industrial hamburgers sold in Rio de Janeiro/RJ and verify the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the commercialization places. Twelve hamburger samples were collected, from eight commercial brands, and sold in three different supermarkets. During the collection of the samples, a visual evaluation of the hygienic conditions of the commercialization was carried out. After obtaining, the samples were sent to the Laboratory of Microbiological Control of Food at Universidade Castelo Branco (UCB), for microbiological analysis. According to the results of the hygienicsanitary evaluations of the places where the hamburger samples were obtained, 20%, 60%, and 20% of non-conformities were observed in supermarkets I, II, and III, respectively. The non-conformities were due to failures in the organization of the shelf, in the packaging of the product, and/or in the control of the commercialization temperature. Results that did not comply with the current microbiological standard were observed in 16.67%, 66.67%, and 8.33% of the samples for the counting of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria, Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, and E. coli, respectively. The presence of typical Colony Forming Units of Salmonella spp was verified in 41.67% of the samples. The results showed that the hamburgers sold in three supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro/RJ were unfit for consumption and could pose a risk to consumers' health.(AU)

Microbiological and physicochemical characterization of a traditionally fermented corn product: "Champús" / Caracterización microbiológica y fisicoquímica de un producto de maíz tradicionalmente fermentado "Champús"

Background: Many native fermented foods in Latin America are made by indigenous communities through processes that preserve their traditions. Among these products is champús, a fermented drink or dessert native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It has a characteristic flavor between sweet and sour with a low alcohol content, is made from cereals such as corn, wheat, or a mixture of these, and can include fruits and spices. Objectives: This research evaluated the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory quality characteristics of champús to revalue the consumption of traditional foods. Methods: For this purpose, the microbiological safety criteria, fermenting microorganisms, and physicochemical and sensory parameters were evaluated for two batches of champús prepared by five producers and taking samples at different stages. Results: It was found that the average temperature and relative humidity for processing were between 16.5 ± 2.56 °C and 61.6 ± 9.14 %, respectively, and the products exceeded microbiological criteria such as total coliforms and some microbiological criteria for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There was also a high prevalence of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts throughout the process, with the occurrence of the genera Weissella, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus. The presence of organic acids (lactic, acetic, and propionic) and ethanol was evidenced. Champús seems to be a source of calcium, phosphorus, and free amino acids. Conclusions: This information provides a basis to propose improvement plans for small producers and, at the same time, to conduct more detailed studies on the native microbiota of champús

Antecedentes: Muchos de los alimentos nativos fermentados de América Latina son elaborados por las comunidades indígenas mediante procesos que preservan sus tradiciones. Entre estos productos se encuentra el "champús", una bebida o postre fermentado originario de Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Presenta un sabor característico entre dulce y ácido con un bajo contenido de alcohol, está elaborado a base de cereales como maíz, trigo o la mezcla de estos, y puede llevar entre sus ingredientes frutas y especias. Objetivo: Esta investigación evaluó las características de calidad microbiológica, fisicoquímica y sensorial del champús para revalorizar el consumo de los alimentos tradicionales. Métodos: Se evaluaron criterios de seguridad microbiológica, microorganismos fermentadores, parámetros fisicoquímicos y sensoriales de dos lotes de champús elaborados por 5 productores, tomando muestras en diferentes etapas de proceso. Resultados: Como resultados, se encontró que la temperatura y la humedad relativa promedio de elaboración estuvieron entre 16,5 ± 2,56 °C y 61,6 ± 9,14 % y que los productos superaron los criterios microbiológicos como coliformes totales y algunos criterios microbiológicos como Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. También hubo una alta prevalencia de bacterias lácticas y levaduras a lo largo del proceso, identificándose los géneros Weissella, Leuconostoc y Lactobacillus. Se evidenció la presencia de ácidos orgánicos (láctico, acético y propiónico) y de etanol. El champús parece ser una fuente de calcio, fósforo y aminoácidos libres. Conclusión: Esta información sirve de base para proponer planes de mejora para los pequeños productores y al mismo tiempo para realizar estudios más detallados sobre la microbiota nativa del champús.

Effect of storage temperature and time on the behavior of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and background microbiota on whole fresh avocados (Persea americana var Hass).

