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1.
Braz. j. oral sci ; 23: e243442, 2024. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1537096

ABSTRACT

Aim: to evaluate the occurrence of maxillofacial infection cases, which were treated at local hospital, identifying the main risk factors that determine the need for hospitalization of patients and the factors associated with staying length. Methods: A retrospective review of 191 records of patients with maxillofacial infection of odontogenic origin was performed, statistically evaluated by frequency and percentage of involvement, p values (based on the chi-square test) and odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among all the 191 patients, 31 had some harmful habits, such as smokers (13%) and alcoholics (1%). In addition, 39 patients reported some general health problem, such as systemic arterial hypertension (8.3%), depression (6.8%), diabetes (3.6%) and some immunosuppression (1.57%). Involvement of infection in deep facial spaces was present, with 119 patients presenting a deeper infection (62.3%) and 72 patients a superficial infection (37.7%). The most prevalent clinical signs and symptoms in the initial evaluation were pain (91.1%) and edema (90.1%), followed by erythema/hyperemia (44.5%), trismus (37.7%), abscess (30.9%), cellulitis (27.7%), f istula (16.8%), fever (16.8%), dysphagia (11%), dehydration (9.9%), odynophagia (7.9% ) and dyspnea (3.7%). Pulp necrosis was considered a risk factor for treatment in a hospital environment (0.032) and root canal treatment decreases the risk of hospitalization (p=0.002). Considering the evaluated patients, 146 (76.4%) were admitted and 45 (37.7%) were not admitted for hospitalization after initial clinical evaluation. Conclusion: there is a high occurrence of maxillofacial infection cases of dental origin, considering that involvement of infection in deeper facial spaces, as well as presence of pain, edema, erythema/hyperemia, trismus, abscess, cellulitis and pulp necrosis, represent the main risk factors for hospitalization and staying length


Subject(s)
Signs and Symptoms , Medical Records , Risk Factors , Residence Time , Focal Infection, Dental , Hospitalization
2.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 39: e39037, 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1428172

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the effects of ultrasonic activation (US) associated to glycolic acid (GA) on smear layer, dentin structure and bond strength (BS) of filling/restorative material to root dentin. The roots were used for antimicrobial activity, dentin structure and BS evaluation, being distributed into seven groups, according to irrigation protocols: G1:DW+US; G2:17% EDTA; G3:QMix; G4:17% GA; G5:17% EDTA+US; G6:QMix+US; G7:17% GA+US. Scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and push-out were performed, with specific statistical analysis for each evaluation. The highest smear layer removal occured in Groups 6 and 7 (p<0.05), and the largest collagen dispersion in Group 7, being similar to Group 2 and 5 (p>0.05). The highest BS of filling and restorative material occurred in Groups 6 and 7, and Groups 5, 6 and 7, respectively, being similars between them (p>0.05). The use of GA+US promoted effective smear layer removal and dentin structure preservation, improving the BS of filling/restorative material to root dentin.


Subject(s)
Acids , Edetic Acid , Endodontics
3.
Braz. dent. j ; 33(2): 91-98, Mar.-Apr. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1374624

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of calcium silicate-based sealers on the bond strength of fiber posts using conventional and self-adhesive resin cement. Sixty single-rooted teeth were selected. The canals were prepared with a reciprocating instrument 40.06. The roots were randomly distributed in six groups (n = 10) according to the strategies for root canal filling and fiber posts cementation: AH Plus/RelyX ARC; AH Plus/RelyX U200; Bio C Sealer/RelyX ARC; Bio C Sealer/RealyX U200; Sealer Plus BC/RelyX ARC; and Sealer Plus BC/RelyX U200. The roots were transversally sectioned, and one slice per post-third was obtained. The push-out test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. The failure patterns were described after assessment with a stereomicroscope with a 10× magnification. Bond strength was calculated and analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey test. AH Plus did not influence the bond strength of fiber posts cemented with conventional (RelyX ARC) or with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200). The lowest bond strength values were obtained when calcium silicate-based sealers were associated with conventional resin cement (Bio C Sealer/RelyX ARC and Sealer Plus BC/RelyX ARC). Except for Sealer Plus BC/RelyX ARC, all groups presented lower bond strength at the apical portion compared to the cervical portion of the post. Adhesive failures between cement and post and cement and dentin were predominant (55.3%). Calcium silicate-based sealers decreased the bond strength of fiber posts cemented with conventional resin cement.


Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de cimentos à base de silicato de cálcio na resistência de união de pinos de fibra utilizando cimentos resinosos convencionais e autoadesivos. Sessenta dentes humanos monorradiculares foram selecionados. Os canais foram preparados um instrumento reciprocante 40.06. As raízes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em seis grupos (n = 10) de acordo com as estratégias de obturação do canal e cimentação dos pinos de fibra: AH Plus/RelyX ARC; AH Plus/RelyX U200; Bio C Sealer/RelyX ARC; Bio C Sealer/RealyX U200; Sealer Plus BC/RelyX ARC; e Sealer Plus BC/RelyX U200. As raízes foram seccionadas transversalmente e foi obtido um espécime por terço. O teste de push-out foi realizado em uma velocidade de 1mm/min. Os padrões de falha foram descritos após avaliação em estereomicroscópio com aumento de 10×. A resistência de união foi calculada e analisada por ANOVA e teste de Tukey. AH Plus não influenciou na resistência de união dos pinos de fibra cimentados com cimento resinoso convencional (RelyX ARC) ou autoadesivo (RelyX U200) (p > 0,05). Os menores valores de resistência de união foram obtidos quando os cimentos à base de silicato de cálcio foram associados ao cimento resinoso convencional (Bio C Sealer/RelyX ARC e Sealer Plus BC/RelyX ARC) (p < 0,05). Com exceção do Sealer Plus BC/RelyX ARC, todos os grupos apresentaram menor resistência de união na porção apical em comparação com a porção cervical do pino (p < 0,05). Falhas adesivas entre cimento e pino e cimento e dentina foram predominantes (55,3%). Cimentos a base de silicato de cálcio diminuíram a resistência de união de pinos de fibra cimentados com cimento resinoso convencional.

