Impact of extending prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting for cancer surgical patients in the PACU: a before and after retrospective study

Abstract Backgrounds Procedures for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) prevention are mostly based on identification of the risk factors before administering antiemetic drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the extended use of antiemetic on the PONV in the Postanesthetic Care Unit (PACU). Methods Two separate 4-year periods (2007-2010, P1, and (2015-2018, P2) were evaluated. During P1, the protocol consisted of dexamethasone and droperidol for patients with a locally adapted high PONV score, followed by ondansetron for rescue in the PACU. For Period 2, dexamethasone (8 mg) and ondansetron (4 mg) were administered in patients under general or regional anesthesia, or sedation longer than 30 minutes, while droperidol (1.25 mg) in rescue was injected in cases of PONV in the PACU. An Anesthesia Information Management System was used to evaluate the intensity score of PONV (1 to 5), putative compliance, sedation, and perioperative opioid consumption upon arrival in the PACU. Results A total of 27,602 patients were assessed in P1 and 36,100 in P2. The administration of dexamethasone and ondansetron increased several fold (p < 0.0001). The high PONV scores were more improved in P2 than in P1, with scores (3+4+5) for P1 vs. P2, p < 0.0001. Overall, 99.7% of the patients in P2 were asymptomatic at discharge. Morphine consumption decreased from 6.9±1.5 mg in P1 to 3.5 ± 1.5 mg in P2 (p < 0.0001). Discussion The extension of pharmacological prevention of PONV was associated with a decrease in the intensity of severe PONV. However, uncertainty regarding confounding factors should not be ignored. IRB nº 92012/33465

Comparative study between S-(+)-ketamine­midazolam and fentanyl­droperidol in black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) / Estudo comparativo entre S-(+)cetamina-midazolam e fentanil-droperidol em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata)

Sedative and antinociceptive effects of two anesthetic protocols in black-tufted marmosets were compared in this study. Twenty-six marmosets underwent chemical immobilization for physical examination, blood sampling, tattooing, and microchipping. Animals were randomly treated with S-(+)-ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) or fentanyl (12.5 µg/kg) and droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD) given by intramuscular injection. Heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Sedation, antinociception, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory, and visual responses were evaluated using a scoring system. Sedation in KM was achieved faster (p < 0.001) and lasted for a shorter period of time (p = 0.0009). KM was similar to FD in its cardiorespiratory effects, auditory and visual responses. Both protocols promoted adequate sedation to allow manipulation. Animals in KM assumed lateral recumbency while animals in FD maintained a quadrupedal posture during evaluation. FD produced less intense sedation and muscle relaxation but a higher degree of antinociception compared to KM and is suitable for procedures that require analgesia in black-tufted marmosets.(AU)

O presente estudo comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, sedativos e antinociceptivos de dois protocolos anestésicos em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata). Vinte e seis saguis foram submetidos à contenção química para exame físico, coleta de sangue, tatuagem de identificação e microchip. Os animais foram tratados aleatoriamente com a associação de S-(+)-cetamina (10 mg/kg) e midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) ou fentanil (12,5 µg/kg) e droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD), administrados por injeção intramuscular. Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, sedação, antinocicepção, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta ao estímulo auditivo e visual. A sedação em KM foi alcançada mais rapidamente (p <0,001) e teve um tempo hábil mais curto (p = 0,0009). KM foi semelhante a FD nos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, respostas auditivas e visuais. Os dois protocolos promoveram sedação adequada para manipulação. Os animais do grupo KM permaneceram em decúbito lateral durante a avaliação, enquanto os animais em FD mantiveram postura quadrupedal. FD resultou em sedação e relaxamento muscular de menor intensidade, porém com maior escore de antinocicepção em comparação com KM, sendo adequada para procedimentos que requerem analgesia em saguis-de-tufo-preto.(AU)

A low dose of droperidol decreases the desflurane concentration needed during breast cancer surgery: a randomized double-blinded study / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Droperidol (DHB) reportedly reduces the dose of propofol needed to achieve hypnosis when anesthesia is induced and decreases the bispectral index (BIS) in propofol-sedated patients during spinal anesthesia. We reported previously that supplemental DHB decreased the BIS after the administration of sevoflurane and remifentanil. This study investigated the effect of DHB on desflurane (DES) consumption in a clinical setting. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized double-blinded study of 35 women with American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I or II who underwent a mastectomy. Either DHB (20 µg/kg) or a saline placebo was administered to patients 30 min after the induction of anesthesia. A blinded anesthesiologist maintained a BIS value of 50 during anesthesia by modulating inhaled DES concentrations that changed 0.5% at 2.5 min intervals and maintained analgesia via the constant administration of remifentanil by referring to vital signs. The primary endpoint was the effect of DHB on DES consumption. The secondary endpoints included blood circulatory parameters, the time from the end of surgery to extubation, and discharge time between the groups. RESULTS: The characteristics of the patients did not differ between the groups. The DHB group used a mean of 27.2 ± 6.0 ml of DES compared with 41.4 ± 9.5 ml by the placebo group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A small dose of DHB reduced the DES concentration needed to maintain a BIS of 50. Our results show that DHB reduced the consumption of DES without adverse effects.