Avocados are popular fruits; however, contamination of whole fresh avocados and avocado products with foodborne pathogens has raised concern about their safety. Recalls and import alerts of avocado products due to contamination with Listeria monocytogenes cause important economic losses. The behavior of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and background microbiota on whole fresh avocados at 5 and 25 °C as affected by temperature and time of storage was investigated. Whole fresh avocados were inoculated by immersion in suspensions containing six rifampicin-resistant strains of Salmonella or L. monocytogenes, and stored at 5 °C for 48 d, or at 25 °C for 11 d. At selected sampling times, avocados were removed from storage and pathogens enumerated. The log counts of both pathogens at each temperature were fitted to the Weibull distribution nonlinear model to estimate kinetic parameters including the time for the first 1-log reduction (δ), the shape of the curve (ρ), and the time for two (2-D) and three (3-D) log reductions. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes initial populations (approx. 7 log CFU/avocado) decreased during storage at 5 and 25 °C; L. monocytogenes mean counts were higher than those observed for Salmonella (P < 0.05). L. monocytogenes showed a lower rate of decline at 5 °C when compared to Salmonella. In general, the ability of both pathogens to survive on the surface of avocados stored at room temperature was similar. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes counts decline over time on the epicarp of whole avocados; however, if the initial number of cells is large enough, the pathogens could be present for large periods of time. Simultaneously, psychrotrophic microorganisms (PM), aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms (C) and yeasts/molds (Y/M) were enumerated from non-inoculated avocados stored at 5 and 25 °C. Initial mean counts for PM, APC, C and Y/M ranged from 6.1 to 6.6 log CFU/avocado and showed no change (P > 0.05) during storage at both temperatures. Good agricultural and handling practices from farm to fork are crucial to prevent or minimize contamination of whole avocados; otherwise, if large numbers of pathogens contaminate the fruit, they could survive and be transferred to the pulp, or to other ready to eat foods, representing a risk for consumers.

Removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporididum spp. oocysts from anaerobic effluent by dissolved air flotation.

Lab-scale studies were carried out to investigate the efficiency of dissolved air flotation (DAF) for the removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from anaerobic effluent from the pilot UASB reactor. Raw wastewater, UASB and DAF effluent samples were collected weekly and protozoan (oo)cysts were concentrated using IMS followed by protozoa detection using immunofluorescense assay (IFA). The number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the raw wastewater was always lower than that of Giardia spp. cysts with 28-33 oocysts L-1 and 3177-4267 cysts L-1, respectively. Log10 removal of Giardia cysts utilising polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was higher than that with FeCl3, but no statistically significant difference between the two coagulants was observed. Cryptosporidium was absent in most of the treated effluent samples. The results indicate that DAF reached more than 2 log of cyst removal. In addition, the results demonstrated that these parasites are prevalent in the study area and E. coli and total coliforms were not good indicator microorganisms in terms of cyst and oocysts numbers.

Assessing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on fruits and vegetables.

INTRODUCTION: The number of registered foodborne diseases involving fresh produce is a preoccupation in many countries. For this reason, the aim of this study was to better understand the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, two indicators of hygienic and sanitary conditions, on fruits and vegetables that were exposed at different temperatures. METHODOLOGY: The main salads served at the buffets of commercial restaurants were artificially contaminated with separate pools of both pathogens and subsequently exposed at 10, 20 and 30 °C and at different time intervals. Then, the growth potential of S. aureus and E. coli on each fruit and vegetable was determined. RESULTS: There was no significant S. aureus and E. coli growth on all evaluated foods exposed at 10 °C until 6 hours. When comparing both microorganisms, E. coli demonstrated higher growth potential than S. aureus on all analysed salads. Peculiarly, E. coli had the highest growth rate for the tomato (α = 6.43 at 30 °C), a fruit with low pH. CONCLUSION: We suggest that fruits and vegetables should be distributed at temperatures equal to or lower than 10 °C and should not be kept for more than 2 hours at room temperature.

Avaliação microbiológica de queijos minas artesanais provenientes da Serra da Canastra durante e após o período de maturação / Microbiological evaluation of artisanal minas cheeses from Serra da Canastra during and after the ripening period

O queijo minas artesanal da Canastra é produzido na região da Serra da Canastra por pequenos produtores, sendo que alguns são cadastrados no Programa Queijo Minas Artesanal (PQMA) do Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (IMA). Por ser fabricado com leite cru, é importante que os patógenos que podem ser veiculados sejam controlados durante e após o período mínimo de maturação do queijo de 22 dias. Este trabalho avaliou as características microbiológicas de queijos obtidos de 78 produtores rurais da região da Canastra após a maturação e de três produtores rurais durante maturação. As contagens de coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foram realizadas em placas Petrifilm® (3M). A detecção de Salmonella spp. foi realizada utilizando o método ISO 6579: 2002 e por PCR convencional e Listeria monocytogenes foi investigada de acordo com o método ISO 11290-1:1996/(A) 1: 2004 e PCR convencional. A contagem de Enterobacteriaceae foi determinada pelo método APHA 9.62: 2015. As mensurações de pH foram realizadas de acordo com o método IAL 017/IV em pHmetro digital BEL engineering e aferidas diretamente com pHmetro Hanna Instruments e a atividade de água (aw) em analisador Aqua Lab. No estudo realizado ao longo da maturação, as análises indicaram que as amostras, todas provenientes de produtores cadastrados no PQMA, atingiram os limites estabelecidos pela legislação antes dos 22 dias de maturação. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) no pH das amostras ao longo da maturação, embora este parâmetro não tenha correlação com as contagens analisadas. Já no estudo pós maturação, os resultados mostraram que 54% das amostras dos produtores cadastradas e 65% das amostras dos produtores não cadastradas no PQMA não atenderam a pelo menos um parâmetro microbiológico exigido pela legislação. As contagens obtidas para Enterobacteriaceae variaram de <1 a 6,6 log UFC/g, para coliformes totais de <1 a 6,4 log UFC/g, E. coli de <1 a 5,8 log UFC/g e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva de <1 a 7,6 log UFC/g. Em nenhuma amostra foi encontrada Salmonella spp e L. monocytogenes foi detectada e confirmada por PCR em uma amostra analisada. Os valores obtidos de pH e aw estratificados em grupos que atendem e não atendem a legislação não mostraram diferença significativa, sugerindo que esses parâmetros não são bons indicadores de qualidade microbiológica do produto. O elevado número de não-conformidades indica que são necessários esforços para melhoria das condições higiênico-sanitárias refletidas por meio dos indicadores microbiológicos. O registro no PQMA mostrou-se efetivo durante o estudo da maturação, mas não teve o mesmo resultado no estudo mais abrangente realizado pós maturação. São necessários mais esforços dos produtores (cadastrados e não cadastrados) bem como dos órgãos reguladores para melhoria dos indicadores microbiológicos