4.
Rev. odontol. UNESP (Online) ; 51: e20220004, 2022. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1389706

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is formed by an autologous blood concentrate, with properties that promote cell proliferation and regenerationof bone, gingival and epithelial tissue. Objective: To compare four different procedures for processing as well as obtaining PRF, and analyzing their formation through laboratory techniques. The purpose of the study is to validate a method that produces higher quality PRF for oral surgery use in different branches of dentistry. Material and method: The experiment consisted of collecting blood from 12 volunteers, and processing each patient's sample in 4 different ways. In the following two-stage process analysis, the first, quantitative, step was to analyze the samples' platelet-poor plasma (PPP),with a Neubauer Hemocytometer to count blood components. In the second, qualitative step, the sample's PRF were analyzed under microscopy using histological slides. Result: The statistical analysis of the leukocyte, red blood cell and platelet count did not show any significant distinction when comparing different processes. Histological analysis of the PRF showed fibrin network with platelet aggregation, several leukocytes and presence of red blood cells, with double centrifuged samples presenting more white blood cells than the others. Conclusion: Among the analyzed procedures, the sample centrifuged once at 3000 RPM (1900 G) for 10 min showed the best quality PRF.


Introdução: A fibrina rica em plaquetas (FRP) é formada por um concentrado sanguíneo autólogo, com propriedades de promover a proliferação celular, regeneração de tecido, dentre eles tecido ósseo, gengival e epitelial. Objetivo: Comparar quatro tipos diferentes de processamento e obtenção de FRP, analisando a sua formação através de técnicas laboratoriais. A finalidade do estudo é validar um método que obtenha maior qualidade para o uso em cirurgias nas diversas áreas da odontologia. Material e método: O experimento foi constituído de uma coleta de sangue de 12 voluntários, onde a amostra de cada paciente foi processada de 4 formas. A análise dos processamentos se deu em duas etapas, onde na primeira, quantitativa, foi analisado o plasma pobre em plaquetas (PPP), através de contagem de constituintes sanguíneos em câmara de Neubauer. Na segunda etapa, qualitativa, foram analisadas as FRP em microscopia através de lâminas histológicas. Resultado: A análise estatística da contagem de leucócitos, hemácias e plaquetas não mostraram diferença significativa entre os distintos processamentos. As análises histológicas do FRP mostraram redes de fibrina com agregação plaquetária, inúmeros leucócitos e presença de hemácias, sendo que as amostras de dupla centrifugação apresentaram mais leucócitos que nas demais. Conclusão: Dos procedimentos analisados, a amostra centrifugada a 1 única vez a 3000 RPM (1900 G) por 10 min mostrou-se a melhor qualidade de FRP.


Subject(s)
Sampling Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Dentistry , Platelet-Rich Fibrin , Leukocytes
5.
RFO UPF ; 26(2): 206-212, 20210808. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1443776

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: avaliar a sujidade de limas rotatórias e reciprocantes após instrumentação e procedimentos de limpeza pré-esterilização. Materiais e métodos: 24 limas rotatórias e as 24 limas reciprocantes foram divididas, aleatoriamente, em dois grandes grupos. No primeiro grupo, as 12 limas rotatórias e as 12 limas reciprocantes foram divididas, aleatoriamente, em seis subgrupos (SG): SG1 (controle negativo 1/n=1) ­ 1 lima rotatória não submetida à instrumentação; SG2 (controle negativo 2/n=1) ­ 1 lima reciprocante não submetida à instrumentação; SG3 (controle positivo 1/n=1) ­ 1 lima rotatória submetida à instrumentação e não submetida a qualquer protocolo de limpeza; SG4 (controle positivo 2/n=1) ­ 1 lima reciprocante submetida à instrumentação e não submetida a qualquer protocolo de limpeza; SG5 (grupo teste/n=10) ­ 10 limas rotatórias submetidas à instrumentação e submetidas ao protocolo de lavagem manual; SG6 (grupo teste/ n=10) ­ 10 limas reciprocantes submetidas à instrumentação e submetidas ao protocolo de lavagem manual. No segundo grupo, as 12 limas rotatórias e as 12 limas reciprocantes foram divididas, aleatoriamente, nos mesmos subgrupos, substituindo, nos subgrupos 5 e 6, a lavagem manual pela lavagem em cuba ultrassônica. A análise do nível de sujidade foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), sendo os dados submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a menor média de sujidade entre os grupos experimentais foi encontrada no SG5 do G1, sem diferença significante em relação aos demais grupos testados (p>0,05). Conclusão: conclui-se que os protocolos de limpeza testados não foram completamente efetivos para a remoção de sujidade das limas endodônticas.(AU)


