Consejería nutricional incrementa el consumo de alimentos ricos en calcio, pero la ingesta se mantiene por debajo del requierimiento diario / Nutritional counseling increases consumption of calcium-rich foods, but mean intake remains below the daily requirement

Calcium (Ca) plays a crucial role in the regulation of metabolic processes, especially neuromuscular function and bone health. In Chile, calcium intake in women of childbearing age does not meet the dietary requirement. Objective: To determine whether standard and virtual nutritional counseling increases the dietary calcium intake in Chilean women of childbearing age. Subjects and Methods: Dietary calcium intake in 20 women (mean age 39 ± 5 years) before and after a nutritional education intervention was compared. Nutritional counseling was provided to promote daily consumption of calcium-rich foods. Subsequently, a virtual space was provided to enhance standard counseling. On days 1, 30 and 62 a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was completed by the women. Calcium intake significantly increased post intervention (ANOVA F = 4.43, P= 0.02). Dietary calcium intake was 308 ± 116mg/d at baseline, 354 ± 138mg/d at 30 days, and 412 ± 188mg/d after 62 days. Post intervention, 95% of the participants did not meet the daily intake requirement for calcium; the average percent of adequate intake of calcium was 68 ± 19%. Conclusion: Nutritional counseling increased dietary calcium intake in women of reproductive age, but the increase was not enough to meet the daily calcium requirements.

El calcio juega un rol crucial en la regulación de procesos metabólicos, especialmente en la función neuromuscular y en la salud ósea. Sin embargo, la ingesta dietaria de calcio en mujeres en edad fértil de Chile no cubre los requerimientos. Objetivo: determinar sí la consejería nutricional presencial y virtual incrementa la ingesta dietaria de calcio en mujeres chilenas de edad fértil. Sujetos y métodos: la ingesta dietaria de calcio en 20 mujeres (edad media de 39 ± 5 años) antes y después de una intervención de educación alimentaria y nutricional fue comparada. La consejería nutricional fue impartida para promover el consumo diario de alimentos ricos en calcio. Además, se habilitó un espacio virtual para reforzar la consejería nutricional. En el día 1, 30 y 62 se aplicaron cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo semi-cuantitativos. La ingesta dietaria de calcio incrementó significativamente (ANOVA F = 4.43, P= 0.02) después de la intervención. La ingesta dietaria de calcio fue 308 ± 116mg/d al día 1, 354 ± 138mg/d al día 30, e incrementó a 412 ± 188mg/d después de 62 días. Al final de la intervención, el 95% de las participantes no cubrieron sus requerimientos diarios de calcio; la media del porcentaje de adecuación para la ingesta de calcio fue 68 ± 19%. La consejería nutricional podría incrementar la ingesta dietaria de calcio en mujeres de edad media en Chile. Sin embargo, el aumento no es suficiente para cubrir los requerimientos de calcio.

Consumo y valoración social de la leche purita fortificada y cereal del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria (PNAC) en Chile / Consumption and social assessment of fortified milk delivered by the National Complementary Feeding Program in Chile

Introducción: El Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria (PNAC), es considerado la mayor intervención nutricional en Chile. Objetivo: Evaluar el consumo y valoración social de "Leche-Purita-Fortificada®" (LPF) y "Leche-Purita-Cereal®" (LPC) en beneficiarios del PNAC. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta de consumo a 544 ninos entre 11 y 72 meses de muestra representativa de las Regiones Metropolitana y Quinta de Chile. La valoración social fue evaluada en 11 grupos focales. Resultados: El 73% y 69% de las madres declaró alimentar a su hijo con LPF y LPC, respectivamente. Las madres declararon entregar una mediana de 60 (45-75)g de LPF y 50 (40-75)g de LPC; diluidas al 10 (8-10)% y 10 (10-10)%, respectivamente. Existe una buena valoración social de los alimentos. Discusión: Los alimentos LPF y LPC son ampliamente consumidos y bien valorados por la población beneficiaria. Sin embargo, el consumo y uso de estos productos puede ser mejorado.