Canastra artisanal minas cheese is produced in the Serra da Canastra region by small farmers who may or may not be registered in the Artisanal Minas Cheese Program (PQMA) of the Agricultural Institute of Minas Gerais (IMA). Since this cheese is made from raw milk, it is important that the pathogens that may be carried in this product are controlled during the 22 days of ripening. This work evaluated the microbiological characteristics of cheese samples from 78 rural properties in the Canastra region after the ripening period and during ripening in three rural properties. Total coliform counts, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus coagulase positive were performed on Petrifilm® plates (3M). The detection of Salmonella spp. was performed using the ISO 6579: 2002 method and conventional PCR and Listeria monocytogenes was investigated according to ISO 11290-1: 1996/(A) 1: 2004 and conventional PCR. The Enterobacteriaceae count was determined by the APHA method 9.62: 2015. The pH analyzes were performed according to the IAL 017/IV method on a BEL engineering digital pHmeter and measuring directly with Hanna Instruments pHmeter and the water activity (aw) in Aqua Lab analyzer. In the study carried out during ripening, the analyzes indicated that the samples, all from properties registered in the PQMA, reached the limits established by the legislation before the 22 days of ripening. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the pH of the samples during ripening, even though this parameter did no correlate with the microbiological counts. In the post-ripening study, the results showed that 54% of samples from PQMA registered properties and 65% of samples from non-registered properties did not comply with at least one microbiological parameter required by the legislation. Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged from <1 to 6.6 log CFU/g, for total coliforms from <1 to 6.4 log CFU/g, E. coli from <1 to 5.8 log CFU/g and Staphylococcus coagulase positive from <1 to 7.6 log CFU/g. Salmonella spp was not detected and L. monocytogenes was detected and confirmed by conventional methodology and by PCR in one analyzed sample. The pH and aw values stratified in groups that complied and did not comply with the legislation showed no significant difference, suggesting that these parameters are not good indicators of microbiological safety of the product. The high number of nonconformities indicates that efforts are needed to improve the hygiene and sanitary conditions reflected through the microbiological indicators. The PQMA registration was effective during the ripening study but did not have the same result in the larger post-ripening study. More efforts are needed from producers (registered and non-registered) as well as regulators to improve microbiological indicators of this cheese

Microbial quality of irrigation water used in leafy green production in Southern Brazil and its relationship with produce safety.

Irrigation water has been recognized as an important microbial risk factor for fruits and vegetables in many production areas, but there is still a lack of information about how the microbiological quality of different irrigation water sources and climatic conditions influence the safety of vegetables produced in Brazil. This study evaluated the distribution of generic E. coli and the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in two different water sources (ponds and streams bordering farmlands and urban areas) used for irrigation and on commercially produced lettuces in Southern Brazil. We also evaluated the effect of agricultural factors and meteorological conditions in the potential contamination of water and produce samples. A longitudinal study was conducted on four farms during a year (July 2014 to August 2015). The results showed generic E. coli prevalence of 84.8% and 38.3% in irrigation water samples and on lettuces, respectively, indicating irrigation water as an important source of contamination of lettuces. No significant differences were detected in the counts of E. coli between the two different surface water sources. The climatic conditions, particularly rainfall and environmental temperature, have influenced the high concentration of E. coli. The highest loads of E. coli in irrigation water and on lettuces were found during the warmest time of the year. E. coli O157:H7 was detected by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 13 water samples but only 4 were confirmed by isolation in culture media.