Objective: to evaluate the dirt of rotary and reciprocating files after instrumentation and pre- -sterilization cleaning procedures. Materials and Methods: 24 rotary files and the 24 reciprocating files were randomly divided into two groups. In the 1st group, 12 rotary files and 12 reciprocating files were randomly divided into six subgroups (SG): SG1 (negative control 1/n=1) ­ 1 rotary file not subjected to instrumentation; SG2 (negative control 2/n=1) ­ 1 reciprocating file not subjected to instrumentation; SG3 (positive control 1/n=1) ­ 1 rotary file submitted to instrumentation and not submitted to any cleaning protocol; SG4 (positive control 2/n=1) ­ 1 reciprocating file submitted to instrumentation and not submitted to any cleaning protocol; SG5 (test group/n=10) ­ 10 rotary files submitted to instrumentation and submitted to the manual cleaning protocol; SG6 (test group/n=10) ­ 10 reciprocating files submitted to instrumentation and submitted to the manual cleaning protocol. In the 2nd group, the 12 rotary files and the 12 reciprocating files were randomly divided into the same subgroups, substituting, in subgroups 5 and 6, manual with ultrasonic bath cleaning. The analysis of dirt levels was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), being the data submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: the lowest average of dirt between the experimental groups was found in SG5 of G1, with no significant difference when compared to the other groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: it could be concluded that the cleaning protocols were not completely effective in removing dirt from endodontic files.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Sterilization/methods , Root Canal Preparation/instrumentation , Dental Instruments , Reference Values , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Random Allocation , Equipment Contamination , Statistics, Nonparametric , Root Canal Preparation/methods
6.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 37: e37004, Jan.-Dec. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1359866

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate apical transportation and apical root canal sealing after root canal filling in human teeth prepared with MTwo® Rotary System with and without apical foramen enlargement. Twenty mandibular premolars were divided into two groups (n=10). Group 1 had root canals prepared 1mm beyond the apical foramen. Group 2 had root canals prepared 1mm below the root canal length. After chemo-mechanical preparation, samples were submitted to scanning electronic microscopy. Apical foramen images had 75x magnification at standardized positions, allowing measurements from the apical foramen area before and after root canal preparation, and after root canal filling. Apical foramen shape and apical transportation, as well as its level of circumferential filling after root canal preparation were accessed using the Image Subtraction System. Scanning electronic microscopy analysis demonstrated that samples of Group 1 showed larger foraminal diameter than samples of Group 2 (p<0.05). Apical foramen transportation was statistically different between Groups 1 and 2 (p=0.0108). Furthermore, the apical foramen sealing also differed statistically between groups 1 and 2 (p=0.0007) and 100% of samples of Group 1 showed apical root canal sealing. Apical root canal sealing was more effective when the root canal was prepared with apical foramen enlargement, even when the apical transportation was detected.


Subject(s)
Root Canal Obturation/instrumentation , Tooth Apex
7.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 37: e37038, Jan.-Dec. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1359920

ABSTRACT

The present research analyzed the reciprocating instrumentation associated to chlorhexidine (CHX) substantivity as its correlation with E. faecalis viability in ex vivo root canals. Eighty extracted single-rooted human teeth were used, being 40 to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 40 to confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In both, teeth were decoronated and the cervical third was prepared. In the CLSM analysis, the root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis for 14 days. Samples were divided into 4 groups (n=10) according to instrumentation technique: no instrumentation and irrigation with distilled water (control); manual instrumentation (K-File); rotary instrumentation (ProTaper Next); and reciprocating instrumentation (Reciproc R25). Two percent chlorhexidine was applied as irrigating substance in experimental groups. Longitudinal grooves resulted in 2 halves root and 20 proof bodies in each group. Samples were divided by chance in two groups (n=10) and the outcomes were evaluated after two days and one week. The retained chlorhexidine and live cells after instrumentation techniques in each evaluation time was measured by HPLC and CLSM, respectively. Specific analysis was applied for experimental tests (p≤0.05). Both rotary as well as reciprocating techniques significantly reduced the amount of chlorhexidine on dentin in all observation periods (p<0.05). After evaluation times, all experimental groups presented lower live cells compared to control, but without statistically difference. Intragroup comparisons in times of evaluation showed no differences in instrumentation techniques, in chlorhexidine retention and number of live cells (p>0.05). Reciprocating instrumentation does not interfere on chlorhexidine substantivity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Chlorhexidine , Chromatography , Enterococcus faecalis , Root Canal Preparation , Dentin , Tooth
8.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(6): 2287-2296, 01-11-2020. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1148387

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of grape seed extract (GSE)-based intracanal dressings against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and its influence on dentin microhardness and bond strength of the filling material. The root canals of 126 human teeth were distributed into three test groups: antimicrobial activity (60 teeth), dentin microhardness (30 teeth) and bond strength (36 teeth). In all three groups, specimens were subdivided into six groups, according to intracanal dressing protocols: G1 ­ distilled water (DW); G2 ­ 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX); G3 ­ calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2)+DW; G4 ­ GSE+DW; G5 ­ Ca(OH)2+CHX; G6 ­ GSE+CHX. The counting of colony-forming units (CFUs), the Vickers microhardness tester and the push-out test were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, dentin microhardness and bond strength, respectively. Specific statistical analysis was performed for each evaluation (α=5%). The greatest bacterial reduction was observed in G5 (Ca[OH]2+CHX) and G6 (GSE+CHX) (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among groups in the dentin microhardness evaluation (p<0.05). The highest bond strength in the immediate evaluation was observed in G4 (GSE+DW) and G6 (GSE+CHX), whereas the highest bond strength after 12 months of storage was observed in G2 (CHX), G3 (Ca[OH]2+DW), G4 (GSE+DW), and G6 (GSE+CHX) (p<0.05). After the storage period, bond strength was increased in G2 (CHX) and G3 (Ca[OH]2+DW), and remained unchanged in G4 (GSE+DW) and G6 (GSE+CHX) (p<0.05). GSE-based intracanal dressings have antimicrobial potential against E. faecalis, have no influence in dentin microhardness and preserve the high bond strength of filling materials for root dentin over time.