Background: The National Complementary Feeding Program (NCFP) is a universal nutritional intervention in Chile. Objective: To evaluate the consumption and social assessment ofiron fortified milk "Leche-Purita-Fortificada® (LPF)" and "Leche-Purita-Cereal® (LPC)" in NCFP's beneficiaries. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study. A feeding questionnaire was conducted in 544 children aged 11 to 72 months in a representative sample from the Metropolitan and fifth Chilean Regions. The social assessment was evaluated through 11 focus groups. Results: Seventy three % and 69% ofbeneficiaries consumed LPF and LPC, respectively. The mothers claimed to deliver a median of 60 (45-75) g of LPF and 50 g of LPC (40-75) g, with a dilution of 10 (8-10) %% and 10 (10-10) %%, respectively. The perceived social value of these foods was positive. Discussion: LPF and LPC were consumed for most beneficiaries and well appreciated by the target population. However, the consumption of these milks can be improved.

¿Es efectiva la consejería para aumentar el consumo de frutas y verduras y disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular en prevención secundaria?: una revisión / Is counseling an effective strategy to increase fruits and vegetables consumption and decrease the cardiovascular risk in secondary prevention?: a review

Introducción: El consumo de frutas y verduras, dado su alto contenido de fibra y antioxidantes, se ha asociado a una mejoría de algunos de los parámetros biológicos que modifican el riesgo cardiovascular, como el colesterol total, colesterol LDL y la presión arterial. Dentro de las estrategias dirigidas a aumentar la ingesta de vegetales, la consejería es una de las más estudiadas. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos MEDLINE, y en referencias de otras revisiones. Resultados: se revisaron 42 resúmenes (36 de MEDLINE y 6 de la revisión del United States Preventive Service Task Forcé) de los cuales se seleccionaron 30. De estos 30, 8 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se encontró evidencia epidemiológica sólida que asoció el consumo de frutas y verduras a una disminución del riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). No encontramos evidencia suficiente respecto a la efectividad de la consejería para modificar el perfil de riesgo en prevención secundaria. Conclusiones: la consejería produce cambios modestos en la dieta y el perfil de riesgo en pacientes sanos, sin embargo se necesita más información respecto su efectividad en pacientes con enfermedad CV y a sus efectos a largo plazo.

Introduction: Consumption of fruits and vegetables, due to their high fiber and antioxidant contain, has been associated with an improvement in some biological parameters that modify cardiovascular risk, such as total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and blood pressure. One of the most investigated strategies to increase the consumption of vegetables is counselling. Method: We searched the MEDLINE database and other review references. Results: 42 abstraéis were reviewed (36from MEDLINE and 6 of United States Preventive Service Task Force Review) and 30 were selected. Of the 30, 8 match with the inclusion criteria. We found solid epidemiological evidence that showed the association between the intake of fruits and vegetables and cardiovascular risk factors. We did not find enough evidence to demonstrate that counselling is effective in modifying the risk profile in secondary prevention. Conclusion: counselling produces modest changes in the diet and the risk profile in healthy patients, but there is still a need for more information about its effectiveness in long term changes in patients with high cardiovascular risk.

EFFECT OF PREPARTUM PARENTERAL SUPPLEMENTATION WITH VITAMIN E ON THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF DAIRY COWS. / EFEITO DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO PARENTERAL DE VITAMINA E NO PRÉ-PARTO SOBRE A EFICIÊNCIA REPRODUTIVA DE VACAS LEITEIRAS.

Eighty-nine Jersey cows were used to determine the effect of the parenteral administration of vitamin E on the reproductive efficiency. Forty-four of these cows were treated intramuscularly with 3000 UI of vitamin E, whereas 45 were given isotonic saline solution (0.9%)instead, at days 60, 45, 30, and 15 before the date of calving. The results for the treated and control groups were, respectively: placental retention: 9.1 and 6.7%, metritis: 15.9 and 15.6%, pregnancy rate: 68 and 82%, first service conception rate: 66.7 and 51.4%, calving-to-first-estrus interval: 30.8±8.17 and 31.2±7,40, calving-to-first-service interval: 63.8±16.27 and 58.7±12.97, number of services per conception: 1.5±0.85 and 1.7±0.87, calving-to-conception interval: 79.7±31.83 and 81.3±38.38. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the experimental groups in the studied variables. The relationship between the occurrence of placental retention and metritis was positive, and has also influenced the calving-to-first-service interval and pregnancy rate, but not calving-to-first-estrus interval, number of services per conception, and calving-to-conception interval. Metritis did not influence the studied reproductive functions. It was concluded that the administration of vitamin E before the date of calvi