Qualidade microbiológica de alimentos comercializados por ambulantes em estações de ônibus de Palmas, TO

O comércio ambulante apresenta aspectos negativos quanto à qualidade higienicossanitária dos produtos oferecidos em função da falta de informação dos manipuladores sobre boas práticas de manipulação e conservação dos alimentos, que são itens imprescindíveis para a segurança dos alimentos. Dentre os alimentos comercializados nas estações de ônibus, os mais consumidos são salgados e sucos, geralmente mantidos em caixas de isopor ou expositores, não garantindo a temperatura adequada de conservação desses alimentos. Por serem alimentos muito manipulados com exposição inadequada, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os riscos desse tipo de comercialização, considerando a pouca notificação à Vigilância Sanitária quando há manifestação de doenças caracterizadas por intoxicação ou toxinfecção alimentar. Foram analisadas 54 amostras, 27 de salgados e 27 de sucos provenientes de estações com maior fluxo de pessoas em semanas alternadas. As amostras foram analisadas em triplicata quanto ao Número Mais Provável de Coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. e Clostrídios sulfito redutores. Em nenhuma amostra foi detectada a presença de Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. e Clostrídios Sulfito Redutores. Detectou-se Número Mais Provável de Coliformes totais em 25,9% nas amostras de salgados analisados e também 25,9% nas amostras analisadas de suco. A ausência de patógenos e valores baixos para coliformes na maioria das amostras pode estar relacionada à temperatura de fritura alta inerente ao preparo dos salgados e à presença de conservantes nos sucos, por se tratar de sucos artificiais (refrescos), além do fluxo intenso de vendas colaborar para o tempo insuficiente de multiplicação microbiana não atingindo níveis capazes de causar DTA (doença transmitida por alimento).(AU)

The itinerant trade has negative aspects as the sanitary quality of products offered due to the lack of information about good practices of handling and storage of food, essential items for food security. Among the foods marketed in the seasons, the most consumed are snacks and juices, usually kept in Styrofoam boxes or exhibitors, not ensuring the proper storage temperature of these foods. Being very foods handled with inadequate exposure, the objective of this study was to evaluate the risks of this type of trade, considering the little notification to the Sanitary Vigilance when there is manifestation of diseases characterized by poisoning or food poisoning. We analyzed 54 samples, 27 of snacks, and 27 of juices from with a greater flow of people on alternate weeks. Samples were assayed in triplicates for Most Probable Number of Total Coliforms and Thermotolerant, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium sulfite reducers. In none sample was detected the presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium sulfite reducers. Total Coliforms were present in 25.9% in snack's samples analyzed and also 25.9% in the analyzed juice's samples. The absence of pathogens and low values for coliform bacteria in most samples may be related to temperature high frying inherent in the preparation of the snacks and the presence of preservatives juices, because its artificial, in addition to sales of heavy flow contribute to the insufficient time of microbial growth does not reach levels capable of causing DTA (disease transmitted by food).(AU)

Dissolved air flotation as a potential treatment process to remove Giardia cysts from anaerobically treated sewage.

Controlling Giardia cysts in sewage is an essential barrier for public health protection, reducing possible routes of protozoa transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of dissolved air flotation (DAF), on a bench scale, to remove Giardia cysts from anaerobic effluent. Moreover, removals of indicator microorganisms and physical variables were also investigated. Flocculation conditions were studied, associating different flocculation times with different mean velocity gradients. DAF treatment achieved mean log removals in the range of 2.52-2.62 for Giardia cysts, depending on the flocculation condition. No statistical differences were observed among the flocculation conditions in terms of cyst removal. Low levels of turbidity and apparent color obtained from the treated effluent may indicate good treatment conditions for the DAF process in cyst removal. Indicator microorganisms were not able to predict the parasitological quality of the wastewater treated by flotation in terms of cyst concentrations. The DAF process provided an effective barrier to control cysts from sewage, which is an important parasite source.

Microbial dynamics of indicator microorganisms on fresh tomatoes in the supply chain from Mexico to the USA.

Quality and safety of fresh produce are important to public health and maintaining commerce between Mexico and USA. While preventive practices can reduce risks of contamination and are generally successful, the variable environment of the supply chain of fresh produce can be suitable for introduction or proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. As routine surveillance of these pathogens is not practical, indicator microorganisms are used to assess the sanitary conditions of production and handling environments. An opportunity exists to use indicators on fresh produce to measure how handling and transport from field to market may affect microbial populations that contribute to their quality or safety. The objective was to quantify indicator microorganisms on tomatoes sampled along the supply chain during the harvest year, in order to observe the levels and changes of populations at different locations. Roma tomatoes (n=475) were taken from the same lots (n=28) at four locations of the postharvest supply chain over five months: at arrival to and departure from the packinghouse in México, at the distribution center in Texas, and at retail in USA. Samples were analyzed individually for four microbial populations: aerobic plate count (APC), total coliforms (TC), generic Escherichia coli, and yeasts and molds (YM). APC population differed (p<0.05) from 1.9±1.1, 1.7±1.1, 2.3±1.1 and 3.5±1.4logCFU/g at postharvest, packing, distribution center and supermarket, respectively. TC populations were <1logCFU/g at postharvest, increased at packing (0.7±1.0logCFU/g), decreased in distribution (0.4±0.8logCFU/g) and increased in supermarkets (1.4±1.5logCFU/g). Generic E. coli was not identified from coliform populations in this supply chain. YM populations remained <1logCFU/g, with the exception of 1.1±1.3logCFU/g at supermarkets and tomatoes were not visibly spoiled. The levels reported from this pilot study demonstrated the dynamics within populations as influenced by time and conditions in one supply chain during a harvest year, while the large variances in some locations indicate opportunities for improvement. Overall, packinghouse and supermarket locations were identified as crucial points to control microbial safety risks.