Comparison of droperidol and ondansetron prophylactic effect on subarachnoid morphine-induced pruritus / Comparação dos efeitos profiláticos do droperidol e do ondansetron sobre o prurido provocado pela morfina subaracnoidea / Comparación de los efectos profilácticos del droperidol y del ondansetrón sobre el prurito provocado por la morfina subaracnoidea

The prophylactic effect of ondansetron on subarachnoid morphine-induced pruritus is controversial, while evidence suggests that droperidol prevents pruritus. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of droperidol and ondansetron on subarachnoid morphine-induced pruritus.

O efeito profilático do ondansetron sobre prurido provocado pela morfina subaracnoidea é controverso, enquanto evidências sugerem que o droperidol previne o prurido. O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar o efeito do droperidol com o do ondansetron sobre o prurido provocado pela morfina subaracnoidea.

El efecto profiláctico del ondansetrón sobre el prurito provocado por la morfina subaracnoidea es controvertido, mientras las evidencias nos muestran que el droperidol previene el prurito. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar el efecto del droperidol con el del ondansetrón sobre el prurito provocado por la morfina subaracnoidea.

Efficacy of the oral neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant administered with ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone and droperidol were used for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Recently, neurokinin-1 (NK1) antagonist has been used for PONV. We evaluated the effect of oral aprepitant premedication in addition to ondansetron. METHODS: A total 90 patients scheduled for elective rhinolaryngological surgery were allocated to three groups (Control, Ap80, Ap125), each of 30 at random. Ondansetron 4 mg was injected intravenously to all patients just before the end of surgery. On the morning of surgery, 80 mg and 125 mg aprepitant were additionally administered into the Ap80 group and Ap125 group, respectively. The rhodes index of nausea, vomiting and retching (RINVR) was checked at 6 hr and 24 hr after surgery. RESULTS: Twelve patients who used steroids unexpectedly were excluded. Finally 78 patients (control : Ap80 : Ap125 = 24 : 28 : 26) were enrolled. Overall PONV occurrence rate of Ap125 group (1/26, 3.9%) was lower (P = 0.015) than the control group (7/24, 29.2%) at 6 hr after surgery. The nausea distress score of Ap125 group (0.04 +/- 0.20) was lower (P = 0.032) than the control group (0.67 +/- 1.24) at 6 hr after surgery. No evident side effect of aprepitant was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Oral aprepitant 125 mg can be used as combination therapy for the prevention of PONV.

Influence of acupoint injection with small dose of fentanyl-droperidol mixed liquor on labor analgesia and level of stress hormone in parturient / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical effect of acupoint injection with small dose of fentanyl-droperido mixed liquor at different time stages on labor analgesia, and explore its function mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and fifty cases of full-term primiparas who were intended to take vaginal delivery were randomly divided into 3 groups, 50 cases in each one. The acupoint injection with fentanyl-droperido mixed liquor at different time stages was applied in the group I, where Shenshu (BL 23) was selected in active phase and Ciliao (BL 32) was selected in the 2nd stage of labor. The subcutaneous injection with fentanyl-droperido mixed liquor was adopted in group II. The group III, which was considered as a control group, was treated with subcutaneous injection of 0.9% NaCl at the same time stage as group I and II. The blood pressure, VAS score and level of norepinephrine and adrenaline were observed at different time stages.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared before the injection, the blood pressure of group III in the active phase and 2nd stage of labor was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and that in group II and III was obviously higher than that in the group I (P < 0.05). The VAS score of group I in the active phase and 2nd stage of labor was significantly lower than that in the group II and III (P < 0.01). After the injection, the level of NE and E was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), which was lower than that in the group II and III (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The acupoint injection with small dose of fentanyl-droperido mixed liquor at different time stages has positive effect on labor analgesia, and it could significantly relieve stress reaction of parturient during the labor. Its mechanism could be related to the reduction of stress hormone in parturient.</p>

Effect of 1 mg of prophylactic haloperidol for postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynecological laparoscopic surgery using IV patient controlled analgesia