O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de medicamentos intracanal à base de extrato de semente de uva (GSE) contra Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) e sua influência na microdureza da dentina e na resistência de união do material de obturação. Os canais radiculares de 126 dentes humanos foram distribuídos em três grupos de teste: atividade antimicrobiana (60 dentes), microdureza da dentina (30 dentes) e resistência adesiva (36 dentes). Nos três grupos, as amostras foram subdivididas em seis grupos, de acordo com os protocolos de curativos intracanal: G1 ­ água destilada (DW); G2 ­ gel de clorexidina a 2% (CHX); G3 ­ hidróxido de cálcio (Ca[OH]2) +DW; G4 ­ GSE+DW; G5 ­ Ca(OH)2+CHX; G6 ­ GSE+CHX. A contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs), o testador de microdureza Vickers e o teste push-out foram realizados para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana, a microdureza da dentina e a resistência adesiva, respectivamente. Análise estatística específica foi realizada para cada avaliação (α=5%). A maior redução bacteriana foi observada no G5 (Ca[OH]2+CHX) e G6 (GSE+CHX) (p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos na avaliação da microdureza da dentina (p<0,05). A maior resistência adesiva na avaliação imediata foi observada no G4 (GSE+DW) e G6 (GSE+CHX), enquanto a maior resistência adesiva após 12 meses de armazenamento foi observada no G2 (CHX), G3 (Ca[OH]2+DW), G4 (GSE+DW) e G6 (GSE+CHX) (p<0,05). Após o período de armazenamento, a resistência de união aumentou no G2 (CHX) e G3 (Ca[OH]2+DW), permanecendo inalterada no G4 (GSE+DW) e G6 (GSE+CHX) (p<0,05). Os medicamentos intracanal à base de GSE têm potencial antimicrobiano contra E. faecalis, não influenciam na microdureza da dentina e preservam a alta resistência adesiva dos materiais de obturação da dentina radicular ao longo do tempo.


Subject(s)
Dentin , Grape Seed Extract , Anti-Infective Agents
9.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(5): 1785-1793, 01-09-2020. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1147935

ABSTRACT

This study objectives to evaluate the fracture strength of upper central incisors (UCI) restored with composite resin (CR) in Class III cavities and endodontically treated teeth with or without glass fiber post (GFP), analyzing their failure mode. Sixty human UCI were randomly divided into four experimental groups: endodontically treated teeth without GFP (G1), endodontically treated teeth with GFP (G2), teeth with mesial/distal Class III cavities restored with CR without GFP (G3), and teeth with mesial/distal Class III cavities restored with CR with GFP (G4). The samples were submitted to the fracture strength test in a universal testing machine with a compression shear load applied at speed of 1.0 mm/min until fracture occurred. The data were submitted to one-way ANOVA (α=0.05) and the samples were analyzed for failure mode. The analysis did not show a significant statistical difference in fracture strength between the groups (p>0.05). The results showed that only endodontically treated teeth (G1) (753.4N) presented behavior similar to teeth with GFP (G2) (702.1N). The same occurred when comparing teeth with Class III cavities without GFP (G3) (670.2 N) and with GFP (G4) (746.1N). It can be concluded that glass fiber posts do not change the fracture strength of incisors with endodontic treatment and Class III cavities.


Este estudo objetiva avaliar a resistência à fratura de incisivos centrais superiores (ICS) restaurados com resina composta (RC) em cavidades Classe III e dentes tratados endodonticamente com ou sem pino de fibra de vidro (PFV), analisando seu padrão de fratura. Sessenta ICS humanos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais: dentes tratados endodonticamente sem PFV (G1), dentes tratados endodonticamente com PFV (G2), dentes com cavidades mesiais/distais Classe III restauradas com RC sem PFV (G3), e dentes com cavidades mesiais/distais Classe III restauradas com RC com PFV (G4). As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de resistência à fratura em uma máquina universal de ensaios com uma carga de cisalhamento de compressão aplicada na velocidade de 1,0 mm / min até a ocorrência da fratura. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA unidirecional (α=0,05) e as amostras foram analisadas quanto ao modo de falha. A análise não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa na resistência à fratura entre os grupos (p>0,05). Os resultados mostraram que os dentes apenas tratados endodonticamente (G1) (753,4N) apresentaram comportamento semelhante aos dentes com PFV (G2) (702,1N). O mesmo ocorreu ao comparar dentes com cavidades Classe III sem PFV (G3) (670.2 N) e com PFV (G4) (746.1N). Pode-se concluir que pinos de fibra de vidro não alteram a resistência à fratura de incisivos com tratamento endodôntico e cavidades Classe III.


Subject(s)
Composite Resins , Endodontics , Flexural Strength
10.
RFO UPF ; 25(1): 42-49, 20200430. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1357721

ABSTRACT

Purpose: evaluate the antimicrobial activity of intracanal dressings and their influence on dentinal colour changes. Material and methods: eighty single-rooted human extracted teeth were decoronated and divided into eight groups (n=10) according to intracanal dressing protocols inserted into the root canals: G1­distilled water (DW); G2­2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX); G3­calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2)+DW; G4­grape seed extract (GSE)+DW; G5­ginger extract (GE)+DW; G6­Ca(OH)2+CHX; G7­GSE+CHX; and G8­GE+CHX. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by colony-forming units (CFUs) counting and dentinal colour changes was evaluated by digital spectrophotometry. Data were statistically analysed by One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey´s post hoc test (antimicrobial evaluation) and non-parametric Wilcoxon followed by the Mann- Whitney-U test (colour change evaluation) (α=0.05). Results: the highest bacterial reduction was observed in groups 4, 6, 7 and 8, with no significant difference between them (p<0.05). Groups 4 and 7 showed the highest medians of dentinal colour change (p<0.05). Conclusion: the addition of CHX improved the antimicrobial activity of GE-based intracanal dressing, with no effect in GSE-based intracanal dressing; moreover, these protocols induced significant dentinal colour changes. (AU)