Evaluation of Disinfectants Used in Pre-Chilling water Tanks of Poultry Processing Plants

In poultry processing plants, disinfectants are often added to pre-chilling water tanks to reduce microbial contamination. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of five disinfectants (acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite) on the populations of food quality indicator microorganisms and on Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the presence and absence of organic matter. The results showed that chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite did not reduce microbial carcass counts. On the other hand, acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid reduced total and fecal coliform counts. Peracetic acid reduced the number of psychrotrophic microorganisms. All products were effective in reducing SE counts only in the absence of organic matter. Acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid could be candidates for the replacement of sodium hypochlorite (commonly used in Brazil) in pre-chilling tanks. (AU)

Evaluation of Disinfectants Used in Pre-Chilling water Tanks of Poultry Processing Plants

In poultry processing plants, disinfectants are often added to pre-chilling water tanks to reduce microbial contamination. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of five disinfectants (acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite) on the populations of food quality indicator microorganisms and on Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the presence and absence of organic matter. The results showed that chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite did not reduce microbial carcass counts. On the other hand, acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid reduced total and fecal coliform counts. Peracetic acid reduced the number of psychrotrophic microorganisms. All products were effective in reducing SE counts only in the absence of organic matter. Acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid could be candidates for the replacement of sodium hypochlorite (commonly used in Brazil) in pre-chilling tanks.

Qualidade microbiológica de queijo mussarela em peça e fatiado / Microbiological quality of sliced and block mozzarella cheese

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o padrão microbiológico de queijo mussarela comercializado em estabelecimentos varejistas de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisadas 40 amostras de queijo mussarela, compreendendo 20 de queijo em peça e 20 de queijo fatiado, as quais foram submetidas a contagem de coliformes termotolerantes e de estafilococos coagulase positiva, e a pesquisa de Salmonella spp. e de Listeria monocytogenes. Observou-se que 12,5% das amostras de queijo fatiado e 5% de queijo em peça estavam em desacordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Estes resultados indicam a necessidade de maior monitoramento desses produtos e maior cuidado higiênico-sanitário durante o processamento por parte das indústrias.(AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the microbiological quality of mozzarella cheese sold in retail markets of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Forty samples of mozzarella cheese were analyzed, comprising 20 samples of block cheese and 20 of sliced cheese. The cheese samples were analyzed for thermotolerant coliform counts and coagulase positive staphylococci counts, and presence of Salmonella spp and Listeria monocytogenes. The percentage of 12,5% and 5% of the sliced and block cheese samples analyzed, respectively, exceeded the microbiological standards accepted by Brazilian legislation. These results indicate the need for a better product monitoring and more concern with hygiene and sanitary practices during industrial process.(AU)

Effects of black liquor shocks on activated sludge treatment of bleached kraft pulp mill wastewater.

Kraft pulp mills use activated sludge systems to remove organic matter from effluents. Process streams may appear as toxic spills in treatment plant effluents, such as black liquor, which is toxic to microorganisms of the activated sludge. The present study evaluates the effects of black liquor shocks in activated sludge systems. Four black liquor shocks from 883 to 3,225 mg chemical oxygen demand-COD L(-1) were applied during 24 hours in a continuously operating lab-scale activated sludge system. Removal efficiencies of COD, color and specific compounds were determined. Moreover, specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), sludge volumetric index (SVI) and indicator microorganisms were evaluated. Results show that the addition of black liquor caused an increase in COD removal (76-67%) immediately post shock; followed two days later by a decrease (-19-50%). On the other hand, SOUR ranged between 0.152 and 0.336 mgO2 g(-1) volatile suspended solids-VSS• min(-1) during shocks, but the initial value was reestablished at hour 24. When the COD concentration of the shock was higher than 1,014 mg/L, the abundance of stalked ciliates and rotifers dropped. Finally, no changes in SVI were observed, with values remaining in the range 65.8-40.2 mL g(-1) total suspended solids-TSS during the entire operating process. Based on the results, the principal conclusion is that the activated sludge system with the biomass adapted to the kraft pulp effluent could resist a black liquor shock with 3,225 mgCOD L(-1) of concentration during 24 h, under this study's conditions.