BACKGROUND: Haloperidol, a major tranquilizer similar to droperidol, has been found to have a potent antiemetic effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), but the supporting evidence was incomplete, especially in Korea.Therefore we evaluated the prophylactic effect of haloperidol on opioid-based IV patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) related PONV in susceptible patients after gynecological laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: Ninety-six adult women scheduled gynecological laparoscopic surgery were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded and placebo study.Patients received haloperidol 1 mg (Group H) or saline (Group C) 30 min before the end of surgery.Fentanyl-based IV PCA was administered after surgery.The incidences and severity of nausea, vomiting, rescue antiemetic administration, pain, and adverse effects (cardiac arrhythmias and extrapyramidal effects) were assessed for 24 h after surgery.The sedation score was recorded in the post-anesthesia care unit for 2 h. RESULTS: The incidences and severity of nausea and the number of antiemetic administration were significantly lower in Group H than Group C (P < 0.05). But the sedation and pain score were similar. There was no QTc prolongation or extrapyramidal symptom in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic haloperidol 1 mg is effective in preventing PONV related to fentanyl-based IV PCA, with less adverse effects, in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery.

Preventive effect of acupoint injection at neiguan (PC 6) on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the method for preventing the postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty patients being for laparoscopic gynecologic surgery at I- II grade as American Society of anesthesiologists (ASA) were randomly divided into three groups, 40 cases in each group. Twenty minutes before the operation, the mixture of 2. 5 mg Droperidol (1 mL) and 1 mL 0. 9% sodium chloride solution was injected into the bilateral Neiguan (PC 6) in group I , and an intravenous injection with 1 mL Droperidol was used in group II , while there was no treatment carried out in group Ill'. Twenty four hours after the operation, the frequency and degree of nausea and vomiting were observed and scored according to the criteria standard.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence rate of nausea was 10. 0% (4/40) in group I , 57. 5% (23/40) in group II , which was significantly different from 80. 0% (32/40) in group III (P<0. 01, P<0. 05, respectively), while it was lower in group I than in group II (P<0. 01). The incidence rate of vomiting was 7. 5% (3/40) in group I , 52. 5% (21/40) in group II , which was significantly different from 75.0% (30/40) in group III (P<0.01, P<0.05 respectively), while it was lower in group I than in group II (P<0.01). No complication, such as obvious drowsiness, anxiety and extracorticospinal tract reaction, was observed among the three groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Acupoint injection at Neiguan (PC 6) with a small dose of Droperidol can effectively prevent the PONV after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery without other adverse effects.</p>

Estudo comparativo de antieméticos e suas associações, na prevenção de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios, em pacientes submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos ginecológicos / Estudio comparativo de antieméticos y sus asociaciones, en la prevención de náusea y vómito postoperatorios, en pacientes sometidas a procedimientos quirúrgicos ginecológicos / Comparative study of anti-emetics and their association, in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecologic surgeries