Objetivo: avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de medicações intracanais e sua influência na alteração da cor dentinária. Materiais e métodos: oitenta dentes humanos extraídos unirradiculares foram seccionados e divididos em oito grupos (n = 10), de acordo com os protocolos de medicação intracanal inseridos nos canais radiculares: água destilada G1 (DW); G2-2% de gel de clorexidina (CHX); hidróxido de cálcio G3 ­ (Ca [OH] 2) + DW; extrato de semente de uva G4 (GSE) + DW; extrato de gengibre G5 (GE) + DW; G6- Ca (OH) 2 + CHX; G7 ­ GSE + CHX; e G8-GE + CHX. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) e as alterações de cor dentinária foram avaliadas por espectrofotometria digital. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA one-way, seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey (avaliação antimicrobiana) e Wilcoxon não paramétrico, seguido pelo teste de Mann- Whitney-U (avaliação da mudança de cor) (α = 0,05). Resultados: a maior redução bacteriana foi observada nos grupos 4, 6, 7 e 8, sem diferença significativa entre eles (p < 0,05). Os grupos 4 e 7 apresentaram as maiores medianas da alteração da cor dentinária (p < 0,05). Conclusão: a adição de CHX melhorou a atividade antimicrobiana da medicação intracanal baseado em GE, sem efeito na medicação intracanal baseado em GSE; além disso, esses protocolos induziram alterações significativas na cor dentinária.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology , Root Canal Irrigants/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Chlorhexidine/pharmacology , Chlorhexidine/chemistry , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Dentin/drug effects , Spectrophotometry/methods , Calcium Hydroxide/chemistry , Colony Count, Microbial , Analysis of Variance , Color , Statistics, Nonparametric , Zingiber officinale/chemistry , Dentin/chemistry , Grape Seed Extract/chemistry
11.
Braz. dent. j ; 29(5): 459-464, Sept.-Oct. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-974175

ABSTRACT

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE), calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2], and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant solutions with rotary or reciprocating instrumentation for disinfection of root canals inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. The mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. The roots were then randomly divided into the following eight experimental groups (n=11) according to the instrumentation technique and disinfection protocol: ProTaper Next or Reciproc R25 with sodium chloride (control group), 6% NaOCl, 6% Ca(ClO)2, or 50% GSE used for irrigation during instrumentation. The antimicrobial activity was determined on the basis of a reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) counted on bacterial samples collected before and after root canal instrumentation and expressed as a percentage of reduction. Data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in bacterial reduction between the ProTaper Next and Reciproc R25 systems (p>0.05), regardless of the irrigant solution used. Furthermore, all active solutions (6% NaOCl, 50% GSE, and 6% Ca(ClO)2) showed similar potential to reduce bacterial counts (p>0.05) and were significantly more effective than sodium chloride (control) (p<0.05). The results suggest that the GSE and Ca(ClO)2 have potential clinical application as irrigant solutions in endodontic therapy since they present bactericidal efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis.


Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia do extrato de semente de uva (ESU), hipoclorito de cálcio [Ca(ClO)2] e hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) como soluções irrigadores quando utilizadas com instrumentos reciprocantes e rotatórios para desinfecção de canais radiculares infectados com Enterococcus faecalis. Raízes mesio-vestibulares de molares inferiores foram preparados e inoculados com E. faecalis por 21 dias. As raízes foram aleatoriamente divididas em 8 grupos (n=11) de acordo com a técnica de instrumentação e protocolo de irrigação: ProTaper Next ou Reciproc R25 associados com soro fisiológico (grupo controle), Ca(ClO)2 6%, NaOCl 6% ou ESU 50%. A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pela redução do número de Unidades Formadoras de Colonias (UFCs) coletadas antes e após a instrumentação e expressas em porcentagens de redução. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA seguido pelo teste complementar de Tukey HSD (p<0,05). Não foi encontrado diferença estatisticamente significante na redução bacteriana entre os sistemas ProTaper Next e Reciproc R25 (p>0.05), independente da solução irrigadora usada. Além disso, todas as soluções ativas (NaOCl, ESU e Ca(ClO)2) mostraram similar potencial em reduzir a quantidade de bactérias (p>0.05) e foram significativamente mais efetivas que o soro fisiológico (p<0.05). Pode-se concluir que o ESU e o Ca(ClO)2 apresentam potencial para aplicação clínica como irrigantes endodônticos uma vez que apresentaram efetividade antimicrobiana contra o E. faecalis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology , Disinfection/methods , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology , Stem Cells , In Vitro Techniques , Calcium Compounds/pharmacology , Composite Resins/chemistry , Dental Instruments , Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology , Grape Seed Extract/pharmacology , Molar
12.
RFO UPF ; 22(2): 255-260, 08/01/2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-877847