Qualidade microbiológica de queijo mussarela em peça e fatiado / Microbiological quality of sliced and block mozzarella cheese

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o padrão microbiológico de queijo mussarela comercializado em estabelecimentos varejistas de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisadas 40 amostras de queijo mussarela, compreendendo 20 de queijo em peça e 20 de queijo fatiado, as quais foram submetidas a contagem de coliformes termotolerantes e de estafilococos coagulase positiva, e a pesquisa de Salmonella spp. e de Listeria monocytogenes. Observou-se que 12,5% das amostras de queijo fatiado e 5% de queijo em peça estavam em desacordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Estes resultados indicam a necessidade de maior monitoramento desses produtos e maior cuidado higiênico-sanitário durante o processamento por parte das indústrias.

The aim of this study was to verify the microbiological quality of mozzarella cheese sold in retail markets of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Forty samples of mozzarella cheese were analyzed, comprising 20 samples of block cheese and 20 of sliced cheese. The cheese samples were analyzed for thermotolerant coliform counts and coagulase positive staphylococci counts, and presence of Salmonella spp and Listeria monocytogenes. The percentage of 12,5% and 5% of the sliced and block cheese samples analyzed, respectively, exceeded the microbiological standards accepted by Brazilian legislation. These results indicate the need for a better product monitoring and more concern with hygiene and sanitary practices during industrial process.

Avaliação microbiológica e físico-química do queijo minas frescal, comercializado em feira livre no município de Palmas, TO / Evaluation microbiological and physicochemical of fresh cheese mines, sold in open market in the city of Palmas, TO

The Minas frescal cheese is a food of high humidity manufacture obtained by the traditional process, commonly sold in markets and widely accepted by the consumer. But this is a food susceptible to high contamination result of poor quality microbiological of the raw milk used and the non-adoption of good manufacturing practices. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical properties of the Minas frescal cheese marketed in market in the city of Palmas- TO. For this, samples were collected in all stands trading in the biggest market and analyzed of coliforms group, E. coli and Salmonella sp. To evaluate the physicochemical properties were determined the percentage of fat, acid, salt and moisture. The results indicated a high level of coliforms, with only 20% of the samples had values within those permitted by law for fecal coliform. Despite these results has not been checked for the presence of E. coli. There was also no Salmonella sp. in any of the samples analyzed. ln relation to the physicochemical properties, there was a lack of standardization in all samples analyzed. (AU)

O queijo Minas Frescal é um alimento de alta umidade, processado de maneira artesanal por muitos produtores, comercializado comumente nas feiras livres e de grande aceitação por parte do consumidor. Porém, trata-se de um alimento susceptível à elevada contaminação microbiológica resultado da má qualidade da matéria-prima utilizada e da não adoção das boas práticas durante o processamento, armazenamento e comercialização. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e as características físico-químicas do queijo tipo Minas Frescal comercializado em feira livre no município de Palmas-TO. Para isto, foram coletadas amostras em todas as bancas de comercialização de queijo na maior feira livre e realizadas as análises de micro-organismos do grupo coliformes e pesquisa de E. coZi e Salmonella sp. Para avaliar as características físico-químicas foi determinada a porcentagem de gordura, acidez, sal e umidade. Os resultados indicaram um alto teor de coliformes, sendo que apenas 20% das amostras apresentaram valores dentro do permitido pela legislação para coliformes termotolerantes. Apesar destes resultados não foi verificada a presença de E. coli. Também não foi encontrada Salmonella sp. em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, foi verificada a falta de padronização em todas as amostras analisadas. (AU)

Avaliação higiênicossanitária de lingüiças frescais comercializadas em Campo Grande, MS / Evaluation sanitary conditions of fresh pork sausages commercialized in Campo Grande, MS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições higiênicossanitárias das linguiças frescais, produzidas ou comercializadas nos estabelecimentos comerciais dos cinco distritos sanitários dos municípios de Campo Grande, com intuito de gerenciar o risco e propor medidas preventivas e corretivas que visem diminuir o impacto econômico e a ocorrência de Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos. Foram coletadas 137 amostras de linguiçasfrescais, pelos fiscais de vigilânciasanitária dos cinco distritos sanitários:norte (28), sul (31), leste (29), oeste(26) e central (23), no período deabril de 2007 a dezembro de 2008,em Campo Grande, MS. A análisefoi realizada no Laboratório Centralde Saúde Pública, através das metodologiasreferendadas no Compediumof Methods for the MicrobiologicalExamination of Foods - (APHA), evalores de referência padronizadospela Resolução RDC nº 12, de 02 dejaneiro de 2001, ANVISA. Do totalde amostras analisadas, 64% atenderamaos parâmetros microbiológicosestabelecidos pela legislação e 36%em desacordo, sendo que o distritocentral foi o que apresentou maiorincidência de amostras insatisfatórias(61%), seguido do sul (42%),norte (32%), oeste (31%) e 17% noleste. Dentre os micro-organismospatogênicos, observou-se a presençade Salmonella sp nas amostras de linguiçasde todos os distritos sanitáriose Estafilococos coagulase postitivasomente nas do distrito sul. Os micro--organismos indicadores: Coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli foram identificadosnos produtos de todos osdistritos, caracterizando condiçõeshigiênicossanitárias insatisfatóriasno processo produtivo. A presençade micro-organismos indicadores epatogênicos caracterizou a necessidadede rever os procedimentos deBoas Práticas de Fabricação destesestabelecimentos para garantir umalimento seguro ao consumidor. (AU)