Utilizaram-se 89 fêmeas da raça Jersey com o objetivo de determinar o efeito da administração parenteral da vitamina E sobre a eficiência reprodutiva. Dessas, 44 foram tratadas com 3000 UI de vitamina E e 45 com solução fisiológica a 0,9%, por via intramuscular, aos 60, 45, 30, 15 dias antes da data prevista para o parto. Os resultados para os grupos tratamento e controle, respectivamente, foram: retenção de placenta: 9,1 e 6,7%, metrite: 15,9 e 15,6%, taxa de prenhez: 68 e 82%, taxa de concepção ao primeiro serviço: 66,7 e 51,4%, intervalo do parto ao primeiro cio: 30,8±8,17 e 31,2±7,40, intervalo do parto ao primeiro serviço: 63,8±16,27 e 58,7±12,97, número de serviços por concepção:1,5±0,85 e 1,7±0,87, intervalo do parto a concepção: 79,7±31,83 e 81,3±38,38. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os grupos experimentais para as variáveis avaliadas. A relação entre a ocorrência de retenção de placenta e metrite foi positiva, também influenciou o intervalo para o prim

[Nutrient utilization in children with acute diarrhea fed with formulas containing chicken and soybean]. / Utilización de nutrientes en niños con diarrea aguda alimentados con formula a base de pollo y de soya.

The objective of this study was to measure in children with acute diarrhea the apparent absorption and retention of the macronutrients and some micronutrient present in a formula prepared with chicken and a formula prepared with soybean protein. Fourteen male children (9 months old) with acute diarrhea were assigned to each of these formulas and the consumption and excretion of the studied nutrients were monitored during 48 h. The results showed that the children assigned to the chicken formula consumed more protein and less fat than those in the soybean protein formula. These differences however were associated with differences in the composition of the formulas offered rather than to differences in protein or fat utilization. Fecal mass (800 g/48 h) was similar in both groups and the macronutrient content of the feces, reflected well the amount consumed. The apparent absorption of fat (63%), nitrogen (75%) and carbohydrates (78%) resulted similar in both groups and there were no differences in the retention of nitrogen which approximated 55%. The digestible energy and the metabolizable energy of both formulas, also resulted equal. In general the children excreted more urinary ammonia and less creatinine than healthy children but there were no differences in the excretion of these metabolites between the children assigned to the chicken or to the soybean protein formulas. The retention of Zn (47%) and Ca (72%) were also similar in both groups and they excreted a high (0.17 mg/48 hr) but similar amount of Vitamin A. In summary, these results showed that from a nutritional point of view, the chicken and the soybean protein formulas were equally utilized during the acute phase of diarrhea.

Nutritional evaluation of the soy-whey milk analog La colina.

The milk analog La colina is a product which contains mainly whey, soy protein isolate and vegetable oil, designed for infants since one year, children, adolescents and adults of all ages. The concept behind this product is to offer an alternative to milk consumption which during the last decade has decreased dramatically in Venezuela mainly due to its high price and low availability. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate nutritionally this new product in order to determine if from a nutritional stand point it could represent a valid alternative to milk consumption. The results showed that La Colina offers the same amount of protein, energy, vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus and potassium as whole milk powder and more sodium, iron and zinc. In addition, a rat assay showed that the energy in these two products is equally available and even though the proteins in La colina are 3.9% less digestible, their quality determined by growth, PER or the nitrogen retained are excellent and identical to the quality of the proteins in milk. These results agreed with the theoretical chemical score of the proteins of this new product, which indicated that the amino acid profile of the mixture can fulfill the amino acid requirements of children, adolescents an adults. Both milk and La colina are products with a high fat content. The fat in this new product however, is vegetable oil and therefore it has a more convenient fatty acid profile than whole milk and about one third of its cholesterol. In short, these results showed that La Colina from a nutritional point of view is an excellent alternative to milk consumption.

[Minimal time for detecting protein quality using indicators of protein catabolism in chickens]. / Tiempo mínimo para detectar calidad proteica usando indicadores del catabolismo proteico en pollos.