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A profilaxia de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios foi objeto de muitos estudos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar antieméticos e associações na prevenção de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios. MÉTODO: Setenta pacientes, ASA I e II, foram submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos ginecológicos, sob bloqueio peridural associado à anestesia geral. No Grupo Metoclopramida (GM), administrou-se 20 mg; no Grupo Dexametasona (GDe), injetou-se 8 mg; no Grupo Droperidol (GDr) administrou-se 1,25 mg; no Grupo Ondansetron (GO) injetou-se 8 mg; no Grupo Dexametasona-Ondansetron (GDeO) administrou-se, respectivamente, 8 mg e 4 mg; no Grupo Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDrO) injetou-se 1,25 mg e 4 mg; no Grupo Dexametasona-Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDeDrO) administrou-se 8 mg, 0,625 mg e 4 mg. A presença de náuseas e vômitos foi observada nos momentos de 6, 12, 24 e 36 horas após o término do ato operatório. RESULTADOS: A incidência total de episódios de náuseas foi de quatro no GDeDrO, seis no GO, seis no GDrO, 11 no GDe, 11 no GDeO, 18 no GM e 22 no GDr. Aplicando-se o teste do Qui-quadrado ou o teste de Fisher, ocorreu diferença estatística significativa entre o GDr e os grupos GDe, GDO, GDrO, GDeO, GDeDrO; entre o GM e os grupos GO, GDrO e GDeDrO; entre o GDeO e o grupo GDeDrO. A incidência total de episódios de vômitos foi de três no GO, três no GDeDrO, seis no GDrO, sete no GDe, sete no GDeO, desz no GDr e 13 no G. Verificou-se diferença estatística significativa entre o GDr e os grupos GO e GDeDrO; entre o GM e os grupos GO e GDeDrO. CONCLUSÕES: A associação dexametasona-droperidol-ondansetron e o ondansetron foram mais eficazes na profilaxia de náuseas e vômitos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting has been the subject of several studies. The objective of the present study was to compare anti-emetics, and their association, in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: Seventy patients, ASA I and II, underwent epidural block associated with general anesthesia for gynecologic surgeries. Patients in the Metochlopramide Group (MG) received 20 mg of the drug; the Dexamethasone Group (DeG) received 8 mg; the Droperidol Group (DrG) received 1.25 mg; the Ondansetron Group (OG) received 8 mg; the Dexamethasone-Ondansetron Group (DeOG) received 8 mg and 4 mg, respectively; the Droperidol-Ondansetron Group (DrOG) received 1.25 mg and 4 mg, respectively; the Dexamethasone-Droperidol-Ondansetron Group (DeDrOG) received 8 mg, 0.625 mg, and 4 mg. The presence of nausea and vomiting was evaluated at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after the end of the surgery. RESULTS: The total incidence of episodes of nausea per group is as follows: 4 in DeDrOG, 6 in OG, 6 in DrOG, 11 in DeG, 11 in DeOG, 18 in MG, and 22 in DrG. The Chi-square and Fisher exact tests indicated statistically significant differences between DrG and DeG, DOG, DrOG, DeOG, and DeDrOG; between MG and OG, DrOG, and DeDrOG; and between DeOG and DeDrOG. And the incidence of vomiting was: 3 in OG, 3 in DeDrOG, 6 in DrOG, 7 in DeG, 7 in DeOG, and 10 in DrG, and 13 in G. There was a statistically significant difference between DrG and OG and DeDrOG; and between MG and OG and DeDrOG. CONCLUSIONS: The association dexamethasone-droperidol-ondansetron and ondansetron alone were more effective in the prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La profilaxis de náusea y vómito postoperatorios fue objeto de muchos estudios. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar antieméticos y asociaciones en la prevención de náusea y vómito postoperatorios. MÉTODO: Setenta pacientes, ASA I y II, fueron sometidas a procedimientos quirúrgicos ginecológicos, bajo bloqueo epidural asociado a la anestesia general. En el Grupo Metoclopramida (GM), se administró 20 mg; en el Grupo Dexametasona (GDe), se inyectó 8 mg; en el Grupo Droperidol (GDr) se administró 1,25 mg; en el Grupo Ondansetron (GO) se inyectó 8mg; en el Grupo Dexametasona-Ondansetron (GDeO) se administró respectivamente 8 mg y 4mg; en el Grupo Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDrO) se inyectó 1,25 mg y 4 mg; en el Grupo Dexametasona-Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDeDrO) se administró 8mg, 0,625 mg y 4mg. La presencia de náuseas y vómitos fue observada en los momentos de 6, 12, 24 y 36 horas después del término de la operación. RESULTADOS: La incidencia total de episodios de náuseas fue de 4 en el GDeDrO, 6 en el GO, 6 en el GDrO, 11 en el GDe, 11 en el GDeO, 18 en el GM y 22 en el GDr. Al aplicar el test del Chi-cuadrado o el test de Fisher, se comprobó la diferencia estadística significativa entre el GDr y los grupos GDe, GDO, GDrO, GDeO, GDeDrO; entre el GM y los grupos GO, GDrO y GDeDrO; entre el GDeO y el grupo GDeDrO. La incidencia total de episodios de vómitos fue de 3 en el GO, 3 en el GDeDrO, 6 en el GDrO, 7 en el GDe, 7 en el GDeO, 10 en el GDr y 13 en el G. Se comprobó así mismo, la diferencia estadística significativa entre el GDr y los grupos GO y GDeDrO; entre el GM y los grupos GO y GDeDrO. CONCLUSIONES: La asociación dexametasona-droperidol-ondansetron y el ondansetron fueron más eficaces en la profilaxis de náuseas y vómitos.

Profilaxia antiemética em cirurgia de abdome agudo: estudo comparativo entre droperidol, metoclopramida, tropisetron, granisetron e dexametasona / Prophylactic antiemetic therapy for acute abdominal surgery: a comparative study of droperidol, metoclopramide, tropisetron, granisetron and dexamethasone