The objective of this study wasto evaluate the sanitary conditionsof fresh pork sausages, producedor sold in shops in five health districtsof the city of Campo Grande,in order to manage risk andpropose preventive and correctivemeasures to curb the economic impactand occurrence of FoodborneDiseases. Were collected 137 samplesof fresh sausages, the health surveillance fiscal of the five health districts:North (28), south (31),eastern (29), west (26) and central(23)for the period April 2007 toDecember 2008, in Campo Grande,MS. The analysis was conductedat the Central Laboratory ofPublic Health, countersigned bythe methods of the Compediumthe Microbiological Methods forExamination of Foods - (APHA),and reference values standardizedby Resolution RDC Nº 12, of 02January 2001, ANVISA. Of the allsamples analyzed, 64% met themicrobiological criteria establishedby the legislation and 36%disagreed, and the Central Districtshowed the highest incidence ofunsatisfactory samples (61%),followed by South (42%), north (32%), west (31%) and 17% in theeast. Among the pathogens microrganisms,was observed the presenceof Salmonella spp in samples ofsausages of all health districts andcoagulase positive Staphylococcusonly in the Southern District.Indicator microorganisms: fecalcoliform and Escherichia coliwere identified in products fromall districts, featuring insatisfactorysanitary conditions in theproduction process. The presenceof indicator and pathogens microorganismscharacterized the needto review the procedures of GoodManufacturing Practices theseestablishments to ensure a safefood to consumers. (AU)

Rastreabilidade de micro-organismos patogênicos ao longo da produção de leite pasteurizado: ferramenta potencial para a segurança alimentar / Traceability of pathogenic microorganisms along the pasteurized milk production: a potential tool for food safety

O objetivo do presente estudo foi monitorar a incidência de Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, coliformes totais, bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e psicrotróficas ao longo da produção de leite pasteurizado, desde a ordenha até a obtenção do produto final para estabelecer etapas e locais críticos da produção, bem como avaliar se a presença de Listeria sp. constitui um bioindicador de L. monocytogenes, e E. coli um bioindicador de outros micro-organismos patogênicos. As coletas foram feitas em 5 laticínios (A, B, C, D e E) do Estado de São Paulo, em duplicata, com intervalo de coleta variando de 3 semanas a 7 meses, de acordo com disponibilidade dos laticínios. Coletou-se um total de 236 amostras foram coletadas, sendo 36 de leite (cru e pasteurizado), 162 eram provenientes de superfícies que não tinham contato com o leite e 38 superfícies que entravam em contato com leite. Das 36 amostras de leite analisadas, 13,9% estavam contaminadas com Listeria sp. e nenhuma com L. monocytogenes; 61,1% continham E. coli e 5,6% apresentavam S. aureus. Somente o leite do laticínio C apresentou em uma das coletas micro-organismo patogênico (E. coli) no leite pasteurizado, indicando falhas no processamento ou no manejo no momento da ordenha. Das 38 amostras de superfícies com contato com o leite (38), 2,6% foram positivas para Listeria sp., 50,0% para E. coli e 5,3% para S. aureus. Das amostras de superfícies sem contato com o leite (162), 13,3% estavam contaminas com Listeria sp., 6,2% com L. monocytogenes e 25,9% com E. coli. De acordo com o limite estabelecido de aeróbios mesófilos no leite cru pela IN 62, constatou-se que 50,0% do leite cru dos laticínios A, D e E, 100% do leite cru do laticínio B e 33,3% do leite cru do laticínio C estão fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação. Foi comprovado que a Listeria sp. não pode ser considerada como bioindicador de L. monocytogenes pelo teste Qui-Quadrado (p<0,05). Ao comparar as médias das amostras positivas para os microorganismos E. coli, S. aureus, Listeria sp. e L. monocytogenes dos laticínios processadores de leite tipo A com os de leite pasteurizado, somente o S. aureus no leite apresentou diferença significativa pelo teste /"T/" (p<0,05). Além dos pontos críticos de controle (PCC) checados através da Árvore Decisória (pasteurização, superfícies internas de embalagens), outros pontos merecem destaque pela elevada quantidade de patógenos (tanques de armazenamento de leite cru e pisos e paredes de câmaras frias). Os resultados obtidos ressaltam a importância da adoção de ferramentas de gestão da qualidade, como Boas Práticas de Fabricação e APPCC, para que a segurança alimentar seja garantida ao longo da cadeia de produção do leite pasteurizado nos laticínios estudados.