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: o objetivo do trabalho foi revisar a literatura e descrever as características microbiológicas, patológicas e clínicas do Enterococcus faecalis na Odontologia, a fim de justificar o seu uso em pesquisas microbiológicas na área da Endodontia. Revisão de literatura: E. faecalis são bactérias Gram-positivas que habitam o trato gastrointestinal e a cavidade oral de seres humanos. Esse patógeno possui requisitos específicos para estabelecer uma infecção endodôntica e manter a resposta inflamatória. Essa contaminação do canal pode aderir-se à parte mineral da dentina por meio do ácido lipopoliteicoico e ao colágeno pela substância de agregação. O isolamento do E. faecalis de canais radiculares em infecções persistentes está relacionado a casos assintomáticos e que exprimem o insucesso da terapia endodôntica, devido à baixa sensibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos e com a habilidade em inativá- -los, apresentando, assim, poucas exigências para o seu crescimento e desenvolvimento no sistema de canais radiculares. Considerações finais: a presente revisão de literatura permitiu concluir que, apesar de as infecções persistentes serem polimicrobianas, apresentam a predominância de E. faecalis. Esse micro-organismo apresenta características particulares quanto a patogê- nese, microbiologia e viabilidade aos procedimentos e biomateriais empregados na terapia endodôntica, ressaltando a importância da discussão dos seus fatores de virulência e a evolução da pesquisa nessa área.

13.
Braz. j. oral sci ; 17: e18409, 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-970529

ABSTRACT

Aim: Modifications in the mechanical properties of dentin may reduce the fracture resistance of tooth, especially after endodontic treatment. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of the irrigation with different root canal irrigants on the microhardness of root dentin. Methods: The coronal portion of 60 single-rooted bovine incisors was sectioned and the pulpal tissue removed using endodontic K-files. The roots were cut transversely to obtain 2 fragments, which were embedded in acrylic resin and randomly distributed into six groups (n=20) according to the irrigation protocol: distilled water (DW) (control); 2% chlorhexidine solution (CHX); 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 6% calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2); QMix; and 6.5% grape seed extract solution (GSE). The solutions were kept in contact with the root dentin specimens for 30 min. After that, irrigation with 5 mL of DW was performed. The Vickers microhardness was determined by performing three indentations in all specimens, using 300-g load and 20-second dwell time. The first indentation was made 1.000 µm from the root canal entrance, and two other indentations were made at a distance of 200 µm from each other. The microhardness value for each specimen was obtained as the average of the results for the three indentations. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA with 5% significance level. Results: All the tested irrigant solutions maintained the same microhardness level of the root dentin when compared to the control group, with no statistically significant differences between them (p<0.05) Conclusion: The tested irrigant solutions did not present ability to modify the microhardness of root dentin


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Sodium Hypochlorite , Chlorhexidine , Calcium Hypochlorite , Grape Seed Extract , Hardness
14.
Braz. j. oral sci ; 15(1): 16-20, Jan.-Mar. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-830996

ABSTRACT

Aim: To evaluate the influence of ultrasonic activation (US) with different irrigant regimens in smearlayer removal. Methods: One hundred bovine incisors were instrumented and divided into tengroups (n=10) according to final irrigation protocols: distilled water (DW); DW+US; 17% EDTA;QMix; 10% citric acid; 37% phosphoric acid; 17% EDTA+US; QMix+US; 10% citric acid+US; 37%phosphoric acid+US. The samples were then submitted to scanning electron microscopy where ascore system was used to evaluate the images and effectiveness of proposed treatments. The datawere statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests for intergroup comparisonsas well as the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests for intragroup comparisons at 5% significance level.Results: In the cervical third, groups 17% EDTA, QMix, 10% citric acid, 17% EDTA+US, QMix+USand 10% citric acid+US were more effective in smear layer removal (p<0.05); in the middle third,groups 17% EDTA+US and QMix+US were more effective in smear layer removal (p<0.05); in theapical third, groups 17% EDTA,17% EDTA+US and QMix+US were more effective in smear layerremoval (p<0.05). Conclusions: US can aid 17% EDTA and QMix in smear layer removal at themiddle third and QMix at the apical third, contributing to the cleaning of root canal system.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Root Canal Irrigants , Smear Layer , Ultrasonics
15.
Full dent. sci ; 6(22): 277-281, mar. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-754395

ABSTRACT

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, in vitro, a capacidade de diferentes técnicas de obturação no preenchimento de canais laterais artificiais em dentes extraídos usando recurso de imagem. Trinta dentes humanos extraídos (unirradiculares) foram selecionados, a porção coronária foi removida e o comprimento de trabalho foi determinado 1 mm aquém do forame apical. Dois canais laterais foram criados, um no terço médio e um terço apical, em cada raiz. Após o preparo químico-mecânico utilizando técnica escalonada com limas manuais, os dentes foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=10) de acordo com a técnica de obturação utilizada: G1-condensação lateral; G2- técnica híbrida de Tagger e G3- técnica do cone único. Em todos os grupos foram utilizados cones de guta-percha e cimento à base de óxido de zinco e eugenol. Após sete dias de armazenamento, radiografias pós-operatórias foram realizadas e as imagens foram projetadas para avaliação da qualidade da obturação dos canais laterais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis com nível de significância de 5%. A técnica híbrida de Tagger preencheu 35% dos canais laterais simulados, seguida pela técnica da condensação lateral (30%) e pela técnica do cone único (25%). No entanto, a análise estatística não revelou nenhuma diferença significativa na capacidade para preencher os canais laterais entre os grupos (p> 0,05). Embora a técnica híbrida de Tagger associada ao cimento endodôntico tenha apresentado uma incidência maior de preenchimento de canais laterais, as outras técnicas também apresentaram capacidade de proporcionar o selamento dos canais laterais simulados...