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A incidência de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios (NVPO) gira em torno de 30 por cento. A profilaxia de NVPO foi objeto de múltiplos estudos, tanto para tentar diminuir esse problema como para comparar o índice custo-benefício do tratamento utilizado. Esse estudo comparou a eficácia de cinco fármacos antieméticos em apendicectomia. MÉTODO: Estudo clínico prospectivo controlado, duplamente encoberto de 150 pacientes ASA I e II com IMC < 30, submetidos a apendicectomia. Os pacientes foram divididos em seis grupos: Grupo 1 (n = 25): 5 mL solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento; Grupo 2 (n = 25): droperidol 0,625 mg; Grupo 3 (n = 25): metoclopramida 20 mg; Grupo 4 (n = 25): tropisetron 5 mg; Grupo 5 (n = 25): granisetron 1 mg; Grupo 6 (n = 25): dexametasona 4 mg. A monitoração foi realizada com ECG, PANI, SpO2, P ET CO2, analisador de gases anestésicos e estimulador de nervo periférico. Foi avaliada a presença de NVPO, complicações e o grau de satisfação nas primeiras 48 horas. RESULTADOS: O droperidol apresentou incidência 4 por cento de NVPO, os grupos de granisetron, tropisetron e metoclopramida apresentaram 12 por cento de NVPO (p < 0,05). O grupo de dexametasona apresentou 24 por cento e o controle 28 por cento de NVPO. CONCLUSÕES: Na profilaxia de NVPO em apendicectomia de urgência o uso de baixas doses de droperidol foi mais efetivo que o dos outros fármacos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is calculated that the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is approximately 30 percent. The prophylaxis of PONV has been the subject of several studies, both to decrease this problem and to compare the cost-benefit ration of the treatment used. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 5 antiemetic drugs with a control group in emergency appendectomy. METHODS: A controlled, double-blind, prospective study with 150 patients, ASA I and II, BMI < 30, undergoing appendectomy, was undertaken. Patients were divided in six groups: Group 1 (n = 25): 5 mL of normal saline; Group 2 (n = 25): 0.625 mg of droperidol; Group 3 (n = 25): 20 mg of metoclopramide; Group 4 (n = 25): 5 mg of tropisetron; Group 5 (n = 25): 1 mg of granisetron; Group 6 (n = 25): 4 mg of dexamethasone. Monitoring included ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, O2 saturation, P ET CO2, anesthetic gas analyzer and peripheral nerve stimulator. The presence of PONV, complications and the degree of satisfaction in the first 48 hours were evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence of PONV in the droperidol group was 4 percent while in the granisetron, tropisetron and metoclopramide groups it was 12 percent (p < 0.05). The dexamethasone group had a 24 percent incidence and the control group 28 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Low doses of droperidol were more effective in the prophylaxis of PONV in emergency appendectomy than the other drugs.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La incidencia de náuseas y vómitos peri operatorios (NVPO) se estima en un 30 por ciento. La profilaxis de NVPO ha sido objetivo de múltiples estudios, tanto para intentar disminuir este problema como a su vez comparar índice costo-beneficio de la terapia utilizada. Este estudio evalúa la utilización de 5 fármacos antieméticos en relación a grupo control para apendicectomía de urgencia. MÉTODO: Estudio clínico prospectivo controlado, doble ciego de 150 pacientes ASA I y II con IMC < 30, beneficiarios de apendicectomía. Los pacientes fueron divididos en seis grupos: Grupo 1 (n = 25): 5 ml solución salina; Grupo 2 (n = 25): droperidol 0,625 mg; Grupo 3 (n = 25): metoclopramida 20 mg; Grupo 4 (n = 25): tropisetrón 5 mg; Grupo 5 (n = 25): granisetrón 1 mg; Grupo 6 (n = 25): dexametasona 4 mg. El monitoreo se realizó con ECG, NIBP, SATO2, P ET CO2, analizador de gases anestésicos y ENP. Se evaluó la presencia de NVPO, complicaciones y grado de satisfacción en las primeras 48 horas. RESULTADOS: Droperidol presentó un 4,0 por ciento de NVPO en comparación con los grupos de granisetrón, tropisetrón y metoclopramida que presentaron un 12,0 por ciento de NVPO (p < 0,05). El grupo de dexametasona presento 24,0 por ciento y el control un 28,0 por ciento de NVPO. CONCLUSIONES: En la profilaxis para NVPO en la apendicectomía de urgencia se muestra más efectivo el uso de dosis bajas de droperidol en comparación con otros fármacos.

Estudio clínico comparativo, randomizado y doble ciego entre droperidol, metoclopramida, tropisetrón, granisetrón y dexametasona para profilaxis antiemética en apendicectomía / Randomized, double blind comparative clinical study between droperidol, metoclopramide, tropisetron, granisetron and dexametasone for antiemetic prophylaxis in appendectomy

Introducción y objetivos: La incidencia de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios (NVPO) se estima en un 30 por ciento. La profilaxis de NVPO ha sido objetivo de múltiples estudios, tanto para intentar disminuir este problema como para comparar el índice costo-beneficio de la terapia utilizada. En este estudio se compara, evaluando los índices costo/beneficio, la eficacia de cinco fármacos antieméticos utilizados para apendicectomía de urgencia con la de un grupo control. Pacientes y método: Estudio clínico prospectivo controlado, doble ciego, de 150 pacientes ASA I-II con IMC<30, sometidos a apendicectomía. Los pacientes fueron divididos en seis grupos; Grupo 1 (n= 25): 5 ml de solución salina; Grupo 2 (n= 25): droperidol, 0,625 mg; Grupo 3 (n= 25): metoclopramida, 20 mg; Grupo 4 (n= 25): tropisetrón, 5 mg; Grupo 5 (n= 25): granisetrón,1 mg; Grupo 6 (n= 25): dexametasona, 4 mg. El monitoreo se realizó con ECG, NIBP, SATO2, EtCO2, analizador de gases anestésicos y ENP. Se evaluaron: la presencia de NVPO, las complicaciones y el grado de satisfacción en las primeras 48 horas. Resultados: La incidencia de NVPO en el grupo del droperidol fue de un 4,0 por ciento, mientras que en los grupos de granisetrón, tropisetrón y metoclopramida fue de 12,0 por ciento (p < 0.05). En el grupo de la dexametasona y en el de control se observó una incidencia de NVPO de 24,0 y 28,0 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusiones: En la profilaxis para NVPO en apendicectomía de urgencia, el uso de dosis bajas de doperidol es más efectivo que el empleo de otros fármacos, siendo excelente su índice costo-beneficio.

Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery- granisetron alone vs granisetron combined with dexamethasone / droperidol

Laparoscopic bariatric surgeries are associated with an appreciably high rate of postoperative nausea and vomiting. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of granisetron either alone or in combination with droperidol or dexamethasone, for the prevention of post operative nausea and vomiting [PONV] in patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgeries. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 120 patients received either Granisetron 1 mg, Granisetron 1 mg plus Droperidol 1.25 mg, Granisetron 1 mg plus Dexamethasone 8 mg or Placebo [saline], intravenously immediately before induction of anesthesia. Perioperative anesthetic care was standardized in all patients. Patients were then observed for 24 hours after administration of the study drugs. The incidence of PONV was 30% with granisetron alone, 30% with granisetron plus droperidol, 20%, with granisetron plus dexamethanone, and 67% with placebo [P < 0.05; overall Fisher's exactprobability test]. The incidence of adverse events was not different among the 4 groups. Graniserton is effective and safe drug for reducing the incidence of PONV in patients undergoing bariatric surgeries, and becomes highly effective when combined with dexamethasone

Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a comparison of droperidol alone with droperidol plus dexamethasone combination

Adequate control of postoperative nausea and vomiting [PONV] and early return to normal activity are important anesthetic goals. We compared the efficacy of droperidol alone with droperidol plus dexamethasone combination for preventing PONV. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. June 2002 to November 2004, at Department of Anesthesiology, Namazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz [Iran]. Two hundred, ASA grade I-II, ambulatory gynecological surgical patients of ages 18-70 yrs received 2.5 mg of droperidol at the time of induction of general anaesthesia. At the end of the operation, group A [n = 100] received 2 ml of intravenous isotonic electrolyte solution [0.9% sodium chloride] and group B [n = 100] received 2 ml of intravenous dexamethasone [8 mg]. A standard general anesthetic technique and post op analgesia were used throughout the operation. PONV were assessed 2, 4 and 12 hours after the operation. The incidence of postoperative nausea decreased significantly in group B as compared to group A [23% vs. 49%], as was the incidence of vomiting [12% vs. 39%] [p - 0.014]. Mean duration of nausea was 34 minutes in group A and 23 minutes in group B [p < 0.001]. We conclude that addition of 8 mg of dexamethasone to droperidol prophylaxis is more effective than droperidol prophylaxis alone for successful control of PONV

Impact of naloxone and droperidol on postoperative epidural morphine analgesia

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of epidural naloxone [N] or droperidol [D] on the outcome of epidural morphine analgesia. The study comprised 60 females assigned to undergo abdominal hysterectomy randomly allocated into three equal groups [n=20], each received medication mixture via infusors; Group M received 3 mg morphine in 100 ml bupivacaine 0.125% at rate of 2 ml/hr; group M+N and M+D received the same mixture, but with the addition of naloxone so as to provide an infusion rate of 0.167 micro g/kg/hr of naloxone in group M+N or droperidol in a dose of 1.25 mg/day continuous infusion in group M+D. Pain sensation was evaluated using 100-mm visual analogue scale, postoperative nausea and vomiting [PONV] was monitored on a four-point scale: 0: no, 1: mild not requiring an antiemetic, 2: moderate requiring an antiemetic and 3: severe nausea/vomiting, resistant to antiemetic. Pruritus was evaluated using a four-point scale: 0=no, 1= mild, 2 moderate and 3= severe itching. Somnolence was graded as follow: 1=clear mentality, 2= good response to verbal command but drowsy and 3= poor response to repeated verbal command. Respiratory depression was assessed as 1= no respiratory depression and 2= respiratory depression exists with a respiratory rate<8 breaths/min. All parameters were assessed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 48 hr PO. At 8-hrs PO, VAS scores were significantly lower in M+N [P1 =0.017] and M+D [P1 =0.034] groups compared to group M., with a non-significant [P2>0.05] reduction of VAS scores between combination groups but in favor of group M+N. Thereafter, VAS scores were significantly lower in groups M+N and M+D compared to group M with a significant reduction of VAS scores in group M+N compared to group M+D. Epidural naloxone [Group M+N] significantly reduced the frequency and severity of side effects in comparison to group M and significantly reduced the frequency and severity of somnolence and respiratory depression and non-significantly reduced the frequency and severity of PONV in comparison to group M+D. On the other hand, epidural droperidol [Group M+D] significantly reduced the frequency and severity of pruritus and respiratory depression but reduced the frequency of PONV and somnolence non-significantly in comparison to group M. Moreover, epidural droperidol significantly reduced the frequency and severity of pruritus compared to epidural naloxone. It could be concluded that epidural co-administration of morphine and naloxone or morphine and droperidol provided more effective postoperative analgesia with a significant reduction of morphine-induced side effects; however, droperidol appears to be a better alternative when pruritus is taken into consideration, while naloxone is a better alternative when somnolence is taken into consideration