The aim of this study was to monitor the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, total coliforms, mesophilic aerobic and psychrotrophic bacteria along the pasteurized milk production, from milking to the final product, to establish steps and critical points of production, as well as to evaluate the presence of Listeria sp. as a bioindicator of L. monocytogenes and E. coli a bioindicator of other pathogenic microorganisms. Duplicate samples were collected in 5 dairy plants (A, B, C, D, E) from the state of São Paulo, within intervals ranging from 3 weeks to 7 months, according to the dairy plants availability. A total of 236 samples were collected, being 36 of milk (raw and pasteurized), 162 from surfaces with no contact with the milk, and 38 from surfaces with contact with milk. Out of 36 milk samples analyzed, 13.9% were contaminated with Listeria sp. and none had L. monocytogenes; 61.1% were contaminated with E. coli and 5.6% with S. aureus. Only dairy plant C showed pathogenic microorganism (E. coli) in the pasteurized milk in one of the collections, indicating failures in the pasteurization or excessive bacterial load in the raw milk. Out of the 38 samples of surfaces that had contact with milk, 2.6% were positive for Listeria sp., 50.0% for E. coli and 5.3% for S. aureus. As for the samples from surfaces with no contact with milk (162), 13.3% were contaminated with Listeria sp., 6.2% with L. monocytogenes and 25.9% with E. coli. According to the Brazilian regulations for aerobic mesophiles in raw milk by Normative Instruction 62, 50.0% of samples from dairy plants A, D and E, 100% of samples from dairy plant B and 33.3% of samples from dairy plant C were above the tolerance limit adopted. The analysis of Listeria sp. could not be considered as a bioindicator of L. monocytogenes by chi-square test (p<0.05). When comparing the mean frequencies of positive samples for E. coli, S. aureus, Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes in the processing dairy plants of type A milk (plants A and B) and the pasteurized one (plants C, D and E), only S. aureus in milk showed significant difference by /"T/" test (p<0.05). In addition to the critical control points (CCP) checked by a decision tree (pasteurization, internal surfaces of packaging), other points should be highlighted by the high number of pathogens found (bulk raw milk tanks, floors and walls of cold storage rooms). Results of this trial indicate the importance of adoption of quality management tools such as Good Manufacture Practices and HACCP, to ensure food safety along the pasteurized milk production chain in the dairy plants evaluated.

Good practices in milking to reduce microbiological contamination of milk in agreste of Pernambuco / Boas práticas de ordenha para redução da contaminação microbiológica do leite no agreste Pernambucano

In Pernambuco, as well as in the major part of Brazil, milk, especially in small dairy farms, is obtained in poor hygienic conditions, little technology and deficient sanitary control of animals. Raw milk presents low microbiologic quality, which compromises the product's composition, reduces its shelf life and can constitute risk to public health. Food quality and safety are related to the Good Manufacturing Pratices (GMP). Implementation of GMP results in reduction of the number of microorganisms in milk, leading to a better microbiologic quality and enhanced shelf life of the final product. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of implementation of Good Milking Practices on the improvement of microbiological quality of milk, aiming to achieve the standards established by Normative Instruction 51. Different practices of milking were applied in the main points of contamination, identified previously, in four dairy farms of Agreste of Pernambuco. The practices were evaluated through enumeration of indicator microorganisms mesophilic aerobes, psychrotrophics, coagulase positive staphylococci, total coliforms and Escherichia coli before and after the application of the practices. The practices adopted were: elimination of first three jets of milk, immersion of teats in chlorinated solution, vigorous cleaning and posterior inversion of buckets and cans for elimination of residual water. Results showed, with the application of the practices, means reduction of 99.9% for mesophilic aerobes microorganisms. The practices indicated are simple, efficient, of easy adoption in milking routine in any situation of technology at the dairy farms and do not require spends with installations.

Em Pernambuco, assim como na maior parte do país, o leite, sobretudo nas pequenas propriedades, é obtido em precárias condições higiênicas, com pouca tecnologia e deficiente controle sanitário dos animais. O leite cru apresenta baixa qualidade microbiológica, o que compromete a composição do produto, reduz sua vida de prateleira e pode constituir risco à saúde pública. A qualidade e a segurança dos alimentos estão associadas às boas práticas de produção (BPP). A implantação das BPP resulta na redução do número de microrganismos do leite levando a uma melhor qualidade microbiológica e maior vida de prateleira do produto final. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da implantação de boas práticas de ordenha na melhoria da qualidade microbiológica do leite, visando atingir os padrões estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa 51. Foram aplicadas diferentes práticas de ordenha nos principais pontos de contaminação, identificados previamente, em quatro propriedades do Agreste Pernambucano. As práticas foram avaliadas através da enumeração de microrganismos indicadores aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, estafilococoscoagulase positivos, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli antes e após aplicação das práticas. As práticas adotadas foram: desprezo dos três primeiros jatos de leite, imersão dos tetos em solução clorada, higienização vigorosa e posterior inversão dos latões e baldes para eliminação da água residual. Os resultados demonstram com aplicação das práticas redução média de 99,9% de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos no leite. As práticas indicadas são simples, eficientes, de fácil incorporação na rotina da ordenha em qualquer situação de tecnificação das propriedades e não requerem gastos com instalações.