The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the ability of different filling techniques for filling simulated lateral canals in extracted teeth using image resource. Thirty extracted single-rooted human teeth were selected, the coronal portion was removed, and the working length was established 1 mm short of the foramen. Two lateral canals were created, one in the middle third and one at the apical third, in each root canal. After chemo-mechanical preparation by the manual instrumentation through step-back technique, the teeth were divided into 3 groups (n = 10) according to the filling technique used: G1 - lateral condensation; G2 - Tagger hybrid technique; G3 - single cone technique. In all groups gutta-percha cones and zinc oxide and eugenol-based sealer were used. After seven days of storage, postoperative radiographs were taken and the images were projected for evaluation of the quality of lateral canal filling. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by Kruskal Wallis test at 5% significance level. The results showed that Tagger hybrid technique filled 35% of simulated lateral canals, followed by lateral condensation (30%) and single cone technique (25%). However, statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the ability to fill lateral canals among the groups (p>0.05). Although the Tagger hybrid technique associated with endodontic sealer presented a higher incidence to fill lateral canals, the other techniques also had the ability to provide the sealing of lateral canals...


Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Pulp Cavity , Dental Cements/chemistry , Endodontics/methods , Treatment Outcome , Radiography, Dental/instrumentation
16.
RFO UPF ; 20(1): 64-68, jan.-abr. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-758382

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: avaliar in vitro a eficácia de diferentes substâncias químicas auxiliares utilizadas para promover a descontaminação de cones de guta-percha, que estão contaminados com diferentes microorganismos. Materiais e método: cepas Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans e Staphylococcus aureus foram os microrganismos testados. Os 72 cones de guta-percha foram divididos em três grupos de 24 cones, e foram transferidas individualmente em três tubos, contendo 5 ml de cada suspensão bacteriana, durante 1 hora. Os 24 cones de guta-percha de cada estirpe bacteriana foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis grupos (n = 4), de acordo com a substância química auxiliar e com o tempo de descontaminação, como segue: G1 (DW) - água destilada; G2 (NaOCl) - hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%; G3 (Ca (OCl) 2) - 2,5% de hipoclorito de cálcio; G4 (CHX) - clorexidina gel 2%; G5 (QMix) - QMix e G6 (GSE) - Extrato de Semente de Uva 6,5%, em quatro períodos de avaliação, que foram 30, 60, 90 e 120 segundos. Depois de protocolos de desinfecção das pontas de guta-percha, foram transferidos para tubos contendo 450 mL de solução salina estéril, homogeneizada e diluída. Alíquotas de 100 µl da solução e as diluições foram cultivadas em duplicado em placas de ágar contendo o sangue. Esse material foi incubado durante 48 horas a 37 °C de temperatura. Depois disso, a contagem do número de unidades formadoras de colônias (CFU / mL) foi realizada. Resultados: os grupos 2 (NaOCl), 3 (Ca (OCl) 2), 4 (CHX) e 5 (QMix) não apresentaram crescimento bacteriano de microrganismos testados em todos os períodos de observação, sendo estatisticamente diferente de todos os outros grupos (p <0,05). O Grupo 6 (GSE) mostrou a melhor atividade antimicrobiana contra albicans Enterococcus faecalis e Candida Staphylococcus aureus em relação ao grupo 1 (DW), sendo estatisticamente diferente (p <0,05). Conclusão: hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%, 2,5% de hipoclorito de cálcio, 2% de gel de clorexidina e QMix podem ser uti-lizados como agentes eficazes na desinfecção rápida de cones de guta-percha contaminados após 30 segundos de utilização dessas substâncias.

17.
RFO UPF ; 18(3): 288-294, set.-dez. 2013.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-726475

ABSTRACT

Objective: to evaluate the additional antibacterial ac-tion of high-power diode laser after the use of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel in root canals infected with E.faecalis. Materials and method: 120 human teeth with single canal were inoculated with E.faecalis for 14 days and randomly divided into six groups (n=20), according to the chemical auxiliary substance used in the chemo-mechanical preparation and the use of high-power diode laser: G1(NaOCl) ? root canal preparation with 2.5% sodium hypo-chlorite; G2(CHX) ? root canal preparation with 2% chlorhexidine gel; G3(NaOCl+DL) - root canal pre-paration with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite+diode la-ser; G4(CHX+DL) - root canal preparation with 2% chlorhexidine gel+diode laser; G5(NaCl+DL) - root canal preparation with 0.9% saline solution+diode la-ser; G6(no treatment) ? no treatment was performed. Microbiological test (CFUs counting) was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed treatments. Data were subjected to One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey test (?=0.05). Results: G3(NaOCl+DL) had reduction of 99.42% of E.faecalis, followed by G4(CHX+DL) ? 93.48%; G1(NaOCl) ? 89.82%; G2(CHX) ? 81.86%; G5(NaCl+DL) ? 65.40%; and G6(no treatment) ? no reduction. There was significant statistical difference in CFUs of all groups in relation to G6(no treatment) (p<0.05). G1(NaOCl), G2(CHX), G3(NaOCl+DL) and G4(CHX+DL) were statistically superior to G5(NaCl+DL) (p<0,05). Conclusion: High--power diode laser, when associated with 2.5% NaOCl or 2% CHX, improves the antimicrobial effect of these substances in the root canals infected with E. faecalis.