Differential effects of dopamine on pain-related electric activities in normal rats and morphinistic rats / 神经科学通报·英文版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of dopamine (DA) and DA receptor's antagonist on the transmission of noxious information in the central nervous system of normal rats or morphinistic rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The influence of DA on the electric activity of the pain-excited neuron (PEN) in the caudate nucleus (Cd) of normal rats or morphinistic rats was recorded after the sciatic nerve was noxiously stimulated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>DA shortened the average latency of the evoked discharge of PEN in the Cd of normal rats, indicating that DA could increase the activity of PEN and pain sensitivity in normal rats. This effect could be inhibited by Droperidol. DA increased the average latency of the evoked discharge of PEN in the Cd of morphinistic rats, indicating that DA could inhibit the activity of PEN and pain sensitivity in morphinistic rats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The responses to painful stimulation were completely opposite between normal rats and morphinistic rats after the intracerebroventricular injection of DA.</p>

Eficacia de la dexametasona en el tratamiento agudo de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios: Comparación con droperidol y ondansetrón / Controlled trial of dexamethasone compared with droperidol and ondansetron for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Background: Dexamethasone is useful as prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Aim: To study the short term efficacy of dexamethasone to treat PONV in adults without prophylaxis, and compare its efficacy with that of droperidol and ondansetron. Material and methods: A prospective study was performed with 120 consecutive adult patients presenting PONV in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) at a University teaching hospital. During the occurrence of PONV, patients were randomized to receive in a double blind manner dexamethasone 8 mg IV (Group 1, n=40), droperidol 1.25 mg IV (Group 2, n=40), or ondansetron 2 mg IV (Group 3, n=40). Risk factors for PONV were recorded. Evaluations were made until discharge from the PACU and included presence of PONV, degree of sedation, and other potential adverse effects of the study drugs. Short term efficacy was defined as the percentage of patients free of PONV during all the stay in PACU after treatment. Results: General data was similar for the 3 groups. Mean ± SD stay in PACU after treatment was 101±34 minutes in Group 1, 93±33 minutes in Group 2, and 99±32 minutes in Group 3 (NS). Short term efficacy (CI 95%) was 55% (40-70%) in Group 1, 90% (81-99%) in Group 2, and 63% (48-78%) in Group 3 (p <0.05 for group 2 vs 1 and 3). There were no adverse effects attributable to the study drugs. Conclusions: Short term efficacy of dexamethasone to treat PONV was similar to ondansetron, but inferior to droperidol. Further studies are needed to define the duration of this effect of dexamethasone.

Profilaxia do prurido causado pela administração subaracnóidea de sufentanil: efeitos do droperidol, da nalbufina, do ondansetron e da combinação deles / Prophylaxis of pruritus caused by subarachnoid administration of sufentanil: effects of droperidol, nalbuphine, ondansetron and their combination

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso espinhal de opióides pode causar alguns efeitos indesejáveis, dentre os quais, o mais freqüente é o prurido que, apesar de sua baixa morbidade, pode proporcionar desconforto intenso ao paciente e prolongar o período de internação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diversas opções terapêuticas no tratamento profilático do prurido após administração de sufentanil por via subaracnóidea. MÉTODO: Foram distribuídos de maneira aleatória, por sorteio, 100 pacientes a serem submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica não-obstétricas em cinco grupos, de acordo com o tratamento utilizado: controle (ausência de tratamento - C); droperidol 2,5 mg (D); nalbufina 10 mg (N); associação dos medicamentos anteriores (DN) e ondansetron 8 mg (O). O prurido foi avaliado quantitativamente 30 minutos, 1, 2, e 3 horas após a administração subaracnóidea de sufentanil. RESULTADOS: Os grupos C e O apresentaram incidência significativamente maior de prurido em relação aos grupos D, N e DN. Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa na necessidade de tratamento específico com naloxona entre os grupos tratados. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento profilático do prurido neste estudo, independentemente do fármaco utilizado, diminuiu sua intensidade e limitou a necessidade de tratamento específico com naloxona.