Previous studies shown that in chickens the hepatic activities of the purine enzymes Xanthine Dehydrogenase and Nucleoside Phosphorylase and the uric acid excretion can predict the quality of the protein consumed in a very short time. In these studies even though the experimental time was short, the time used for the conditioning of the chickens was long and included five days with six chickens per cage and then five to six days for progressively changing the chickens to individual cages in order to avoid the stress associated with the isolation of the animals. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine the minimal time required to detect differences in these parameters after feeding a soy-met and a gelatin diet and eliminating completely the time required for the isolation of the chickens. Thus, 76 one day old Warren male chickens were placed in groups of six on a soy-met powdered diet during five days and on day six all the chicken were placed in individual cages and one halve was offered the same diet while the rest received a gelatin diet. Then on day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 after the diet change five chickens on each diet were sacrificed and the activity of the liver purine enzymes as well as the uric acid excreted were determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Tiempo mínimo para detectar calidad proteica usando indicadores del catabolismo proteico en pollos / Minimal time for detecting protein quality using indicators of protein catabolism in chickens

Previous studies shown that in chickens the hepatic activities of the purine enzymes Xanthine Dehydrogenase and Nucleoside Phosphorylase and the uric acid excretion can predict the quality of the protein consumed in a very short time. In these studies even though the experimental time was short, the time used for the conditioning of the chickens was long and included five days with six chickens per cage and then five to six days for progressively changing the chickens to individual cages in order to avoid the stress associated with the isolation of the animals. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine the minimal time required to detect differences in these parameters after feeding a soy-met and a gelatin diet and eliminating completely the time required for the isolation of the chickens. Thus, 76 one day old Warren male chickens were placed in groups of six on a soy-met powdered diet during five days and on day six all the chicken were placed in individual cages and one halve was offered the same diet while the rest received a gelatin diet. Then on day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 after the diet change five chickens on each diet were sacrificed and the activity of the liver purine enzymes as well as the uric acid excreted were determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Nutritional quality of soybean proteins and casein, thermally damaged, and determined in vivo by an enzymatic method]. / Calidad nutricional de las proteínas de soya y caseina, dañadas térmicamente, y determinada in vivo por un método enzimático.

In this study, the potential of the hepatic activity of the enzyme nucleoside phosphorylase (E. C. 2.4.2.1) as an indicator of dietary protein quality was tested in chickens. For this purpose, a thermal damage of increasing severity was induced on the proteins of casein and soy by heating them in an autoclave (121 degrees C) for 10 to 40 minutes in the presence of glucose. These treatments resulted in variable losses of available lysine, measured chemically, and protein quality, measured by growth assays (PER and NPR) or assays based on nitrogen gained (NPU and nitrogen retained) with chickens. These measurements were then compared with the hepatic activity of the nucleoside phosphorylase measured in the same chicks. The data revealed that the NPU and nitrogen retained procedures were more sensitive than PER or NPR in detecting changes in the protein quality associated with a heat treatment. Moreover, NPU, nitrogen retained and the activity of nucleoside phosphorylase showed that a mild heat treatment of casein, improved the quality of this protein. More prolonged heat treatments, however, caused a reduction in the quality of soy or casein protein as determined by all the methods for measuring protein quality used here, including the enzymatic method. The high correlation coefficients found in this study between the enzymatic method and those based on nitrogen gain or growth, indicate that this method may have a potential as a predictor of the quality of dietary protein.

Calidad nutricional de las proteinas de soya y caseina, danadas termicamente, y determinada in vivo por un metodo enzimatico. / Nutritional quality of soy bean and casein proteins, thermically damaged, and determined by an in vivo enzymatic method