18.
Full dent. sci ; 4(15): 497-499, June 18, 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-850885

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de solventes tradicionalmente utilizados (Hipoclorito de sódio – controle, Xilol e Eucaliptol) sobre obturadores de canais radiculares baseados em diferentes composições (óxido de zinco e eugenol, metacrilato (dois cimentos) e resina epóxica). Trinta amostras de cada material obturador foram divididas de maneira randomizada em três grupos (n=10), armazenadas por duas semanas em uma estufa para a secagem e imersas por 10 minutos em 1,0 ml de solvente. As amostras foram lavadas por 1 minuto em água corrente e novamente levadas à estufa por duas semanas. A perda da massa foi calculada com uma balança de precisão e os resultados submetidos à ANOVA dois fatores e ao teste Tukey com significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que o tipo de material obturador não apresentou correlação à perda da massa (p> 0,05). Entretanto, o xilol teve um potencial de dissolução significante em relação aos solventes (p<0,05). Em relação aos materiais avaliados, pode-se concluir que os materiais obturadores não apresentam diferença no seu potencial de dissolução e que o xilol é o solvente mais eficaz


This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of commonly utilised solvents (sodium hypochlorite - control, xylol and eucalyptol) on sealers based in different compositions (zincoxide-eugenol, methacrylate (two cements) and epoxy resin). Thirty samples of each cement were randomly divided in 3 groups (n=10), stored for 2 weeks in a chamber to set, immersed for 10 minutes in 1.0 mL of the solvent, washed for 1 minute in distilled water and stored in a new chamber for 2 weeks. The mass loss was calculated with a precision scale and the data subjected to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. The results showed that the mass loss was not statistically significantly different among the sealers (p>0.05). However, the xylol potential was significantly higher among the solvents (p<0.05). Regarding the materials evaluated, it can be concluded that the sealers have no difference in their solving potential and xylol is the most effective solvent


Subject(s)
Dental Pulp Cavity , Dissolution , Sodium Hypochlorite/adverse effects , Solvents/chemistry , Root Canal Therapy/methods , Analysis of Variance , Endodontics/methods
19.
Rev. odonto ciênc ; 27(1): 64-68, 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-625038

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of different endodontic systems to fill simulated lateral canals using resources of digital radiography. METHODS: Seventy extracted single-rooted human teeth were selected, the coronal access was performed, and the working length was established 1 mm short of the foramen. Two lateral canals were created, one in the middle third and one at the apical third, in each root canal. After chemo-mechanical preparation the teeth were divided into 7 groups (n=10) according to the filling material used: G1 Epiphany, G2 AH Plus, G3 EndoRez, G4 EndoFill, G5 Endomethasone, G6 Sealapex and G7 Sealer 26. In the G1 Epiphany system, Resilon cones were used. In all other groups gutta-percha cones were used. After seven days of storage, digital radiographs were taken to assess the results. The program DBSWIN measured the total length, in mm, of each lateral canal and the length, in mm, that each filling system was able to obturate the canals. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: The filling system Sealer 26/gutta-percha showed less capacity to fill lateral canals than the other filling systems tested (P<0.05); statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the ability to fill lateral canals between the other groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The system Sealer 26/gutta-percha was less effective in the filling of simulated lateral canals.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade de obturação de canais laterais de diferentes sistemas obturadores endodônticos por meio de radiografia digital. METODOLOGIA: Setenta dentes humanos unirradiculares extraídos foram selecionados, a abertura coronária foi feita e o comprimento de trabalho foi determinado 1 mm aquém do forame apical. Foram confeccionados dois canais laterais, um no terço médio e outro no terço apical, em cada canal radicular. Após o preparo químico-mecânico os dentes foram divididos em 7 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o material obturador utilizado: G1, Epiphany; G2, AH Plus; G3, EndoRez; G4, EndoFill; G5, Endomethasone; G6, Sealapex; G7, Sealer 26. No G1 foram utilizados cones de Resilon e nos demais grupos cones de guta-percha. Sete dias após a obturação foram feitas radiografias digitais e as imagens foram introduzidas num software para a leitura dos resultados. Para avaliar a obturação dos canais laterais, o software mensurou em mm a extensão total de cada canal lateral e o quanto em mm cada sistema obturador conseguiu preencher em cada um deles. Os dados foram analisados estaticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: O sistema obturador Sealer 26/guta-percha obturou uma menor quantidade de canais laterais comparado aos demais sistemas obturadores em uma diferença estatisticamente significante (P<0,05); não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os demais grupos (P>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O sistema obturador Sealer 26/guta-percha apresentou uma menor efetividade na obturação de canais laterais simulados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , In Vitro Techniques , Dental Materials , Root Canal Obturation , Radiography, Dental, Digital
20.
Dent. press endod ; 1(1): 82-86, 2011. tab, ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-685768

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: verificar o nível de limpeza de limas endodônticas após seu uso no preparo de canais radiculares e sua influência no processo de esterilização. Métodos: 50 limas endodônticas foram divididas em duas amostras: a primeira amostra de 25 limas para análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para verificação da limpeza; e outra de 25, para análise microbiológica nos meios Tioglicolato e BHI, após a esterilização. Resultados: as limas endodônticas apresentaram diferentes graus de sujidade em sua parte ativa na avaliação através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura; e, através dos testes microbiológicos,foi possível verificar que não houve crescimento bacteriano após a esterilização. Conclusão: apesar da presença significativa de sujidade nas limas endodônticas em sua parte ativa,essa sujidade não interferiu no processo de esterilização.


Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the levelof cleaning of endodontic files after its use in root canalspreparation and their influence on the sterilization process.Methods: Fifty files were divided into two groups:one group of 25 files for analysis in scanning electron microscopy(SEM) for verification of cleaning and anothergroup of 25 files for microbiological analysis in thioglycolateand BHI after sterilization. Results: The resultsshowed that endodontic files had different degrees of dirton his active part through evaluation by scanning electronmicroscopy. The bacterial growth wasn’t detectedthrough microbiological test after sterilization. Conclusion:It was concluded that despite the significant presenceof dirt on endodontic files in their active part, thisdirt don’t interfere in the sterilization process.


Subject(s)
Sterilization/methods , Dental Instruments , Root Canal Filling Materials , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
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