Eficácia do ondansetron, metoclopramida, droperidol e dexametasona na prevenção de náusea e vômito após laparoscopia ginecológica em regime ambulatorial: estudo comparativo / Efficacy of ondansetron, metoclopramide, droperidol and dexamethasone in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after gynecological laparoscopy in an outpatient setting: a comparative study

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Embora o ondansetron seja apontado como uma das drogas mais eficientes no controle das náuseas e vômitos pós-operatório (NVPO), seu alto custo o torna inviável para uso rotineiro. Este estudo teve como finalidade verificar entre o droperidol, a metoclopramida e a dexametasona qual se aproxima mais da eficácia do ondansetron na prevenção de NVPO em laparoscopias ginecológicas. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 100 pacientes submetidas à laparoscopia ginecológica sob anestesia geral venosa e inalatória, divididas aleatoriamente em cinco grupos de acordo com a medicação antiemética recebida. O grupo GO (n = 20) recebeu ondansetron (4 mg); o grupo GM (n = 20): metoclopramida (10 mg); grupo GD (n = 20): droperidol (1,25 mg), o grupo GX (n = 20): dexametasona (8 mg) e o grupo GC - grupo controle (n = 20) não recebeu medicação antiemética. Foram verificadas as incidências de náusea e/ou vômito no pós-operatório, os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, o tempo na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (SRPA) e o tempo da anestesia. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos quanto aos dados antropométricos, hemodinâmicos, tempo de recuperação e tempo de anestesia. Houve diferença estatística entre os grupos quanto à incidência de náusea (GO < GD < GX < GM < GC) e de vômitos (GO < GD < GX < GM < GC). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, o ondansetron foi o agente mais eficaz na profilaxia de náusea e vômito e o droperidol foi a droga que mais se aproximou da eficácia do ondansetron na prevenção de NVPO.

Comparison of the effect of metoclopramide and droperidol associated with dexamethasone on nausea and vomiting after operation

One of the most common complications after general anesthesia is nausea and vomiting that can cause spasm, hypoxia and pulmonary aspiration. Metoclopramide and dropridol are two common drugs to prevent nausea and vomiting after operation. On the other hand adding dexamethasone to these drugs is effective in decreasing nausea and vomiting. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of metoclopramide and dropridol on prevention of nausea and vomiting after operation. In this study, 160 patients were randomly divided into two groups of 80 patients. Patients in both groups were equally administered with premedication and induction of anesthesia according to their weight. The first group was injected with metoclopramide associated with dexamethasone and the second group was injected with dropridol associated with dexamethasone. After removing tracheal tube, nausea and vomiting in both groups were assessed for two hours and then data was compared to each other. Postoperative nausea and vomiting in first group was 24% and in second one was 8%. Nausea and vomiting in females was more than males [p=0.049]. According to the results, dropridol associated with dexamethasone can cause decreasing of nausea and vomiting in patients after general anesthesia

Dexamethasone-low dose ketamine combination versus droperidol low dose ketamine. A comparative study for their effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting and swallowing evoked pain after paediatric adenotonsillectomy

40 children aged [6 - 12] years ASA 1 and II scheduled for Adenotonsillectomy were randomly allocated to receive either ketamine [0.1 mg/ kg] IM 15 minutes before induction of anesthesia and dexamethasone [150 micro g/ kg] before the end of surgery [group I] or ketamine [0.1 mg/ kg] IM 15 minutes before induction plus droperidol 15 micro g/ kg before the end of surgery [group II]. General anesthesia was standardized for both groups where all children were given rectal diclofenac [2 mg/ kg] 20 minutes before end of surgery. Thiopental 5 mg/ kg was used as an induction agent and suxamethonium [1 mg/ kg] was used to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane 1-2% concentration supplemented with oxygen -nitrous oxide [40-60%] After the end of surgery, all children were transferred to post anesthesia care unit where a trained nurse blinded to the study observed [and after that in the ward] observed all episodes of nausea and vomiting during the first 24 hours. Also pain scores were assessed 1/2 hour, 1,2 and 3 hours after extubation and remaining of the first postoperative day. Time for first call analgesia, first oral intake and first adequate oral intake were observed during the first postoperative day. All episodes of postoperative nausea and vomiting were significantly lower in group I; pain scores were significantly lower in group I at all times compared to group II. Time for first call of analgesia was significantly longer in group 1 and time of oral intake and adequate oral intake were significantly shorter in group I compared to group II. We concluded that ketamine [0.1 mg/ kg] + dexamethasone [150 micro g/ kg] combination gave significant better results than [ketamine [0.1 mg] + droperidol combination as regards PONOV and pain relief during the first postoperative day in children undergoing elective adenotonsillectomy done on ambulatory basis