Se estudio la posibilidad de usar la actividad de la enzima nucleosido fosforillasa (EC. 2. 4. 2. 1), proveniente del higado del pollo, como un indicador de la calidad de la proteina dietaria. Para ello se indujo un deterioro a la caseina y a la proteina de soya mediante un tratamiento termico en presencia de glucosa (121o. graus C.), de duracion variable (de 10 a 40 minutos). Este tratamiento indujo perdidas en la disponibilidad a traves de ensayos de crecimiento (PER,NPR) o de ganancia de nitrogeno (NPU, NR). Los resultados de estos ensayos se compararon luego con la actividad hepatica de la nucleosido fosforilasa en los mismos animales. Los ensayos de ganancia de nitrogeno fueron mas sensibles que los de crecimiento en detectar ciones de calidad proteinica inducidas por el calor, e indicaron que un tratamiento termico corto mejora la calidad de la caseina, mientras que tratamientos mas prolongados la reducen, tanto en el caso de la caseina, como los de la soya. La actividad de la nucleosido fosforilasa hepatica fue tan sensible como los metodos de retencion de nitrogeno en detectar cambios en la calidad de proteina dietaria y muestra un buen potencial como indicador de la calidad proteinica

[Use of chigo seed (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) in human nutrition. I. Antecedents, nutritional potential, and characteristics of the plant and seed]. / Utilización de la semilla del chigo (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) en la alimentación humana. I. Antecedentes, potencial nutricional, y características de la planta y la semilla.

A review of the information in the literature in regard to the utilization of the seed of the "chigo" (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) as human food in Venezuela, is presented. The seed of the "chigo" is used as food by inhabitants in areas of the Orinoco basin. Several types of products are prepared from its flour. The nutritional potential of the seed and some of its characteristics, as well as those of the tree from which it is obtained, are also presented. Based on the carbohydrate and protein content of the seed, and on its amino acid composition, it is considered of interest to proceed with a more detailed study in order to determine its potential for human nutrition and, at the same time, analyze the processing conditions of the seed so as to increase its yield and quality as a food.

[Use of chigo seed (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) in human nutrition. II. Process of non-industrial manufacture of chiga]. / Utilización de la semilla del chigo (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) en la alimentación humana. II. Proceso de fabricación artesanal de chiga.

A quantitative study of the traditional process for making "chiga" flour was performed. The "chiga" flour is obtained from the seed of the "chigo" (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) and is utilized as a human food in areas of Venezuela in the Orinoco basin, especially in the State of Apure and in the Territorio Federal Amazonas. The block diagram with the description of the traditional process is presented, together with labor and time requirement studies of the different stages of the process. The yields as well as the requirements for raw materials are also discussed. This research work was carried out to study and provide quantitative information that may allow the duplication of the process, in order to improve the efficiency and yield of the product.

Utilizacion de la semilla del chigo (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) en la alimentacion humana. I. Antecedentes, potencial nutricional, y caracteristicas de la planta y la semilla. / Use of the seed of chigo (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) in human nutrition. I.Antecedents, nutritional potential, and characteristics of the plant and seed

Se hizo una revision de trabajos informados en la literatura con respecto a la utilizacion de la semilla del "chigo" (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) en la alimentacion humana, en Venezuela. La semilla del "chigo" es utilizada por los indigenas y habitantes de zonas en la cuenca del rio Orinoco, para la produccion de varios tipos de alimentos que elaboran con su harina. Analogamente, se presenta el potencial nutricional de la semilla y algunas caracteristicas de esta y del arbol de donde se obtiene. En base a su contenido de carbohidratos y proteinas, y a su composicion aminoacidica, se considera de interes proceder a un estudio mas detallado de su potencial nutricional y de las condiciones de procesamiento de la semilla, con miras a incrementar su rendimiento y mejorar su calidad como alimento para humanos

Utilizacion de la semilla del chigo (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) en la alimentacion humana. II. Proceso de fabricacion artesanal de chiga. / Use of the seed of chigo (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) in human nutrition. II.Non-industrial manufacture process of chiga

Se realizo un estudio de tipo cuantitativo del proceso de fabricacion artesanal de la harina de chiga, obtenida de la semilla del chigo (Campsiandra comosa, Benth).Esta se utiliza en la alimentacion humana en zonas de Venezuela ubicadas en la cuenca del rio Orinoco, especialmente en el Estado Apure y Territorio Federal Amazonas. Se presenta el diagrama de bloques y la descripcion del proceso artesanal, asi como los requerimientos de mano de obra y estudio de tiempos del proceso de fabricacion. De igual forma, se dan a conocer los rendimientos del proceso y los requerimientos de materia prima que ello implica.Con el presente trabajo, se pretende aportar informacion cuantitativa que permita la duplicacion del proceso, con miras a mejorar tanto su eficiencia, como el rendimiento del producto